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Stephens KE, Zhou W, Renfro Z, Ji Z, Ji H, Guan Y, Taverna SD. Global gene expression and chromatin accessibility of the peripheral nervous system in animal models of persistent pain. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:185. [PMID: 34446036 PMCID: PMC8390277 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to understand genetic variability involved in an individual's susceptibility to chronic pain support a role for upstream regulation by epigenetic mechanisms. METHODS To examine the transcriptomic and epigenetic basis of chronic pain that resides in the peripheral nervous system, we used RNA-seq and ATAC-seq of the rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) to identify novel molecular pathways associated with pain hypersensitivity in two well-studied persistent pain models induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve and intra-plantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in rats. RESULTS Our RNA-seq studies identify a variety of biological process related to synapse organization, membrane potential, transmembrane transport, and ion binding. Interestingly, genes that encode transcriptional regulators were disproportionately downregulated in both models. Our ATAC-seq data provide a comprehensive map of chromatin accessibility changes in the DRG. A total of 1123 regions showed changes in chromatin accessibility in one or both models when compared to the naïve and 31 shared differentially accessible regions (DAR)s. Functional annotation of the DARs identified disparate molecular functions enriched for each pain model which suggests that chromatin structure may be altered differently following sciatic nerve injury and hind paw inflammation. Motif analysis identified 17 DNA sequences known to bind transcription factors in the CCI DARs and 33 in the CFA DARs. Two motifs were significantly enriched in both models. CONCLUSIONS Our improved understanding of the changes in chromatin accessibility that occur in chronic pain states may identify regulatory genomic elements that play essential roles in modulating gene expression in the DRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Stephens
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Slot 512-47, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Renfro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Slot 512-47, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sean D Taverna
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Anken RH, Beier M, Rahmann H. Hypergravity decreases carbonic anhydrase-reactivity in inner ear maculae of fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 301:815-9. [PMID: 15449341 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations revealed that fish inner ear otolith growth depends on the amplitude and the direction of gravity. Both otolith total size, otolith bilateral size-asymmetry and the total and bilateral calcium-incorporation are also affected by gravity. Hypergravity, e.g., slows down otolith growth and diminishes bilateral otolith asymmetry as compared to 1 g control specimens raised in parallel. Since the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) plays a prominent role in otolithic calcification, the reactivity of inner ear CA during otolith growth under hypergravity was investigated. CA-reactivity was demonstrated histochemically and densitometrically on sections of inner ear maculae of larval cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus), that were kept for 6 hrs in a 3 g hypergravity centrifuge. The total unilateral macular CA-reactivity and the bilateral difference in CA between the left and the right maculae were significantly lower in 3 g animals than in 1g controls. The result is in complete agreement with previous studies indicating that a regulatory mechanism, which adjusts otolith size and asymmetry towards the gravity vector, acts via activation/deactivation of macular CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf H Anken
- Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, D-70593, Germany.
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Beier M, Anken RH, Rahmann H. Effect of hypergravity on carboanhydrase reactivity in inner ear ionocytes of developing cichlid fish. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2004; 33:1386-1389. [PMID: 15803633 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2003.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown earlier that hypergravity slows down inner ear otolith growth in developing fish. Otolith growth in terms of mineralization mainly depends on the enzyme carboanhydrase (CA), which is responsible for the provision of the pH-value necessary for calcium carbonate deposition. Larval siblings of cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) were subjected to hypergravity (3 g, hg; 6 h) during development and separated into normally and kinetotically swimming individuals following the transfer to 1 g (i.e., stopping the centrifuge; kinetotically behaving fish performed spinning movements). Subsequently, CA was histochemically demonstrated in inner ear ionocytes (cells involved in the endolymphatic ion exchange) and enzyme reactivity was determined densitometrically. It was found that both the total macular CA-reactivity as well as the difference in reactivities between the left and the right maculae (asymmetry) were significantly lower (1) in experimental animals as compared to the 1 g controls and (2) in normally swimming hg-animals as compared to the kinetotically behaving hg-fish. The results are in complete agreement with earlier studies, according to which hypergravity induces a decrease of otolith growth and the otolithic calcium incorporation (visualized using the calcium-tracer alizarin complexone) of kinetotically swimming hg-fish was higher as compared to normally behaving hyper-g animals. The present study thus strongly supports the concept that a regulatory mechanism, which adjusts otolith size and asymmetry as well as otolithic calcium carbonate incorporation towards the gravity vector, acts via activation/deactivation of macular CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beier
- Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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André S, Boukhaddaoui H, Campo B, Al-Jumaily M, Mayeux V, Greuet D, Valmier J, Scamps F. Axotomy-induced expression of calcium-activated chloride current in subpopulations of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Neurophysiol 2003; 90:3764-73. [PMID: 12944538 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00449.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole cell patch-clamp recordings of calcium-activated chloride current [ICl(Ca)] were made from adult sensory neurons of naive and axotomized mouse L4-L6 lumbar dorsal root ganglia after 1 day of culture in vitro. A basal ICl(Ca) was specifically expressed in a subset of naive medium-diameter neurons (30-40 microm). Prior nerve injury, induced by sciatic nerve transection 5 days before experiments, increased both ICl(Ca) amplitude and its expression in medium-diameter neurons. Moreover, nerve injury also induced ICl(Ca) expression in a new subpopulation of neurons, the large-diameter neurons (40-50 microm). Small-diameter neurons (inferior to 30 microm) never expressed ICl(Ca). Regulated ICl(Ca) expression was strongly correlated with injury-induced regenerative growth of sensory neurons in vitro and nerve regeneration in vivo. Cell culture on a substrate not permissive for growth, D,L-polyornithine, prevented both elongation growth and ICl(Ca) expression in axotomized neurons. Regenerative growth and the induction of ICl(Ca) expression take place 2 days after injury, peak after 5 days of conditioning in vivo, slowly declining thereafter to control values. The selective expression of ICl(Ca) within medium- and large-diameter neurons conditioned for rapid, efficient growth suggests that these channels play a specific role in postinjury behavior of sensory neuron subpopulations such as neuropathic pain and/or axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain André
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-583, Université Montpellier II, 34095, Montpellier 5, France
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Beier M, Anken RH, Rahmann H. Susceptibility to abnormal (kinetotic) swimming fish correlates with inner ear carbonic anhydrase-reactivity. Neurosci Lett 2002; 335:17-20. [PMID: 12457732 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Larval cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) were kept at hypergravity (hg; centrifuge) for 6 h. Following the transfer to 1 g (i.e. stopping the centrifuge), animals were separated into normally and abnormally (kinetotic) swimming individuals (the latter were swimming kinetotically, i.e. performing spinning movements). Subsequently, carbonic anhydrase- (CA-) reactivity was histochemically demonstrated and densitometrically determined in inner ear maculae. It was found that both the total macular CA-reactivity as well as the difference in reactivates between left and right maculae were significantly lower in normally swimming hg-animals as compared to the kinetotically behaving hg-fish (P<0.0001). This result is in complete agreement with closely related studies carried out on the calcium incorporation of inner ear otoliths and indicates that a regulatory mechanism, which adjusts otolithic calcium carbonate incorporation towards the gravity vector, acts via activation/deactivation of macular CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Beier
- Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Mayeux V, Pons F, Baldy-Moulinier M, Valmier J. Early postnatal muscle contractile activity regulates the carbonic anhydrase phenotype of proprioceptive neurons in young and mature mice: evidence for a critical period in development. Neuroscience 1996; 71:787-95. [PMID: 8867050 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase activity, a marker of mouse proprioceptive neurons in adult dorsal root ganglia, is first detectable in the perinatal period, increases until postnatal day 60 and remains stable in adulthood. The onset of carbonic anhydrase staining begins after the neurons have made connections with their targets suggesting that neuron-target interactions regulate carbonic anhydrase phenotype development. To examine this possibility, we first analysed carbonic anhydrase expression in mdx mice which are characterized by a massive but reversible degeneration of skeletal muscle concomitant with the carbonic anhydrase ontogenesis. Neuronal carbonic anhydrase expression in mdx mice stopped developing when the period of muscular degeneration-regeneration began. Furthermore this alteration persisted during adulthood. We then analysed carbonic anhydrase expression in fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglion of developing control mice before and after surgical procedures that might interfere with central and peripheral target influences on dorsal root ganglion neurons. Central disconnection (dorsal rhizotomy) did not affect the development of carbonic anhydrase activity. Disrupting neuron-peripheral target interactions by sciatic nerve transection or blocking muscle contraction by tenotomy stopped the development of neuronal carbonic anhydrase content. Finally, recovery was monitored following sciatic nerve crush. In adults, recovery of carbonic anhydrase activity was obtained after functional recuperation; similar manipulations during the first month of life induced irreversible alteration of the carbonic anhydrase phenotype. These results show that the development of carbonic anhydrase activity in proprioceptive neurons is regulated by neuron-muscle interactions (i.e. muscle contraction). They also provide evidence for a critical period in the development of the carbonic anhydrase phenotype. We suggest that these two mechanisms are responsible for the altered carbonic anhydrase phenotype of the dorsal root ganglion neurons in mdx mice, a model of human muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mayeux
- Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, INSERM U249, Institut de Biologie, Montpellier, France
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