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Locke KC, Randelman ML, Hoh DJ, Zholudeva LV, Lane MA. Respiratory plasticity following spinal cord injury: perspectives from mouse to man. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2141-2148. [PMID: 35259820 PMCID: PMC9083159 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of respiratory plasticity in animal models spans decades. At the bench, researchers use an array of techniques aimed at harnessing the power of plasticity within the central nervous system to restore respiration following spinal cord injury. This field of research is highly clinically relevant. People living with cervical spinal cord injury at or above the level of the phrenic motoneuron pool at spinal levels C3-C5 typically have significant impairments in breathing which may require assisted ventilation. Those who are ventilator dependent are at an increased risk of ventilator-associated co-morbidities and have a drastically reduced life expectancy. Pre-clinical research examining respiratory plasticity in animal models has laid the groundwork for clinical trials. Despite how widely researched this injury is in animal models, relatively few treatments have broken through the preclinical barrier. The three goals of this present review are to define plasticity as it pertains to respiratory function post-spinal cord injury, discuss plasticity models of spinal cord injury used in research, and explore the shift from preclinical to clinical research. By investigating current targets of respiratory plasticity research, we hope to illuminate preclinical work that can influence future clinical investigations and the advancement of treatments for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C. Locke
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margo L. Randelman
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Hoh
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lyandysha V. Zholudeva
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael A. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Paramasivam A, Mickymaray S, Jayakumar S, Jeraud M, Perumal P, Alassaf A, Aljabr AA, Dasarathy S, Rangasamy SB. Locomotor Behavior Analysis in Spinal Cord Injured Macaca radiata after Predegenerated Peripheral Nerve Grafting-A Preliminary Evidence. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120288. [PMID: 34941815 PMCID: PMC8707676 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primate animal models are being utilized to explore novel therapies for spinal cord injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the transplantation of predegenerated nerve segments in unilateral spinal cord-hemisected bonnet monkeys' (Macaca radiata) locomotor functions using the complex runways. MATERIALS AND METHODS The bonnet monkeys were initially trained to walk in a bipedal motion on grid and staircase runways. In one group of trained monkeys, surgical hemisection was made in the spinal cord at the T12-L1 level. In the other group, hemisection was induced in the spinal cord, and the ulnar nerve was also transected at the same time (transplant group). After one week, the hemisected cavity was reopened and implanted with predegenerated ulnar nerve segments obtained from the same animal of the transplant group. RESULTS All the operated monkeys showed significant deficits in locomotion on runways at the early postoperative period. The walking ability of operated monkeys was found to be gradually improved, and they recovered nearer to preoperative level at the fourth postoperative month, and there were no marked differences. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that there were no significant improvements in the locomotion of monkeys on runways after the delayed grafting of nerve segments until one year later. The failure of the predegenerated nerve graft as a possible therapeutic strategy to improve the locomotion of monkeys may be due to a number of factors set in motion by trauma, which could possibly prevent the qualities of regeneration. The exact reason for this ineffectiveness of predegenerated nerve segments and their underlying mechanism is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Paramasivam
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, University of Madras, Chennai 600113, India; (M.J.); (P.P.); (S.B.R.)
- Department of Medical Education, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Suresh Mickymaray
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saikarthik Jayakumar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medical Education, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mathew Jeraud
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, University of Madras, Chennai 600113, India; (M.J.); (P.P.); (S.B.R.)
- Department of Physiology, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah 22421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Periasamy Perumal
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, University of Madras, Chennai 600113, India; (M.J.); (P.P.); (S.B.R.)
- Department of Physiology, Vellore Medical College, Vellore 632002, India
| | - Abdullah Alassaf
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Sridevi Dasarathy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Suresh Babu Rangasamy
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, University of Madras, Chennai 600113, India; (M.J.); (P.P.); (S.B.R.)
