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Yang J, Su JC, Lei XP, Huang XJ, Zhang DM, Ye WC, Wang Y. Acylphloroglucinol derivatives from the leaves of Syzygium samarangense and their cytotoxic activities. Fitoterapia 2018; 129:1-6. [PMID: 29879460 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Samarones A-D (1-4), four new acylphloroglucinol derivatives bearing a C17 alkyl side chain, along with five known analogues (5-9), were isolated from the leaves of Syzygium samarangense. Their structures were characterized on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods including HR-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1-3 and 5-9 against HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cells were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Cheng Su
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ping Lei
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China..
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China..
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2
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Chatgilialoglu C, Ferreri C, Melchiorre M, Sansone A, Torreggiani A. Lipid geometrical isomerism: from chemistry to biology and diagnostics. Chem Rev 2013; 114:255-84. [PMID: 24050531 DOI: 10.1021/cr4002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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3
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Ferreri C, Angelini F, Chatgilialoglu C, Dellonte S, Moschese V, Rossi P, Chini L. Trans fatty acids and atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome: the relationship with a free radical cis-trans isomerization of membrane lipids. Lipids 2006; 40:661-7. [PMID: 16196416 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The formation of trans FA residues in membrane phospholipids may be due to a free radical-catalyzed isomerization process occurring to the cis unsaturated FA moieties. Radical stress is well documented in inflammatory processes of atopic diseases, but no data are yet available about a possible association with trans FA detected in these patients. We investigated the presence of trans lipid isomers in the erythrocyte and T-lymphocyte membranes of 26 children affected by atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS). Trans lipid isomers were found in both cell membranes, up to a total content of 2.7 and 4.9% of the FA composition, respectively. By using the geometrical trans lipid library derived from in vitro models of thiyl radical-catalyzed isomerization, oleic and arachidonic acid isomers were detected. The statistical significance was evaluated by comparison with an age-matched control group. These results suggest the role of an endogenous free radical isomerization path occurring to membrane unsaturated lipids, complementary to the dietary contribution, which can be involved in the lipid impairment in AEDS. This study contributes to lipidomic research regarding the double bond structure and the influence of a geometrical change of membrane lipids in physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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4
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Anagnostopoulos D, Chatgilialoglu C, Ferreri C, Samadi A, Siafaka-Kapadai A. Synthesis of all-trans arachidonic acid and its effect on rabbit platelet aggregation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2766-70. [PMID: 15876534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple and high-yielding method to convert natural all-cis PUFA derivatives to the corresponding all-trans geometrical isomers is described. The method is based on the thiyl radical-catalyzed cis-trans isomerization. The all-trans isomer of arachidonic acid was found to cause rabbit platelet aggregation at concentrations higher than 0.1 mM and inhibition of PAF-induced platelet aggregation in a concentration dependent manner with an IC(50) in the micromolar range.
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5
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Roy U, Loreau O, Balazy M. Cytochrome P450/NADPH-dependent formation of trans epoxides from trans-arachidonic acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1019-22. [PMID: 15013014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2003] [Revised: 11/09/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trans-arachidonic acids (trans-AA) are products of cis-trans isomerization of arachidonic acid by nitrogen dioxide radical (NO(2)), and occur in vivo, but their metabolism is unknown. We found that hepatic microsomes oxidized trans-AA via cytochrome P450/NADPH system to epoxides, which were hydrolyzed by epoxide hydrolase to diols (DiHETEs). 14,15-trans-AA produced one erythro diol and three threo diols each having one trans double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzzal Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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6
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Zghibeh CM, Raj Gopal V, Poff CD, Falck JR, Balazy M. Determination of trans-arachidonic acid isomers in human blood plasma. Anal Biochem 2004; 332:137-44. [PMID: 15301958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous trans fatty acids originate from diet, but recent studies also suggest that cis-trans isomerization of fatty acids is possible by nitrogen dioxide radical, a product of NO and nitrite oxidation. We developed a method for quantitative analysis of four trans-arachidonic acids (TAA) in human plasma using isotopic dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with deuterium-labeled internal standard. Esterification of the plasma fatty acid extract with pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) bromide followed by high-performance liquid chromatography purification yielded a fairly pure fraction containing TAA-PFB esters that was analyzed by GC/MS. Partial separation of the TAA isomers was obtained on various GC columns. Comparison of the retention time with the synthetic standards revealed that all four TAA isomers are present in human plasma. The mean concentration of TAA in human plasma was 20.2ng/ml. The levels of isomers were 12.48+/-1.28, 2.75+/-0.39, and 4.99+/-0.74ng/ml for 5E-AA + 11E-AA, 8E-AA, and 14E-AA, respectively. The identification of TAA in plasma suggests that isomerization of arachidonic acid occurs in vivo. Our method allows distinguishing between the dietary and the NO(2)-dependent mechanisms of trans fatty acid formation and will be useful in defining the role of TAA as an in vivo marker of nitrooxidative stress in clinical and experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaza M Zghibeh
