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Takeda-Okuda N, Yeon SJ, Matsumi Y, Matsuura Y, Hosaka YZ, Tamura JI. Quantitative, compositional, and immunohistochemical analyses of chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronan in internal organs of deer (Cervus nippon centralis and C. n. yesoensis) and cattle (Bos taurus). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129680. [PMID: 38281521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) + dermatan sulfate (DS) and hyaluronan (HA) concentrations and the sulfation patterns of CS-DS in the cartilaginous tissues and alimentary canals of Honshu Sika deer, Hokkaido Sika deer, and cattle were investigated in the present study. CS + DS concentrations were high in cartilaginous tissues, namely, the trachea and scapular cartilage region (5- 12 g*), and low in the alimentary canal (~0.3 g*). HA concentrations were low in cartilaginous tissues and the alimentary canal (~0.2 g*). All tissues mainly contained A-type [HexAGalNAc(4-sulfate)] and C-type [HexAGalNAc(6-sulfate)] CS + DS. The ratios of A-type/C-type CS + DS were 1.2- 3.1 and 0.9- 16.4 in cartilaginous tissues and the alimentary canal, respectively. CS + DS predominantly comprised β-D-GlcA and α-L-IdoA in cartilaginous tissues and the alimentary canal, respectively. The alimentary canal characteristically contained up to 14 % highly sulfated E-type [HexAGalNAc(4,6-disulfate)] and D-type [HexA(2-sulfate)GalNAc(6-sulfate)] CS + DS. The specific distributions of CS and DS were immunohistochemically confirmed using CS + DS-specific antibodies. Although the omasum of cattle is more likely to have higher concentrations of CS + DS and HA, no significant species differences were observed in the concentrations or sulfation patterns of CS + DS among species for Honshu Sika deer, Hokkaido Sika deer, and cattle. (*per 100 g of defatted dry tissue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takeda-Okuda
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Su-Jung Yeon
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Matsumi
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsuura
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
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Shen Q, Guo Y, Wang K, Zhang C, Ma Y. A Review of Chondroitin Sulfate's Preparation, Properties, Functions, and Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:7093. [PMID: 37894574 PMCID: PMC10609508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a natural macromolecule polysaccharide that is extensively distributed in a wide variety of organisms. CS is of great interest to researchers due to its many in vitro and in vivo functions. CS production derives from a diverse number of sources, including but not limited to extraction from various animals or fish, bio-synthesis, and fermentation, and its purity and homogeneity can vary greatly. The structural diversity of CS with respect to sulfation and saccharide content endows this molecule with distinct complexity, allowing for functional modification. These multiple functions contribute to the application of CS in medicines, biomaterials, and functional foods. In this article, we discuss the preparation of CS from different sources, the structure of various forms of CS, and its binding to other relevant molecules. Moreover, for the creation of this article, the functions and applications of CS were reviewed, with an emphasis on drug discovery, hydrogel formation, delivery systems, and food supplements. We conclude that analyzing some perspectives on structural modifications and preparation methods could potentially influence future applications of CS in medical and biomaterial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Shen
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
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Takeda-Okuda N, Mizumoto S, Zhang Z, Kim SK, Lee CH, Jeon BT, Hosaka YZ, Kadomatsu K, Yamada S, Tamura JI. Compositional analysis of the glycosaminoglycan family in velvet antlers of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) at different growing stages. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:127-139. [PMID: 30680582 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) from the velvet antlers of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) at the different growing stages (Fukurozuno, Anshi, and Santajo) of bred and wild deer were isolated and their concentrations and sulfation patterns were analyzed. GAG were digested with chondroitinase ABC, ACI, heparinase-I and -III, and keratanase-II into the corresponding repeating disaccharides of chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), hyaluronan, heparan sulfate (HS), and keratan sulfate. Cartilaginous tissues contained CS-DS at high concentrations with an almost equal ratio of 4- and 6-sulfates, while 4-sulfate-type CS-DS predominantly occupied ossified tissues, but at low concentrations. High O- and N-sulfation degrees of HS correspond to high ossification. Dynamic quantitative changes in CS-DS and compositional changes in CS-DS and HS were closely associated with the mineralization of deer antlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takeda-Okuda
- Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8551, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Zui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Byong-Tae Jeon
- Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Korea
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8551, Japan.