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
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Nawrotek K, Marqueste T, Modrzejewska Z, Zarzycki R, Rusak A, Decherchi P. Thermogelling chitosan lactate hydrogel improves functional recovery after a C2 spinal cord hemisection in rat. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2004-2019. [PMID: 28324618 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to provide an appropriate micro-environment for regenerating axotomized neurons and proliferating/migrating cells. Because of its intrinsic permissive properties, biocompatibility and biodegradability, we chose to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of a chitosan-based biopolymer. The biomaterial toxicity was measured through in vitro test based on fibroblast cell survival on thermogelling chitosan lactate hydrogel substrate and then polymer was implanted into a C2 hemisection of the rat spinal cord. Animals were randomized into three experimental groups (Control, Lesion and Lesion + Hydrogel) and functional tests (ladder walking and forelimb grip strength tests, respiratory assessment by whole-body plethysmography measurements) were used, once a week during 10 weeks, to evaluate post-traumatic recoveries. Then, electrophysiological examinations (reflexivity of the sub-lesional region, ventilatory adjustments to muscle fatigue known to elicit the muscle metaboreflex and phrenic nerve recordings during normoxia and temporary hypoxia) were performed. In vitro results indicated that the chitosan matrix is a non-toxic biomaterial that allowed fibroblast survival. Furthermore, implanted animals showed improvements of their ladder walking scores from the 4th week post-implantation. Finally, electrophysiological recordings indicated that animals receiving the chitosan matrix exhibited recovery of the H-reflex rate sensitive depression, the ventilatory response to repetitive muscle stimulation and an increase of the phrenic nerve activity to asphyxia compared to lesioned and nonimplanted animals. This study indicates that hydrogel based on chitosan constitute a promising therapeutic approach to repair damaged spinal cord or may be used as an adjuvant with other treatments to enhance functional recovery after a central nervous system damage. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2004-2019, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nawrotek
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 175 Street, Lodz, 90-924, Poland
| | - Tanguy Marqueste
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences du Mouvement (UMR 7287), Equipe « Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire », Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Zofia Modrzejewska
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 175 Street, Lodz, 90-924, Poland
| | - Roman Zarzycki
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 175 Street, Lodz, 90-924, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rusak
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterials Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Medico-Dental Faculty, Krakowska 26 Street, Wroclaw, Poland, 50-425
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences du Mouvement (UMR 7287), Equipe « Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire », Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
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Song C, Zhong GB, Liu ZD, Li W, Ni PW, Qiao ZG. Effective reinnervation of the quadriceps femoris by spinal ventral root cross-anastomosis in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2012; 27:330-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502012000500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To study the effective recovery of the quadriceps femoris by spinal ventral root cross-anastomosis in rats. METHODS: End-to-end anastomosis was performed between the left L1 and L3 ventral roots using autogenous nerve graft ,and the right L1 and L3 roots were left intact. In control animals, the left L3 ventral root was cut and shortened, and anastomosis was not performed. Six months postoperatively, the movement of low extremities was detected by electrophysiological examination, hindlimb locomotion and basso, beattie and bresnahan (BBB) scoring at one, three, seven, 14, 21 and 28 days after SCI. Fluorescence retrograde tracing with TRUE BLUE (TB) and HE staining were performed to observe the nerve regeneration. RESULTS: Six months after surgery, the anastomotic nerve was smooth and not atrophic. The amplitudes of action potential were 7.63±1.86 mV and 6.0±1.92 mV respectively before and after the spinal cord hemisection. The contraction of left quadriceps femoris was induced by a single stimulation of the anastomotic nerve. The locomotion of left hindlimb was partially restored after spinal cord hemisection while creeping and climbing. In addition, there was significant difference in the BBB score at one, three and seven days after SCI. TB retrograde tracing and neurophysiologic observation indicated efficient reinnervation of the quadriceps femoris. CONCLUSION: The cross-anastomosis between spinal ventral root can partially reconstruct the function of quadriceps femoris following SCI and may have clinical implication for the treatment of human SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Li
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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Chabas JF, Alluin O, Rao G, Garcia S, Lavaut MN, Legré R, Magalon G, Marqueste T, Feron F, Decherchi P. FK506 Induces Changes in Muscle Properties and Promotes Metabosensitive Nerve Fiber Regeneration. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:97-108. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Chabas
- Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie (UMR CNRS 6184), Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Faculté de Médecine Nord, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Jean Roche, Marseille, France
- Services de Chirurgie de la Main, Chirurgie Plastique et Réparatrice des Membres, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Alluin
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules Marey (UMR CNRS 6233), Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy–Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Rao
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules Marey (UMR CNRS 6233), Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy–Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Garcia
