1
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Nishino S, Sudo K, Kurahashi T. Nickel-Photoredox-Catalyzed Stereoconvergent Coupling of Alkenyl Halides and Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles. Org Lett 2024; 26:4049-4054. [PMID: 38717164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles possessing N-alkenyl substituents are an important structural motif. However, the synthetic methods reported thus far cannot selectively synthesize the Z stereoisomer on the basis of the stereochemistry of the substituted alkenes. Herein, we report the stereoconvergent coupling of heterocycles and alkenyl halides consisting of a mixture of E/Z stereoisomers, which selectively afforded the thermodynamically less stable Z-coupling product. Mechanistic studies suggest that a nickel photoredox catalyst facilitates the formation of N-centered heteroarene radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodai Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kô Sudo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Takuya Kurahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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2
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Mato M, Bruzzese PC, Takahashi F, Leutzsch M, Reijerse EJ, Schnegg A, Cornella J. Oxidative Addition of Aryl Electrophiles into a Red-Light-Active Bismuthinidene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18742-18747. [PMID: 37603853 PMCID: PMC10472430 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative addition of aryl electrophiles is a fundamental organometallic reaction widely applied in the field of transition metal chemistry and catalysis. However, the analogous version based on main group elements still remains largely underexplored. Here, we report the ability of a well-defined organobismuth(I) complex to undergo formal oxidative addition with a wide range of aryl electrophiles. The process is facilitated by the reactivity of both the ground and excited states of N,C,N-bismuthinidenes upon absorption of low-energy red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mato
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Paolo Cleto Bruzzese
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34−36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Fumiya Takahashi
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Edward J. Reijerse
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34−36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34−36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
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3
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Zhang JY, Hu J, Li XX, Tang WK, Feng YS. Metal-Free Transformation of Sulfonyl Oxime Ethers with Amines to Oxime Ethers. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12676-12682. [PMID: 34472854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonyl oxime ethers undergo facile radical substitutions with various amines to yield the corresponding oxime ethers. An efficient arylation of sulfonyl oxime ethers was accomplished under ambient temperature and metal-free conditions, with a wide range of functional group tolerance. Mechanistic investigations indicate that a phenyl radical is involved in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yuan Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China
| | - Jinglin Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ke Tang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Si Feng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Maanshan 243110, P.R. China
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4
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Nothling MD, Cao H, McKenzie TG, Hocking DM, Strugnell RA, Qiao GG. Bacterial Redox Potential Powers Controlled Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:286-293. [PMID: 33373526 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microbes employ a remarkably intricate electron transport system to extract energy from the environment. The respiratory cascade of bacteria culminates in the terminal transfer of electrons onto higher redox potential acceptors in the extracellular space. This general and inducible mechanism of electron efflux during normal bacterial proliferation leads to a characteristic fall in bulk redox potential (Eh), the degree of which is dependent on growth phase, the microbial taxa, and their physiology. Here, we show that the general reducing power of bacteria can be subverted to induce the abiotic production of a carbon-centered radical species for targeted bioorthogonal molecular synthesis. Using two species, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as model microbes, a common redox active aryldiazonium salt is employed to intervene in the terminal respiratory electron flow, affording radical production that is mediated by native redox-active molecular shuttles and active bacterial metabolism. The aryl radicals are harnessed to initiate and sustain a bioorthogonal controlled radical polymerization via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (BacRAFT), yielding a synthetic extracellular matrix of "living" vinyl polymers with predetermined molecular weight and low dispersity. The ability to interface the ubiquitous reducing power of bacteria into synthetic materials design offers a new means for creating engineered living materials with promising adaptive and self-regenerative capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Nothling
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hanwei Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Thomas G McKenzie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dianna M Hocking
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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5
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Medina‐Mercado I, Porcel S. Insights into the Mechanism of Gold(I) Oxidation with Aryldiazonium Salts. Chemistry 2020; 26:16206-16221. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Medina‐Mercado
- Instituto de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de, México Circuito Exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx. 04510 México
| | - Susana Porcel