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Liu Y, Sun Y, Huang G. Preparation and antioxidant activities of important traditional plant polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:780-786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jung EY, Park Y, Woo MJ, Lee SH, Suh HJ. Hematopoietic effect of fermented deer antler extract in iron deficient diet-induced anemic rats. Chin J Integr Med 2016:10.1007/s11655-016-2598-7. [PMID: 27465425 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the hematopoietic effects of fermented deer antler extract using a dietinduced anemic animal model to facilitate the utilization of fermented deer antler extract and its derived products. METHODS Thirty 3-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 5 weeks. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups and treated as follows: control, saline; NFA200, non-fermented deer antler extract 200 mg/kg; NFA500, non-fermented deer antler extract 500 mg/kg; FAB200, fermented deer antler extract 200 mg/kg; FAB500, fermented deer antler extract 500 mg/kg; and PC, heme iron 0.2 mg/kg. Blood parameters, iron content in the liver and spleen, hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase (ALAD) activity and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) mRNA expression were analyzed. RESULTS No detectable significant differences were observed in blood parameters among groups. The decrease in the hepatic ALAD activity in anemic rats was significantly improved by fermented deer antler extract supplementation (P<0.05); however, non-fermented deer antler extract supplementation did not result in a significant improvement (P>0.05). The hepatic DMT1 mRNA expression level was increased significantly by supplementation with both the fermented deer antler extract and the non-fermented deer antler extract in a dose-dependent manner compared with nontreatment in anemic rats (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The hematopoietic activity induced by deer antler extract in dietinduced anemic rats might be increased through the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Jung
- Department of Home Economic Education, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Yooheon Park
- Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Jea Woo
- Kwang-Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Siheung, 14980, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Kwang-Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Siheung, 14980, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Park Y, Choi HS, Lee HS, Suh HJ. Hematopoietic effect of deer antler extract fermented by Bacillus subtilis on murine marrow cells. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9:451-8. [PMID: 26425273 PMCID: PMC4575956 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.5.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We examined the chemical composition and the effect of fermented deer antler on hematopoietic factors in bone marrow cells. MATERIALS/METHODS For the preparation of fermented deer antler extract (FAB), fermentation was carried out using Bacillus subtilis at 30℃ for 7 days. The hematopoietic effect of FAB was investigated hematopoietic factors in marrow cells. RESULTS The contents of total sugar, sulfated glycosaminoglycans, and uronic acid and the dry weight gradually increased with fermentation time. The sialic acid content (from 0.14 mg/mL to 0.54 mg/mL) was the highest on the 4th day of fermentation after which it decreased. The proliferating activity of bone marrow cells increased with fermentation times. The levels of various hematopoietic growth factors were determined to verify the beneficial effect of deer antler extract fermented by B. subtilis on hematopoiesis. FAB increased the number of stem cell factors and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in bone marrow cells. In addition, FAB augmented the burst-forming unit erythroid and total colonies in splenocyte-conditioned medium compared with non-fermented antler extract (NFA). However, FAB did not affect the mRNA levels of erythropoietin, an important factor for erythropoiesis. CONCLUSIONS FAB, like NFA, did not directly affect hematopoiesis, but contributed to hematopoiesis by stimulating the production of hematopoietic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yooheon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, 5 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Son Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sun Lee
- Food Quality & Safety Center, Agency for Korea Food Cluster, Gwacheon 427-719, Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, 5 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Korea
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Bone regeneration strategy inspired by the study of calcification behavior in deer antler. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 57:67-76. [PMID: 26354241 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone regeneration has attracted much attention from various researchers and inspired numerous strategies for bone formation. In this study, rapid calcification of deer antlers was studied to unravel bone biology by investigating mineral composition, morphology and microstructure. Calcification model was hypothesized and preliminarily established by in vitro experiments. In our model, mineral deposition and phase conversions in the gel matrix were mimicked. Results revealed that mineral metabolism including deposition and phase conversion plays key roles in calcification in vivo, which inspired the bone regeneration strategy with three main components, i.e. enhanced mineral nucleation, mineral ions sources and crystals habits. Rapid mineral metabolism of implant apatite biomaterials was supposed as the critical aspect of bone regeneration. This study will provide a relatively ideal model for peer bone regeneration studies.