- Service Hospitalier d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques Humaines, Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, Institut de Cancérologie et d'Immunologie de Marseille, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Lavaut
- Service Hospitalier d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques Humaines, Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, Institut de Cancérologie et d'Immunologie de Marseille, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Régis Legré
- Services de Chirurgie de la Main, Chirurgie Plastique et Réparatrice des Membres, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Guy Magalon
- Services de Chirurgie de la Main, Chirurgie Plastique et Réparatrice des Membres, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Tanguy Marqueste
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules Marey (UMR CNRS 6233), Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy–Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, France
| | - François Feron
- Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie (UMR CNRS 6184), Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Faculté de Médecine Nord, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Jean Roche, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules Marey (UMR CNRS 6233), Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy–Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, France
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Marqueste T, Alliez JR, Alluin O, Jammes Y, Decherchi P. Neuromuscular rehabilitation by treadmill running or electrical stimulation after peripheral nerve injury and repair. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 96:1988-95. [PMID: 14634028 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00775.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have been devoted to the regeneration of the motor pathway toward a denervated muscle after nerve injury. However, the regeneration of sensory muscle endings after repair by self-anastomosis are little studied. In previous electrophysiological studies, our laboratory showed that the functional characteristics of tibialis anterior muscle afferents are differentially affected after injury and repair of the peroneal nerve with and without chronic electrostimulation. The present study focuses on the axonal regeneration of mechano- (fibers I and II) and metabosensitive (fibers III and IV) muscle afferents by evaluating the recovery of their response to different test agents after nerve injury and repair by self-anastomosis during 10 wk of treadmill running (LSR). Data were compared with control animals (C), animals with nerve lesion and suture (LS), and animals with lesion, suture, and chronic muscle rehabilitation by electrostimulation (LSE) with a biphasic current modulated in pulse duration and frequency, eliciting a pattern mimicking the activity delivered by the nerve to the muscle. Compared with the C group, results indicated that 1) muscle weight was smaller in LS and LSR groups, 2) the fatigue index was greater in the LS group and smaller in the LSE group, 3) metabosensibility remained altered in the LS and LSE groups, and 4) mechanosensitivity presented a large increase of the activation pattern in the LS and LSE groups. Our data indicated that chronic muscle electrostimulation partially favors the recovery of muscle properties (i.e., muscle weight and twitch response were close to the C group) and that rehabilitation by treadmill running also efficiently induced a better functional muscle afferent recovery (i.e., the discharge pattern was similar to the C group). The effectiveness of the chronic electromyostimulation and the treadmill exercise on afferent recovery is discussed with regard to parameters listed above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Marqueste
- Laboratoire des Déterminants Physiologiques de l'Activité Physique, Institut Fédératif de Recherches Etienne-Jules MAREY, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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Gauthier P, Réga P, Lammari-Barreault N, Polentes J. Functional reconnections established by central respiratory neurons regenerating axons into a nerve graft bridging the respiratory centers to the cervical spinal cord. J Neurosci Res 2002; 70:65-81. [PMID: 12237865 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present work investigated, in adult rats, the long-term functional properties and terminal reconnections of central respiratory neurons regenerating axons within a peripheral nerve autograft bridging two separated central structures. A nerve graft was first inserted into the left medulla oblongata, in which the respiratory centers are located. Three months later, a C3 left hemisection was performed, and the distal tip of the graft was implanted into the C4 left spinal cord at the level of the phrenic nucleus, a natural central inspiratory target. Six to eight months after medullary implantation, the animals (n = 12) were electrophysiologically investigated to test 1) the phrenic target reinnervation by analyzing the phrenic responses elicited by bridge electrical stimulation and 2) the bridge innervation by unitary recordings of the spontaneous activity of regenerated axons within the nerve bridge. In the control group (n = 6), the medullary site of implantation corresponded to the dorsolateral medulla, a region known to be an unsuitable site for inducing respiratory axonal regrowth after nerve grafting. Stimulation of the nerve bridge never elicited phrenic nerve response, and no respiratory units were found within the nerve bridge. In the experimental group (n = 6), the proximal tip of the nerve bridge was implanted within the ventrolateral medulla at the level of the respiratory centers. Electrical stimulation of the nerve bridge induced phrenic nerve responses that reflected a postsynaptic activation of the phrenic target. Subsequent unitary recordings from teased fibers within the bridge revealed the presence of regenerated inspiratory fibers exhibiting discharge patterns typical of medullary inspiratory neurons, which normally make synaptic contacts with the inspiratory phrenic target. These results indicate that, when provided with an appropriate denervated target, central respiratory neurons with regenerated axons along a nerve bridge can remain functional for a long period and can make precise and specific functional reconnections with central homotypic target neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gauthier
- Physiologie Neurovégétative, UMR 6153 CNRS INRA, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques de Saint-Jérôme (Aix-Marseille III), Marseille, France.