- Instituto de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de, México Circuito Exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx. 04510 México
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6
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Medina-Mercado I, Asomoza-Solís EO, Martínez-González E, Ugalde-Saldívar VM, Ledesma-Olvera LG, Barquera-Lozada JE, Gómez-Vidales V, Barroso-Flores J, Frontana-Uribe BA, Porcel S. Ascorbic Acid as an Aryl Radical Inducer in the Gold-Mediated Arylation of Indoles with Aryldiazonium Chlorides. Chemistry 2020; 26:634-642. [PMID: 31621965 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years interest in the development of protocols that facilitate the oxidative addition of gold to access mild cross-coupling processes mediated by this metal has increased. In this context, we report herein that ascorbic acid, a natural and readily accessible antioxidant, can be used to accelerate the oxidative addition of aryldiazonium chlorides onto AuI . The aryl-AuIII species generated in this way, has been used to prepare 3-arylindoles in a one-pot protocol starting from anilines and para-, meta-, and ortho- substituted aryldiazonium chlorides. The mechanism underlying the oxidative addition has been examined in detail based on EPR analyses, cyclic voltammetry, and DFT calculations. Interestingly, we have found that in this protocol, the chloride atom induces the AuII /AuIII oxidation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Medina-Mercado
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 04510, México
| | - Eric Omar Asomoza-Solís
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 04510, México
| | - Eduardo Martínez-González
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Cd. Mx., 04510, México
| | - Victor Manuel Ugalde-Saldívar
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Cd. Mx., 04510, México
| | - Lydia Gabriela Ledesma-Olvera
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 04510, México
| | - José Enrique Barquera-Lozada
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 04510, México
| | - Virginia Gómez-Vidales
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 04510, México
| | - Joaquín Barroso-Flores
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 04510, México.,Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, C.P. 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Bernardo A Frontana-Uribe
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 04510, México.,Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, C.P. 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Susana Porcel
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 04510, México
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7
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Schotten C, Leist LGT, Semrau AL, Browne DL. A machine-assisted approach for the preparation of follow-on pharmaceutical compound libraries. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00010g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Coupling of a continuous flow process to a robotic microwave device has led to a simple platform for the preparation of compound libraries, specifically the anti-migraine compound Zolmitriptan and several unknown analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. Lisa Semrau
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University Main Building
- Cardiff
- UK
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8
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Dudzik A, Jaszczuk K, Losada-Barreiro S, Bravo-Díaz C. Kinetic evidence for the formation of diazo ethers in the course of reactions between arenediazonium ions and antioxidants. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03670h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-zero, pH-dependent, saturation kinetics are observed in the course of the reaction between 3-methylbenzenediazonium ions and hydroxytyrosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dudzik
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
- Lublin
- Poland
- Dpt. Química Física
| | - Katarzyna Jaszczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
- Lublin
- Poland
- Dpt. Química Física
| | | | - Carlos Bravo-Díaz
- Dpt. Química Física
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Vigo
- Vigo-Pontevedra
- Spain
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9
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Jaszczuk K, Dudzik A, Losada-Barreiro S, Szymula M, Narkiewicz-Michalek J, Bravo-Díaz C. Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between 3-methylbenzenediazonium ions and catechol. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jaszczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University; Lublin 20-031 Poland
- Department Química Física, Facultad de Química; Universidad de Vigo; Vigo Pontevedra 36-200 Spain
| | - Anna Dudzik
- Faculty of Chemistry; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University; Lublin 20-031 Poland
- Department Química Física, Facultad de Química; Universidad de Vigo; Vigo Pontevedra 36-200 Spain
| | - Sonia Losada-Barreiro
- Department Química Física, Facultad de Química; Universidad de Vigo; Vigo Pontevedra 36-200 Spain
| | - Marta Szymula
- Faculty of Chemistry; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University; Lublin 20-031 Poland
| | | | - Carlos Bravo-Díaz
- Department Química Física, Facultad de Química; Universidad de Vigo; Vigo Pontevedra 36-200 Spain
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10
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Huang FQ, Zhou GX, Dong X, Qi LW, Zhang B. Metal-Free C(sp3)-O Bond Formation through Radical Translocation: A Mild, Efficient, and Practical Approach to α-Alkoxybenzamides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Qing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjia Xiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Guo-Xiu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjia Xiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjia Xiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjia Xiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjia Xiang Nanjing 210009 China
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11
