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Shu Y, Varga Z, Kanchanakungwankul S, Zhang L, Truhlar DG. Diabatic States of Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:992-1018. [PMID: 35138102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative simulations of electronically nonadiabatic molecular processes require both accurate dynamics algorithms and accurate electronic structure information. Direct semiclassical nonadiabatic dynamics is expensive due to the high cost of electronic structure calculations, and hence it is limited to small systems, limited ensemble averaging, ultrafast processes, and/or electronic structure methods that are only semiquantitatively accurate. The cost of dynamics calculations can be made manageable if analytic fits are made to the electronic structure data, and such fits are most conveniently carried out in a diabatic representation because the surfaces are smooth and the couplings between states are smooth scalar functions. Diabatic representations, unlike the adiabatic ones produced by most electronic structure methods, are not unique, and finding suitable diabatic representations often involves time-consuming nonsystematic diabatization steps. The biggest drawback of using diabatic bases is that it can require large amounts of effort to perform a globally consistent diabatization, and one of our goals has been to develop methods to do this efficiently and automatically. In this Feature Article, we introduce the mathematical framework of diabatic representations, and we discuss diabatization methods, including adiabatic-to-diabatic transformations and recent progress toward the goal of automatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Siriluk Kanchanakungwankul
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Linyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States.,School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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2
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Scutelnic V, Tsuru S, Pápai M, Yang Z, Epshtein M, Xue T, Haugen E, Kobayashi Y, Krylov AI, Møller KB, Coriani S, Leone SR. X-ray transient absorption reveals the 1A u (nπ*) state of pyrazine in electronic relaxation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5003. [PMID: 34408141 PMCID: PMC8373973 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic relaxation in organic chromophores often proceeds via states not directly accessible by photoexcitation. We report on the photoinduced dynamics of pyrazine that involves such states, excited by a 267 nm laser and probed with X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy in a table-top setup. In addition to the previously characterized 1B2u (ππ*) (S2) and 1B3u (nπ*) (S1) states, the participation of the optically dark 1Au (nπ*) state is assigned by a combination of experimental X-ray core-to-valence spectroscopy, electronic structure calculations, nonadiabatic dynamics simulations, and X-ray spectral computations. Despite 1Au (nπ*) and 1B3u (nπ*) states having similar energies at relaxed geometry, their X-ray absorption spectra differ largely in transition energy and oscillator strength. The 1Au (nπ*) state is populated in 200 ± 50 femtoseconds after electronic excitation and plays a key role in the relaxation of pyrazine to the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriu Scutelnic
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shota Tsuru
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mátyás Pápai
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zheyue Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Epshtein
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eric Haugen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Klaus B Møller
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sonia Coriani
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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3
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Li SL, Truhlar DG. Full-dimensional ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces and state couplings for photodissociation of thioanisole. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:064301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4975121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohong L. Li
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
USA
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
USA
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Wittenbrink N, Venghaus F, Williams D, Eisfeld W. A new approach for the development of diabatic potential energy surfaces: Hybrid block-diagonalization and diabatization by ansatz. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:184108. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4967258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Wittenbrink
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Florian Venghaus
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - David Williams
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisfeld
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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5
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Robb MA. In This Molecule There Must Be a Conical Intersection. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800256-8.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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6
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Piechowska J, Virkki K, Sadowski B, Lemmetyinen H, Tkachenko NV, Gryko DT. Excited state intramolecular proton transfer in π-expanded phenazine-derived phenols. J Phys Chem A 2013; 118:144-51. [PMID: 24351098 DOI: 10.1021/jp411395c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two previously inaccessible analogs of 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline were prepared via a straightforward strategy comprising the formation of π-expanded phenazines skeleton followed by C-H acetoxylation at position 10. Two bis-phenols possessing C2 and D2 symmetry were obtained in yields of 52% and 15%, respectively. The occurrence of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) was detected in all cases because steady state emission was observed only from the excited keto-tautomer. Additionally, a short-lived, ∼0.1 ps, emission decay was resolved by the femtosecond up-conversion technique at the blue side of the keto-tautomer emission band, 610 nm, and was attributed to the ESIPT, i.e., conversion from enol to keto tautomer. In comparison with the corresponding 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline emissions, the emission spectrum of the π-expanded phenazine analogues were weaker but displayed a characteristic bathochromically shift into NIR region. These phenazine analogues constitute one of largest heterocycles for which ESIPT was unambiguously detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Piechowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Piechowska J, Huttunen K, Wróbel Z, Lemmetyinen H, Tkachenko NV, Gryko DT. Excited state intramolecular proton transfer in electron-rich and electron-poor derivatives of 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9614-20. [PMID: 22946783 DOI: 10.1021/jp305459r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Eight previously inaccessible derivatives of 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline were prepared via a straightforward strategy comprising formation of the benzo[h]quinoline skeleton followed by C-H acetoxylation at position 10. The occurrence of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) was detected in all cases since emission was observed only from the excited keto-tautomer. Studies on derivatives bearing both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups adjacent to the pyridine ring allowed us to identify some design patterns giving rise to NIR emission and large Stokes shifts. For a derivative of 10-hydroxybenzo[c]acridine, emission at 745 nm was observed, one of the lowest energy fluorescence ever reported for ESIPT system. On the basis of time-resolved measurements, proton transfer was found to be extremely fast with time constants in the range (0.08-0.45 ps).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Piechowska