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Lee SH, Suh HJ, Lee HS, Park Y, Park JW, Jung EY. Hematopoietic effect of Bacillus subtilis-fermented antler extract on phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Med Food 2012; 15:774-80. [PMID: 22870931 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of fermentation on the ability of antler to act as a stimulator of hematopoietic activity. Hemolytic anemia was induced by phenylhydrazine (PHZ) in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The vehicle or antler extract (nonfermented or fermented) mixed in drinking water was administered from Days 2 to 15 after PHZ injection. On Day 15, red blood cell counts in the fermented antler group (6.33×10⁶/μL) were significantly higher than those in the nonfermented antler group (5.90×10⁶/μL) (P<.05), and rats treated with fermented antler extract tended to have higher hemoglobin compared with rats treated with nonfermented antler extract, but not significantly. In addition, rats treated with fermented antler extract had slightly lower serum erythropoietin levels compared with nonfermented antler extract, which were not statistically different from serum erythropoietin levels of nonanemic rats. We conclude therefore that the hematopoietic activity of antler might be increased by the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Kwang Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Shi B, Li G, Wang P, Yin W, Sun G, Wu Q, Yu G. Effect of antler extract on corticosteroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 127:124-129. [PMID: 19818844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Deer antler, traditionally used as a tonic and valuable drug in oriental medicine, has been considered to possess bone-strengthening activity and effectively used in bone diseases therapy. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to investigate therapeutic effect of antler extract on avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) induced by corticosteroids in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were intragluteally injected with dexamethasone at 50mg/kg twice per week for 6 weeks to induce ANFH. Then the rats were treated with antler extract by oral gavage at 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800 mg/kg once per day for 60 days. The concentration of hydroxyproline and hexosamine in serum was measured and the ultrastructure of femoral head was examined. In vitro, effect of the drug-containing serum of antler extract on proliferation and differentiation of primary osteoblasts were investigated by MIT assay, ALP activity assay and cell cycle analysis. RESULTS After treatment with antler extract, the degree of necrosis induced by dexamethasone was significantly reduced, hydroxyproline was significantly decreased, and hexosamine and the ratio of hexosamine/hydroxyproline were significantly increased. The drug-containing serum of antler extract promotes osteoblastic proliferation through regulation of cell cycle progression. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that antler extract has a positive curative effect on ANFH by promoting osteoblastic proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, PR China
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Kim KW, Song KH, Lee JM, Kim KS, Kim SI, Moon SK, Kang BS, Kim DS, Chung KH, Chang YC, Kim CH. Effects of TGFbeta1 and extracts from Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe on acute and chronic arthritis in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 118:280-283. [PMID: 18524513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the pharmacological activities of deer antler acupuncture and TGF61538;1 on the acute and chronic phases of rheumatoid arthritis diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Polyarthritis rats were administered with TGF61538;1 and water extract of deer antler acupunture (DAA), prepared from the pilose antler of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe. TGF61538; (0.1 to 2 61549;g/animal) and DAA (5-100 61549;g/kg animal) were initiated 1 day before an arthritogenic dose of streptococcal cell wall fragments to see the effects on the joint swelling and distortion during the acute phase and the chronic phase of the disease. Arthritic index suppression of rat arthritis model was examined by TGF61538; and DAA administrations. RESULTS TGF61538;1 and DAA diminished the polyarthritis development in rats. TGF61538; and DAA eliminated the joint swelling and distortion observed during the acute phase and the chronic phase of the disease. The TGF61538; and DAA suppressed the arthritis progress when administration was begun after acute phase of arthritis. DISCUSSION Consistent with the inhibition of inflammatory cell recruitment into the synovium, TGF61538;1 and DAA reversed the leukocytosis associated with the chronic phase of the arthritis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Woon Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Kim KW, Kim KS, Park SD, Kim JK, Chung KH, Kim DS, Lee YC, Kim CH. Effect of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe on protease activities, antioxidant and free radical damages in rheumatis arthritis rats. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Suh SJ, Kim KS, Lee AR, Ha KT, Kim JK, Kim DS, Lee YC, Kim MS, Kwon DY, Kim CH. Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 23:147-153. [PMID: 21783751 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of water extract of deer antler (DAA) prepared from the pilose antler of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe (Nokyong) on collagen-induced mouse rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model was studied. Identification of common DAA capable of affording protection or modulating the onset and severity of arthritis may have important human health implications. DAA has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties in experimental animals. In this study, we determined the effect of DAA-injection on collagen-induced arthritis in mice. In three independent experiments, mice given DAA in water exhibited significantly reduced incidence of arthritis (30-45%) as compared with mice not given DAA in water (86-98%). The arthritis index also was significantly lower in DAA-injected animals. Western blot analysis showed a marked reduction in the expression of inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase 2, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor α in arthritic joints of DAA-injected mice. The neutral endopeptidase activity was approximately six-fold higher in arthritic joints of non-DAA-injected mice in comparison to non-arthritic joints of unimmunized mice, whereas it was only two-fold higher in the arthritic joints of DAA-injected mice. Additionally, total IgG and type II collagen-specific IgG levels were lower in serum and arthritic joints of DAA-injected mice. Taken together our studies suggest that DAA may be useful in the prevention of onset and severity of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Jong Suh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Kang SK, Kim KS, Kim SI, Chung KH, Lee IS, Kim CH. Immunosuppressive activity of deer antler extracts of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe, on type II collagen-induced arthritis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2006; 42:100-7. [PMID: 16759146 DOI: 10.1290/0510067.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Unossified horn or pilose antler cut from deer, which belong to the Cervidae generally is termed Nokyong. Nokyong is one of the most famous Korean traditional medicines and has been considered to possess sexual-reinforcing and antiaging actions. In this study, water extract of deer antler extract (DAA) prepared from the growing antler of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe was used to investigate the efficacy of the DAA on the development of type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. Male rats were immunized with an emulsion of 200 microg of CII and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The rats then were administered by injection a suspension of DAA or phosphate-buffered saline. The effect of DAA on cellular responses to CII was examined. The injection of DAA suppressed the CII-specific secretion of interferon (IFN)-gamma from splenocytes ex vivo. The influence of DAA also was evaluated on the incidence and development of arthritis in rat CIA. Rats were immunized twice at a 3-wk interval with bovine CII, with DAA being given by injection once a d for 14 d with four different regimens. A 14-d course of DAA treatment at a daily dose of 100 microg/kg, which began on the d of the first CII immunization, suppressed the development of arthritis, as well as antibody formation and delayed-type hypersensitivity to CII. Treatment with DAA resulted in inhibition of development of arthritis and immune responses to CII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Koo Kang
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University and National Research Laboratory for Glycobiology, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea
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Mikler JR, Theoret CL, High JC. Effects of topical elk velvet antler on cutaneous wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Altern Complement Med 2005; 10:835-40. [PMID: 15650473 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2004.10.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wound repair is a finely orchestrated process involving cellular, molecular, physiologic, and biochemical interactions that restore the integrity of damaged tissue. Cyclic replacement of deer antlers requires rapid regenerative growth, in many ways analogous to that encountered during tissue repair. Molecular mechanisms regulating these processes are not fully understood, but it is increasingly apparent that growth factors are important mediators. Previous studies have shown that elk velvet antler (EVA) contains various growth factors and that a water-soluble extract stimulates dermal fibroblast growth in vitro. DESIGN The efficacy of EVA water-soluble extract on wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was EVAluated using a full-thickness cutaneous wound model. Animals were randomly selected to receive topical application of either control or EVA gel. Daily photographs of the wounds served to measure the rate of wound closure. Wound-edge biopsies obtained on postoperative days 2 and 10 allowed histologic evaluation and measurement of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta (1)) concentrations by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. RESULTS Wounds treated with the EVA topical gel were significantly smaller by postoperative day 6. TGF- beta (1) protein expression was not different in EVA-treated wounds compared to control wounds. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that topical treatment with an EVA water-soluble extract accelerates repair of cutaneous wounds in diabetic rats. Further studies are warranted to reveal the mechanisms involved in EVA enhancement of wound closure and to determine if this compound is an economical pharmacologic agent in the treatment of normal and compromised wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Mikler
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Yang HO, Kim SH, Cho SH, Kim MG, Seo JY, Park JS, Jhon GJ, Han SY. Purification and structural determination of hematopoietic stem cell-stimulating monoacetyldiglycerides from Cervus nippon (deer antler). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 52:874-8. [PMID: 15256714 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A mixture of monoacetyldiglycerides was newly isolated from the chloroform extract of antlers of Cervus nippon, guided by the hematopoietic stimulation of stem cells. The structures of monoacetyldiglycerides were determined by various spectroscopic methods: FAB MS, CID tandem MS, and 1D and 2D NMR. A mixture of at least nine inseparable sn-3-monoacetyldiglycerides was identified: 1 [C(39)H(72)O(6) (C16 : 0/C18 : 1)], 2 [C(39)H(72)O(6) (C18 : 1/C16 : 0)], 3 [C(39)H(70)O(6) (C16 : 0/C18 : 2)], 4 [C(39)H(70)O(6) (C18 : 2/C16 : 0)], 5 [C(41)H(74)O(6) (C18 : 0/C18 : 2), 6 [C(41)H(74)O(6) (C18 : 2/C18 : 0)], 7 [C(41)H(74)O(6) (C18 : 1/C18 : 1)], 8 [C(43)H(74)O(6) (C18 : 0/C20 : 4)], and 9 [C(43)H(74)O(6) (C20 : 4/C18 : 0)]. Among these nine monoacetyldiglycerides in deer antlers, compound 3 was one of the major compounds and was efficiently synthesized from glycerol. Spectral data of synthetic monoacetyldiglyceride 3 were compared with the corresponding data for the mixture of natural monoacetyldiglycerides. The mixture of natural monoacetyldiglycerides from deer antlers showed potent activity on the hematopoiesis (stimulation index=1.40+/-0.05, p<0.02 at 1 microg/ml), and synthetic monoacetyldiglyceride 3 showed even better activity (stimulation index=1.54+/-0.12, p<0.001, at 1 microg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ok Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Kim KH, Kim KS, Choi BJ, Chung KH, Chang YC, Lee SD, Park KK, Kim HM, Kim CH. Anti-bone resorption activity of deer antler aqua-acupunture, the pilose antler of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe (Nokyong) in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 96:497-506. [PMID: 15619570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2004] [Revised: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Effect of deer antler aqua-acupunture (DAA), prepared from the pilose antler of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe, a traditional immunosuppressive acupuncture, was evaluated to assess the reductions in bone mass, strength, and turnover in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. For measuring the above parameters, a 20-day dosing experiment was performed using 6-week-old female Lewis rats. Arthritis was induced by injecting the adjuvant into the hind paw of the Lewis rats. The age-dependent increases in the body weight, lumbar bone mineral content and density (BMC and BMD) and compressive strength were disturbed in the arthritic rats. At 10 days, the histomorphometric parameters of bone formation (BFR/BS and BFR/BV) and the serum osteocalcin levels were significantly reduced compared with the baseline controls of Lewis rats. However, the BMC values corrected for body weight did not differ significantly between the arthritic and normal rats, and the bone minerals were not reduced when they were compared with the baseline controls. At 