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Rossi R, Lessi M, Manzini C, Marianetti G, Bellina F. Transition Metal-Free Direct CH (Hetero)arylation of Heteroarenes: A Sustainable Methodology to Access (Hetero)aryl-Substituted Heteroarenes. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Majhi B, Kundu D, Ranu BC. Ascorbic Acid Promoted Oxidative Arylation of Vinyl Arenes to 2-Aryl Acetophenones without Irradiation at Room Temperature under Aerobic Conditions. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7739-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biju Majhi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debasish Kundu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Brindaban C. Ranu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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13
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Crisóstomo FP, Martín T, Carrillo R. Ascorbic acid as an initiator for the direct C-H arylation of (hetero)arenes with anilines nitrosated in situ. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2181-5. [PMID: 24453180 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) has been used as a radical initiator in a metal-free direct C-H arylation of (hetero)arenes. Starting from an aniline, the corresponding arenediazonium ion is generated in situ and immediately reduced by vitamin C to an aryl radical that undergoes a homolytic aromatic substitution with a (hetero)arene. Notably, neither heating nor irradiation is required. This procedure is mild, operationally simple, and constitutes a greener approach to arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pinacho Crisóstomo
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Francisco Sánchez, 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife (Spain)
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14
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Crisóstomo FP, Martín T, Carrillo R. Ascorbic Acid as an Initiator for the Direct CH Arylation of (Hetero)arenes with Anilines Nitrosated In Situ. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Yadav P, Marshall AJ, Reynisson J, Denny WA, Hay MP, Anderson RF. Fragmentation of the quinoxaline N-oxide bond to the ˙OH radical upon one-electron bioreduction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13729-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05657d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One-electron reduction of 3-trifluoromethyl-quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide breaks the N-oxide bond to release the ˙OH radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yadav
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J. Marshall
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William A. Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michael P. Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert F. Anderson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
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16
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Kläning U, Lund T, Lund H, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Are Reactions Between Metal Cyanides and Aryl Diazonium Ions Really Outer-Sphere Electron Transfer Processes? J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:6575-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jp100592v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Kläning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000C, Denmark, and Department of Science, Nature and Systems, Roskilde University, Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Torben Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000C, Denmark, and Department of Science, Nature and Systems, Roskilde University, Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henning Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000C, Denmark, and Department of Science, Nature and Systems, Roskilde University, Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Steen Uttrup Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000C, Denmark, and Department of Science, Nature and Systems, Roskilde University, Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000C, Denmark, and Department of Science, Nature and Systems, Roskilde University, Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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17
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Pietraforte D, Brambilla G, Camerini S, Scorza G, Peri L, Loizzo A, Crescenzi M, Minetti M. Formation of an adduct by clenbuterol, a beta-adrenoceptor agonist drug, and serum albumin in human saliva at the acidic pH of the stomach: evidence for an aryl radical-based process. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:124-35. [PMID: 18440320 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol (CLB) is an antiasthmatic drug used also illegally as a lean muscle mass enhancer in both humans and animals. CLB and amine-related drugs in general are nitrosatable, thus raising concerns regarding possible genotoxic/carcinogenic activity. Oral administration of CLB raises the issue of its possible transformation by salivary nitrite at the acidic pH of gastric juice. In acidic human saliva CLB was rapidly transformed to the CLB arenediazonium ion. This suggests a reaction of CLB with salivary nitrite, as confirmed in aerobic HNO(2) solution by a drastic decrease in nitric oxide, nitrite, and nitrate. In human saliva, both glutathione and ascorbic acid were able to inhibit CLB arenediazonium formation and to react with preformed CLB arenediazonium. The effect of ascorbic acid is particularly pertinent because this vitamin is actively concentrated within the gastric juice. EPR spin trapping experiments showed that preformed CLB arenediazonium ion was reduced to the aryl radical by ascorbic acid, glutathione, and serum albumin, the major protein of saliva. As demonstrated by anti-CLB antibodies and MS, the CLB-albumin interaction leads to the formation of a covalent drug-protein adduct, with a preference for Tyr-rich regions. This study highlights the possible hazards associated with the use/abuse of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pietraforte
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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18