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Decherchi P, Gauthier P. Regeneration of acutely and chronically injured descending respiratory pathways within post-traumatic nerve grafts. Neuroscience 2002; 112:141-52. [PMID: 12044479 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Central respiratory neurons, which are acutely axotomized by peripheral nerve grafts implanted at the level of the descending respiratory pathways within the C2 spinal cord, can regenerate their axons within the grafts and still transmit normal physiological messages [Decherchi et al., 1996. Exp. Neurol. 137, 1-14]. The present work investigated the extent to which mature central neurons, acutely or chronically axotomized by a spinal lesion, still maintain the potential to regenerate an axon following post-traumatic nerve grafting within supra-lesional spinal structures and remained functional. This study is an extension of earlier work employing the more chronic lesions, that investigated whether respiratory neurons chronically axotomized by a spinal cord injury can retain the ability to regenerate their axonal process within a post-traumatic peripheral nerve graft. Here implantation was performed into the supra-lesional ventrolateral part of the ipsilateral C2 spinal cord (at the level of the descending respiratory pathways) previously hemisected at the C3 level. In the present study, these post-traumatic peripheral nerve grafts were performed either acutely (group I, n=15, 2.5 h post-injury: acute conditions) or chronically (group II, n=17, 3 weeks; group III, n=6, 3 months: chronic conditions) after the injury.Electrophysiological recording of teased filaments (n=2362) within the post-traumatic peripheral nerve grafts revealed the presence of regenerated nerve fibers with spontaneous unitary impulse traffic (graft units, n=954) in all animals. These graft units were respiratory (n=247) and non-respiratory (n=707). Respiratory discharges originated from central respiratory neurons which remained functional with preserved afferent connections. Except for the group III, post-traumatic C2 peripheral nerve grafts of the groups I and II contained a significantly higher occurrence rate (13.2+/-2% and 11.6+/-1.9%) of respiratory units than C2 spinal peripheral nerve grafts (5.9+/-1.6%) realized without previous CNS injury. The main conclusion of our study is that for a prolonged period of 3 weeks following a spinal cord injury, central respiratory neurons have the potential to remain functional and to regenerate their axonal process within post-traumatic peripheral nerve grafts inserted rostrally to the spinal damage. This indicates that supra-lesional post-traumatic nerve grafts may constitute an efficient delayed strategy for inducing axonal regrowth of chronically axotomized adult central neurons. This suggests that surgical intervention which is not always possible immediately after a spinal cord injury may be satisfactorily carried out after an appropriate delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Decherchi
- Laboratoire des Déterminants Physiologiques de l'Activité Physique (UPRES EA 3285), Institut Fédératif de Recherche Etienne-Jules MAREY (IFR107), Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Marseille, France.