20 days, the parameters of bone minerals and strength of the lumbar body in the arthritic rats, both with and without correction for body weight, were significantly reduced compared with the baseline controls. The trabecular mineralizing surface remained significantly reduced and the osteoclast numbers were increased. DAA at the doses of 10, 20, 50 and 100 microg/kg, administered by Shinsu (B23) acupuncture daily from the start of the experiment, significantly prevented the development of the chronic paw edema at 20 days. The reductions in the parameters such as bone minerals, strength, and trabecular bone formation, and the increase in osteoclast number were alleviated by this DAA. Age-dependent increases in the lumbar height, disturbed by the adjuvant injection, were also maintained. These results indicated that a 20-day-period is necessary to obtain sufficient reductions in the bone mass and strength of the lumbar body concerning the model of secondary osteoarthritis in adjuvant arthritic rats. DAA was able to prevent these reductions by modulating the bone turnover in this arthritis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Acupuncture, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University and National Research Laboratory for Glycobiology, Kyungju, Kyungbuk 780-714, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The purpose of this phase II clinical trial was to examine safety of elk velvet antler taken concurrently with rheumatoid arthritis medications and to determine efficacy by dose to enable sample size estimation and dose standardization for a larger study. Forty patients with stage II rheumatoid arthritis were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 arms of 10 patients each. One group received placebo and the other 3 groups received 2, 4, or 6 capsules (215 mg) of elk velvet antler with appropriate placebos to total 6 capsules daily. All subjects continued to take their arthritis medications. Outcome variables were reported adverse events and health status. At 1 month, there were no significant differences between groups in number of adverse events or health status. The greatest improvement was in the 6 elk velvet antler group, the least was in the placebo group. Differences were not statistically significant. It was concluded that elk velvet antler can be taken safely in conjunction with a number of rheumatoid arthritis medications and should be studied further to assess efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Allen
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Sunwoo HH, Nakano T, Hudson RJ, Sim JS. Isolation, characterization and localization of glycosaminoglycans in growing antlers of wapiti (Cervus elaphus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 120:273-83. [PMID: 9787796 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)10017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the four sections (tip, upper, middle and base) of the main beam of growing antlers of wapiti (Cervus elaphus) by papain digestion and DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. Chondroitin sulfate was the major glycosaminoglycan in each section of antler accounting for, on average, 88% of the total uronic acid. The yield of chondroitin sulfate liberated from the tissue was approximately 6-fold greater in the cartilaginous (tip and upper) sections than in the bony (middle and base) sections. This was consistent with the higher intensity of glycosaminoglycan staining with either Alcian Blue or Safranin-O. The majority (average 88%) of chondroitin sulfate was precipitated with 40 and 50% ethanol. The average molecular size of chondroitin sulfate determined by gel chromatography on Sephacryl S-300 tended to be greater in the 40% ethanol than in the 50% ethanol fraction. In either fraction, the molecular size of chondroitin sulfate was smaller in cartilaginous tissues than in osseous tissues of growing antler. In addition to chondroitin sulfate, the antler contained small amounts of hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate. The immunohistochemical study showed wide distribution of chondroitin sulfate, decorin, and keratan sulfate throughout the antler. On the other hand, keratan sulfate was more prominent in the cartilaginous sections than in the bony sections where the anti-keratan sulfate monoclonal antibody staining was seen in the osteoid tissue only.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Sunwoo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Slim GC, Furneaux RH, Yorke SC. A procedure for the analysis of glycosaminoglycan mixtures based on digestion by specific enzymes. Carbohydr Res 1994; 255:285-93. [PMID: 8181013 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G C Slim
- Industrial Research Ltd., Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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