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Pastoriza-Gallego MJ, Fernández-Alonso A, Losada-Barreiro S, Sánchez-Paz V, Bravo-Díaz C. Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between 4-hexadecylbenzenediazonium ions and vitamin C in emulsions: further evidence of the formation of diazo ether intermediates in the course of the reaction. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Barreiro S, Sánchez-Paz V, Gallego M, Bravo-Díaz C. Micellar Effects on the Reaction between an Arenediazonium Ion and the Antioxidants Gallic Acid and Octyl Gallate. Helv Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200890009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Folkes LK, Christlieb M, Madej E, Stratford MRL, Wardman P. Oxidative Metabolism of Combretastatin A-1 Produces Quinone Intermediates with the Potential To Bind to Nucleophiles and To Enhance Oxidative Stress via Free Radicals. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1885-94. [DOI: 10.1021/tx7002195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Folkes
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Christlieb
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, United Kingdom
| | - Edyta Madej
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. L. Stratford
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Wardman
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, United Kingdom
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Losada-Barreiro S, Sánchez-Paz V, Bravo-Díaz C. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction between an Arenediazonium Ion and Methyl Gallate (=Methyl 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoate) in Aqueous Solution: Evidence for Diazo Ether Formation through an O-Coupling Reaction. Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Usuki T, Inoue M, Akiyama K, Hirama M. ESR studies on DNA cleavage induced by enediyne C-1027 chromophore. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5218-24. [PMID: 15979878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
C-1027 belongs to the family of chromoprotein antitumor antibiotics, which contain a carrier apoprotein and a highly unstable enediyne chromophore. The enediyne spontaneously aromatizes to generate p-benzyne biradical, and subsequently abstracts hydrogens from the DNA sugar backbone, resulting in cleavage of the double strand. Using spin-trapping methods, we obtained direct proof of radical intermediates during an DNA cleavage, and found intriguing difference in behavior between the trapping agents 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP) and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO): MNP added to the sugar radicals of the DNA, whereas DMPO directly trapped a phenyl radical or p-benzyne biradical derived from the C-1027 chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyonobu Usuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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23
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Castagnino E, Cangiotti M, Tongiani S, Ottaviani MF. A study of free radical release from β-cyclodextrin-anticancer pro-drugs adducts in water. J Control Release 2005; 108:215-25. [PMID: 16246445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach in cancer chemotherapy concerns the attempt to employ radical affording substances (RAS) as pro-drugs able to produce irreversible damages on the tumor cell, so stimulating cellular apoptosis. However, radical species can react quickly towards the chemical environment into which they have been generated before reaching their proper sites of action, i.e. the tumor cells. We recently started a study aiming to accomplish new therapeutic systems for the transport of RAS in biological medium. In this paper we report the effect of stabilization produced by beta-cyclodextrin on carbon centered radicals afforded by some mercaptopyridine congeners which have already been shown to possess strong anticancer activity in vitro. EPR experiments carried out on aqueous solutions of N-acyloxy-pyridinethione analogues like 1 (R = adamantyl, cyclohexyl) in the presence of beta-cyclodextrin, demonstrated that photochemically produced alkyl radicals are involved in an adduct with beta-cyclodextrin which works as a cage preventing the interaction of such radicals with the medium. Furthermore, the presence of beta-cyclodextrin has been shown to delay the generation of radicals in water due to a possible interaction between the cyclodextrin cavity and the mercaptopyridine moiety of 1 which is the part of the molecule responsible for beginning the radical event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Castagnino
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Institute, Università degli Studi Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
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24
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Quintero B, Cabeza MC, Martínez MI, Gutiérrez P, Martínez PJ. Dediazoniation of p-hydroxy and p-nitrobenzenediazonium ions in an aqueous medium: Interference by the chelating agent diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. CAN J CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/v03-088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have made a comparative study of the dediazoniation of p-hydroxy and p-nitrobenzenediazonium ions. The electron-withdrawing and donating properties of the -NO2 and -OH groups strongly determine the reactivity of both compounds, thus exerting different influences upon the dediazoniation reaction. We describe here how the decomposition of p-hydroxy and p-nitrobenzenediazonium ions in a neutral aqueous medium follows a different pattern in the presence of the metal-chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). The decomposition rate of p-hydroxybenzene diazonium decreases whilst the decomposition of the p-nitrobenzenediazonium ion is enhanced. The experimental data are discussed with reference to a common scheme of interference for both benzenediazonium ions in the light of the radical-scavenging capacity of DTPA.Key words: p-hydroxybenzenediazonium ion, p-nitrobenzenediazonium ion, di-ethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, dediazoniation, radical scavenging, artifacts.