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Decherchi P, Gauthier P. Regrowth of acute and chronic injured spinal pathways within supra-lesional post-traumatic nerve grafts. Neuroscience 2001; 101:197-210. [PMID: 11068148 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present work investigates the extent to which mature central neurons acutely or chronically axotomized by a spinal lesion still maintained the potential to regenerate an axon following post-traumatic nerve grafting within supra-lesional spinal structures. In adult rats, a C3 cervical hemisection (injury) was made and an autologous segment of the peroneal nerve was implanted 2mm rostrally into the ventrolateral part of the ipsilateral C2 spinal cord. Nerve graft implantations were carried out acutely at the time of injury (group I, acute conditions) or chronically, three weeks post-injury (group II, chronic conditions). Central neurons axotomized by the spinal lesion were labeled by True Blue injected at the lesion site at the time of trauma. Central neurons regenerating axons within the nerve grafts were labeled with either horseradish peroxidase (only in group I, n=4) or Nuclear Yellow (group I, n=3 and group II, n=6) applied two to four months post-grafting to the distal cut end of the nerve grafts. Neurons with dual staining (True Blue/Nuclear Yellow) represented central regenerating neurons which were previously axotomized by the spinal lesion and which had retained the capacity for axonal regeneration for a delayed period after injury. In group I (acute injury conditions), all types of labeled cells were found to be scattered with a clear bimodal distribution within the spinal cord and the brainstem. No labeled cells were found within the motor cortex. There was no statistically significant difference between horseradish peroxidase and all cells containing Nuclear Yellow (Nuclear Yellow and True Blue/Nuclear Yellow). In group II (chronic injury conditions), Nuclear Yellow- and True Blue/Nuclear Yellow-labeled cells had a similar dual distribution to that of group I, but were found to be significantly less represented (P=0.019). These differences are discussed in terms of capacity for cell survival and axonal regrowth after acute and chronic injury. The main conclusion is based on the evidence of dual staining of central neurons in both groups, which demonstrates that brainstem and spinal neurons involved in acute and chronic axotomy after spinal C3 lesion can survive the trauma and still maintain the capacity to regenerate lesioned axons within nerve grafts inserted rostrally (C2 spinal cord) to the primary site of injury. Although exhibited to a lesser extent in chronic than in acute conditions, this capacity was found to occur for as long as three weeks post-injury. These results indicate that supra-lesional post-traumatic nerve grafts may constitute an efficient delayed strategy for inducing axonal regrowth of chronically axotomized adult central neurons. We suggest that surgical intervention, which is not always possible immediately after a spinal cord injury, may be satisfactorily carried out after an appropriate delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Decherchi
- Laboratoire des Déterminants Physiologiques de l'Activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Case courrier 910, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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Haninec P, Dubový P, Houst'ava L, Stejskal L. Acellular nerve graft re-seeded by Schwann cells migrating from the nerve stump can stimulate spinal motoneurons for functional reinnervation of the rat muscle. Ann Anat 2000; 182:123-31. [PMID: 10755179 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(00)80069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The acellular nerve graft was utilised to restore a functional reinnervation of the biceps brachii muscle from the motoneuron pool of the cervical spinal cord. The musculocutaneous nerve stump was sutured to an acellular nerve graft, the opposite end of which was inserted into the cervical spinal cord cranial to the avulsed C5 ventral root. The acellular nerve graft was repopulated by Schwann cells heavily immunostained for NGFr within 90 days. The Schwann cells migrating from the nerve stump reached the spinal cord grey matter, where they stimulated the motoneurons to send axonal sprouts. The functional reinnervation of the biceps brachii muscle was assessed by means of the behavioural (grooming) test and EMG, the presence of myelinated and unmyelinated axons was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. The axonal reconnection of the musculocutaneous nerve stump was verified by horseradish peroxidase retrograde labelling of the spinal motoneurons. Moreover, the motoneurons on the operated side of the C5 spinal segment displayed increased immunostaining for GAP-43 in comparison to the contralateral side, whereas the pattern of AChE histochemical reaction was similar on both the operated and contralateral side, of the C5 segment 150 days after acellular graft implantation. The regenerated axons bridged a 4-cm long originally acellular nerve graft to reach and reinnervate the biceps brachii muscle. The reinnervation of the neuromuscular junctions was morphologically determined by immunofluorescence for neurofilaments. The number of myelinated axons in the acellular nerve graft was significantly higher than those growing over the cellular graft, but their diameter was smaller. The results of experiments presented here demonstrate functional recovery of the biceps muscle reinnervation through the acellular nerve graft repopulated by migrating Schwann cells. The process of reinnervation by acellular nerve graft is however delayed and worse in comparison with the cellular graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Haninec