- Institute of Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Thompson AL, Martínez TJ. Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy from first principles: excited state dynamics of benzene. Faraday Discuss 2012; 150:293-311; discussion 391-418. [PMID: 22457953 DOI: 10.1039/c1fd00003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We use the ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) method to follow the dynamics of benzene after excitation to the second singlet excited state (S2). The results are validated by comparison to potential energy surfaces including dynamical electron correlation effects. Time-resolved photoelectron spectra are computed and compared to experimental results. Simulations agree with experiment that there are both short-lived and long-lived components of the excited state population. We show that these components both originate from quenching through the same S2/S1 conical intersection and that the difference between them comes from their behavior immediately after decay to S1. This is presumed to be a function of the details of the way in which the S2/S1 intersection region is accessed; for example, the momentum distribution and the topology of the seam in the relevant region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Giuliano BM, Reva I, Lapinski L, Fausto R. Infrared spectra and ultraviolet-tunable laser induced photochemistry of matrix-isolated phenol and phenol-d5. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:024505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3666018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Niu D, Ogi Y, Suzuki YI, Suzuki T. Photoelectron Imaging Spectroscopy of S1(1B2u π,π*) Benzene via 611n (n = 0−3) Levels. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:2096-102. [DOI: 10.1021/jp110557n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Niu
- Chemical Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogi
- Chemical Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoshi-Ichi Suzuki
- Chemical Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Chemical Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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11
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Lasorne B, Bearpark MJ, Robb MA, Worth GA. Controlling S1/S0 decay and the balance between photochemistry and photostability in benzene: a direct quantum dynamics study. J Phys Chem A 2009; 112:13017-27. [PMID: 18826292 DOI: 10.1021/jp803740a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate general mechanistic principles that control reaction selectivity following S(1)/S(0) internal conversion in benzene. A systematic relationship is drawn between the varying topology of an extended seam of conical intersection and the balance between two competitive radiationless decay channels: photophysical (benzene reactant regeneration) and photochemical (prefulvene product formation). This is supported by a model quantum dynamics study, using a direct dynamics approach based on variational multiconfiguration Gaussian wavepackets, where initial excitation of specific vibrational modes is designed to generate dynamical pathways that reach selected targets regions of the seam. High-energy regions of the seam are found to be sloped and in favor of the photophysical channel, while lower-energy regions are peaked and give access to the photochemical channel. This changeover could in principle be exploited to define targets for optimal control, by exciting different combinations of specific vibronic levels in S(1), accessing different regions of the seam, and giving different products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lasorne
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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12
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Sicilia F, Blancafort L, Bearpark MJ, Robb MA. New Algorithms for Optimizing and Linking Conical Intersection Points. J Chem Theory Comput 2008; 4:257-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ct7002435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, and Institut de Quimica, Computational and Departament de Quimica, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Lluís Blancafort
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, and Institut de Quimica, Computational and Departament de Quimica, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Michael J. Bearpark
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, and Institut de Quimica, Computational and Departament de Quimica, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Michael A. Robb
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, and Institut de Quimica, Computational and Departament de Quimica, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain
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Domcke W, Stock G. Theory of Ultrafast Nonadiabatic Excited-State Processes and their Spectroscopic Detection in Real Time. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470141595.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Breda S, Reva I, Lapinski L, Nowak M, Fausto R. Infrared spectra of pyrazine, pyrimidine and pyridazine in solid argon. J Mol Struct 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Toniolo A, Thompson AL, Martı́nez TJ. Excited state direct dynamics of benzene with reparameterized multi-reference semiempirical configuration interaction methods. Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Quenneville J, Ben-Nun M, Martı́nez TJ. Photochemistry from first principles — advances and future prospects. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(01)00452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kanamaru N. Rotational Effects on the Channel Three Decay in Benzene: in Support of the Preisomerization Mechanism. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1998. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.71.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ferretti A, Granucci G, Lami A, Persico M, Villani G. Quantum mechanical and semiclassical dynamics at a conical intersection. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Sobolewski AL, Adamowicz L. Photophysics of 2-Hydroxypyridine: An ab Initio Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp950852z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ludwik Adamowicz
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, University of Lund, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
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21
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Dreyer J, Klessinger M. The photochemical Formation of Fulvene from Benzene via Prefulvene–a Theoretical Study. Chemistry 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19960020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sobolewski AL, Adamowicz L. Theoretical investigations of proton transfer reactions in a hydrogen bonded complex of cytosine with water. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Klessinger M. Konische Durchdringungen und der Mechanismus von Singulett-Photoreaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dreyer J, Klessinger M. Excited states and photochemical reactivity of fulvene. A theoretical study. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.467879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rashev S. Calculation of internal conversion rate constants of single vibronic levels inS1benzene. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.468457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Theoretical investigation of potential energy surfaces relevant for excited-state hydrogen transfer in o-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(94)00091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bearpark MJ, Robb MA, Bernhard Schlegel H. A direct method for the location of the lowest energy point on a potential surface crossing. Chem Phys Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(94)00433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Domcke W, Woywod C. Direct construction of diabatic states in the CASSCF approach. Application to the conical intersection of the 1A2 and 1B1 excited states of ozone. Chem Phys Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)90110-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Evidence for the need of a non-Born—Oppenheimer description of excited-state hydrogen transfer. Chem Phys Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)80055-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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