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25
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Usuki T, Inoue M, Akiyama K, Hirama M. Spin-trapping Study of DNA Cleavage Induced by Enediyne C-1027 Chromophore. CHEM LETT 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2002.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Völkert M, Koul S, Müller GH, Lehnig M, Waldmann H. Phenylhydrazide as an enzyme-labile protecting group in peptide synthesis. J Org Chem 2002; 67:6902-10. [PMID: 12353981 DOI: 10.1021/jo0259966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic cleavage of amino acid phenylhydrazides with the enzyme tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) offers a new, mild, and selective method for C-terminal deprotection of peptides. The advantages of the described methodology are the very mild oxidative removal of the protecting group at room temperature and pH 7, a high chemo- and regioselectivity, and the availability of the biocatalyst. Even in oxygen-saturated solution, the oxidation of sensitive methionine residues was not observed. These features make the methodology suitable for the synthesis of sensitive peptide conjugates. Mechanistic data suggest that the hydrolysis of the oxidized adducts proceeds by a free-radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Völkert
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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27
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Romsted LS, Zhang J. Kinetic method for determining antioxidant distributions in model food emulsions: distribution constants of t-butylhydroquinone in mixtures of octane, water, and a nonionic emulsifier. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:3328-3336. [PMID: 12010006 DOI: 10.1021/jf011711z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The absence of reliable estimates of distributions of antioxidants in food emulsions hinders the development of a useful method for comparing the efficiencies of antioxidants. Here we describe the application of a pseudophase kinetic model, originally developed for homogeneous microemulsions, to the determination of distribution constants of tert-butylhydroquinone, TBHQ, in a fluid, opaque, model food emulsion composed of the nonionic emulsifier C(12)E(6), octane, and water. This kinetic method should be applicable to a wide variety of charged and uncharged antioxidants in emulsions composed of charged and uncharged emulsifiers. The distribution constants for partitioning of TBHQ between the oil and surfactant film regions, K(O)(I), and the aqueous and surfactant film regions, K(W)(I), were obtained by fitting changes in first-order rate constants, k(obs), with emulsifier volume fraction for the reaction of 4-hexadecyl-2,6-dimethylbenzenediazonium ion, 16-ArN(2)(+), with TBHQ. The rate of formation of the reduced arene product hexadecyl-2,6-dimethylbenzene, 16-ArH, was followed by HPLC. About 90% of the TBHQ is in the surfactant film at about 2% volume fraction of C(12)E(6), which suggests that this region may be the primary site of antioxidant activity for neutral phenolic antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence S Romsted
- Center for Advanced Food Technology and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Wright and Rieman Laboratories, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
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28
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Quintero B, Morales JJ, Quirós M, Martínez-Puentedura MI, Cabeza MC. Dediazoniation of p-hydroxybenzenediazonium ion in a neutral aqueous medium. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 29:464-79. [PMID: 11020668 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The dediazoniation of p-hydroxybenzenediazonium ion (PDQ) in a neutral aqueous medium has been studied under controlled experimental conditions to prevent photochemical and/or heterolytic side-reactions. Oxygen increased the dediazoniation rate of PDQ and caused the appearance of quinone and hydroquinone. An accumulation of quinone deriving from the reduction of PDQ by hydroquinone was also observed. In ESR analyses with different spin traps, the most stable signal was identified as belonging to the adduct of the p-hydroxyphenyl radical, even in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide or ethanol. A general scheme is proposed including three pathways for the homolytic dediazoniation of PDQ. Pathway 1 represents dediazoniation induced by a hydroxyl ion, a slow process at neutral pH and an even slower one with deaerated samples; a favored quinoid structure is put forward to explain these results. In pathway 2, the formation of a semiquinone radical via the reaction of an aryl radical with oxygen is put forward to justify the increase in the dediazoniation rate in the presence of oxygen. In pathway 3, hydroquinone, produced by semiquinone dismutation, may act as a reducing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Quintero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eng Wui Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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30