- Division of Neurosurgery, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Patel N, Padera R, Sanders GH, Cannizzaro SM, Davies MC, Langer R, Roberts CJ, Tendler SJ, Williams PM, Shakesheff KM. Spatially controlled cell engineering on biodegradable polymer surfaces. FASEB J 1998; 12:1447-54. [PMID: 9806753 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.12.14.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Controlling receptor-mediated interactions between cells and template surfaces is a central principle in many tissue engineering procedures (1-3). Biomaterial surfaces engineered to present cell adhesion ligands undergo integrin-mediated molecular interactions with cells (1, 4, 5), stimulating cell spreading, and differentiation (6-8). This provides a mechanism for mimicking natural cell-to-matrix interactions. Further sophistication in the control of cell interactions can be achieved by fabricating surfaces on which the spatial distribution of ligands is restricted to micron-scale pattern features (9-14). Patterning technology promises to facilitate spatially controlled tissue engineering with applications in the regeneration of highly organized tissues. These new applications require the formation of ligand patterns on biocompatible and biodegradable templates, which control tissue regeneration processes, before removal by metabolism. We have developed a method of generating micron-scale patterns of any biotinylated ligand on the surface of a biodegradable block copolymer, polylactide-poly(ethylene glycol). The technique achieves control of biomolecule deposition with nanometer precision. Spatial control over cell development has been observed when using these templates to culture bovine aortic endothelial cells and PC12 nerve cells. Furthermore, neurite extension on the biodegradable polymer surface is directed by pattern features composed of peptides containing the IKVAV sequence (15, 16), suggesting that directional control over nerve regeneration on biodegradable biomaterials can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Patel
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- L Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Decherchi P, Lammari-Barreault N, Cochard P, Carin M, Réga P, Pio J, Péllissier JF, Ladaique P, Novakovitch G, Gauthier P. CNS axonal regeneration with peripheral nerve grafts cryopreserved by vitrification: cytological and functional aspects. Cryobiology 1997; 34:214-39. [PMID: 9160994 DOI: 10.1006/cryo.1997.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To test cool-warm protocols for storing peripheral nerves, 4-cm-long-nerve segments were removed from the hindleg of adult rats and cryopreserved using a vitrification solution (or cryoprotective mixture) containing a mixture of polyalcohols (2,3-butanediol, 1,2-propanediol, polyethylene glycol, and Belzer U.W. medium). Schwann cell viability and morphology were studied with regard to the effect of (i) cryoprotective mixture concentration (100, 50, and 30% diluted in human serum albumin at 4%), (ii) duration of exposure (10, 15, or 30 min in a single step) of nerves to the cryoprotective mixture, (iii) cooling rate (F1/F2, F3, and F4: 3, 12, and 231 degrees C/min, respectively), and (iv) type of replacement of cryoprotectant (T1, one step; or T2, perfusion) after warming. Nerves exposed 10 min to cryoprotective mixture 50% (2,3-butanediol, 1.926 mol.liter-1; 1,2-propanediol, 3.063 mol.liter-1; polyethylene glycol, 0.084 mol.liter-1; and Belzer U.W., 22.4 mosm-1) and cooled-warmed with the F2/F3/F4-T2 protocols contained live and correctly cryopreserved Schwann cells. The capacity of these cryopreserved nerve segments (n = 6) to be subsequently repopulated by regenerating axons from central neurons was compared to that of fresh nerves when used as peripheral nerve autografts implanted within the spinal cord at the level of the descending respiratory pathways. All cryopreserved nerve grafts were successfully reinnervated by regenerated central axons. Unitary spontaneous action potentials propagated along these axons were assessed by recording the discharge of tested nervous filaments (T) from the grafts in artificially ventilated and paralyzed animals. Out of 535 T, 32 (6 +/- 1.2%) presented spontaneous unitary activity with respiratory (R, n = 2) and nonrespiratory (NR, n = 30) pattern of discharge. The T mean number, the occurrence rate referenced to the total number of T (R/T, NR/T, and R + NR/T) and the mean number of spontaneous units (R, NR, R + NR) were compared to those of fresh spinal peripheral nerve grafts. Except for T, cryopreserved peripheral nerve grafts contained statistically significantly (P < 0.05) less spontaneous R and NR unitary activity, which represented, respectively, 6.2 +/- 6.2 and 26.8 +/- 5.7% of that found in the control group. These data indicate that nerves cryopreserved with the protocols described above contain viable Schwann cells which constitute a suitable support to induce regeneration of central fibers. The effectiveness of nerve cryopreservation by vitrification is discussed with regard to Schwann cell viability following cool-warm protocols and to subsequent reinnervation of the cryopreserved peripheral nerve grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Decherchi
- Département de Physiologie et de Neurophysiologie, URA CNRS 1832, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques de Saint-Jéôme (Aix-Marseille III), France
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