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Gatti RM, Alvarez B, Vasquez-Vivar J, Radi R, Augusto O. Formation of spin trap adducts during the decomposition of peroxynitrite. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 349:36-46. [PMID: 9439580 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite-mediated one-electron oxidations may be an important event in its cytotoxic mechanisms, and yet, free radical formation in the presence of peroxynitrite is difficult to study by EPR-spin trapping because adducts from most spin traps are destroyed by the oxidant. This led to some controversy with regard to the interpretation of experiments in the presence of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), an adequate spin trap to study most of free radicals. In this report we reexamined peroxynitrite-mediate formation of spin-trap adducts. Kinetic studies and EPR experiments with water labeled with 17O are in agreement with the reaction of DMPO with a highly reactive intermediate derived from peroxynitrite to produce the DMPO-hydroxyl radical adduct by a mechanism not involving the oxidation of DMPO to a cation radical followed by water addition. The results cannot discriminate between two mechanisms of DMPO-hydroxyl radical formation, either spontaneous peroxynitrite homolysis to the hydroxyl radical or DMPO-assisted peroxynitrite homolysis. The formation of DMPO adducts during peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, and formate occurs through free radical mechanisms as confirmed by studies of oxygen consumption and product formation. Accordingly, spin-trapping experiments in the presence of 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonic acid, a spin trap that is more resistant to nitrogen dioxide, led to the detection of the methyl and the beta-hydroxyethyl radical during peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, respectively. Oxidation of these hydroxyl radical scavengers to detectable radicals favors the hypothesis that the hydroxyl radical is produced during peroxynitrite homolysis. Bicarbonate was able to modulate peroxynitrite-mediated one-electron oxidations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gatti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Gannett PM, Lawson T, Miller M, Thakkar DD, Lord JW, Yau WM, Toth B. 8-Arylguanine adducts from arenediazonium ions and DNA. Chem Biol Interact 1996; 101:149-64. [PMID: 8760396 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(96)03722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Arenediazonium ions (ArN2+) are genotoxic though the source of their genotoxicity is unknown. The present studies were undertaken to determine if reductive decomposition of ArN2+ to aryl radicals (Ar) in the presence of calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) or in cells results in the formation of DNA adducts. We found that when arenediazonium ions of the general structure p-X-ArN2+ (X = CH3, CH2OCH3, CH2OH) are allowed to react with ctDNA or incubated with cells under conditions that produce p-X-Ar, DNA adducts are formed with guanine. The structure of the adduct is the C8-substitution product derived from guanine and p-X-Ar. Formation of p-X-Ar was determined by ESR spin-trapping with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO). The extent of C8-arylguanine adduction was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the DNA hydrosylate and comparison with authentic synthetic standards. The C8-arylguanine adducts observed to form may be important in regard to the genotoxicity of ArN2+, though other DNA adducts such as the N6-triazene of adenine or C8-aryladenine adducts can form. Finally, though the formation of C8-arylguanine adducts from arenediazonium ions has been proposed, this is the first report demonstrating their formation in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Gannett
- West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown 26506, USA.
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