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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7
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Ferreri C, Samadi A, Sassatelli F, Landi L, Chatgilialoglu C. Regioselective cis-trans isomerization of arachidonic double bonds by thiyl radicals: the influence of phospholipid supramolecular organization. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:1063-72. [PMID: 14746474 DOI: 10.1021/ja038072o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trans unsaturated fatty acids in humans may be originated by two different contributions. The exogenous track is due to dietary supplementation of trans fats and the endogenous path deals with free-radical-catalyzed cis-trans isomerization of fatty acids. Arachidonic acid residue (5c,8c,11c,14c-20:4), which has only two out of the four double bonds deriving from the diet, was used to differentiate the two paths and to assess the importance of a radical reaction. A detailed study on the formation of trans phospholipids catalyzed by the HOCH2CH2S* radical was carried out on L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine from egg lecithin and 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (SAPC) in homogeneous solution or in large unilamellar vesicles (LUVET). Thiyl radicals were generated from the corresponding thiol by either gamma-irradiation or UV photolysis, and the reaction course was followed by GC, Ag/TLC, and 13C NMR analyses. The isomerization was found to be independent of cis double bond location (random process) in i-PrOH solution. In the case of vesicles, the supramolecular organization of lipids produced a dramatic change of the isomerization outcome: (i) in egg lecithin, the reactivity of arachidonate moieties is higher than that of oleate and linoleate residues, (ii) in the linoleate residues of egg lecithin, the 9t,12c-18:2 isomer prevailed on the 9c,12t-18:2 isomer (3:1 ratio), and (iii) a regioselective isomerization of SAPC arachidonate residues occurred in the 5 and 8 positions. This effect of "positional preference" indicates that thiyl radicals entering the hydrophobic region of the membrane bilayer start to isomerize polyunsaturated fatty acid residues having the double bonds nearest to the membrane surfaces. We propose that arachidonic acid and its trans isomers can function as biomarkers in membranes for distinguishing the two trans fatty acid-forming pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreri
- I.S.O.F., Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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8
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Ferreri C, Faraone Mennella MR, Formisano C, Landi L, Chatgilialoglu C. Arachidonate geometrical isomers generated by thiyl radicals: the relationship with trans lipids detected in biological samples. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:1516-26. [PMID: 12446209 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of trans fatty acids in mammalians is attributed to exogenous sources; nevertheless, trans isomers could be easily formed by free radical-catalyzed isomerization processes in vivo. The isomerization of methyl arachidonate (all-cis isomer) catalyzed by thiyl radical is proposed as a methodology applicable in biochemical laboratories, which produces mono- and di-trans isomers. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy shows that the carbon atom in position 15 is characteristic for each mono- and di-trans isomer. Antioxidants, such as alpha-tocopherol and all-trans-retinol acetate, inhibited the isomerization process. Trans phospholipids are formed in erythrocyte membranes by exposing blood to gamma-irradiation in the presence of thiols, which is in contradiction with the known role of these compounds as radioprotectors. Trans isomers are also analyzed in tissues harvested from breast cancer patients and compared to the adipose breast tissue taken a few centimeters from the edge of the tumor from the same patient. This work is generally aimed at contributing to the debate on trans fatty acids and stimulating a reconsideration of the current view on the exclusive presence of cis double bonds in cell membranes by studying radical processes that could affect or protect this natural configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreri
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy.
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Gnädig S, Berdeaux O, Loreau O, Noël JP, Sébédio JL. Synthesis of (6Z,9Z,11E)-octadecatrienoic and (8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatrienoic acids and their [1-(14)C]-radiolabeled analogs. Chem Phys Lipids 2001; 112:121-35. [PMID: 11551536 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(01)00170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the metabolic pathway and the physiological effects of 9c,11t-18:2 (major isomer of conjugated linoleic acid) and its C(18:3) and C(20:3) metabolites, 6c,9c,11t-18:3 and 8c,11c,13t-20:3 and their [1-(14)C]-radiolabeled analogs were prepared stereoselectively by total synthesis. The 8c,11c,13t-20:3 was obtained in 11 steps. The synthesis involves a highly stereoselective Wittig reaction between 3-(t-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)propanal and the ylide of 7-(2-tetrahydropyranyloxy)heptanylphosphonium salt which gave (3Z)-1-(t-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-10-(2-tetrahydropyranyloxy)dec-3-ene in a first step. Then the t-butyldiphenylsilyl derivative was deprotected selectively and the resulting alcohol function was converted via a bromide into a phosphonium salt. The second stereoselective Wittig condensation between the phosphonium salt and commercial (2E)-non-2-enal under cis-olefinic conditions using Lithium hexamethyldisilazide as base afforded the (7Z,10Z,12E)-1-(2-tetrahydropyranyloxy)nonadeca-7,10,12-triene in a very good isomeric purity. The intermediate product was brominated and transformed by reaction with magnesium into Grignard reagent, which was one-carbon elongated by unlabeled or labeled carbon dioxide to obtain the 8c,11c,13t-20:3 in good isomeric purity (95%) and high radiochemical purity for its [1-(14)C]-radiolabeled analog (99%). 6c,9c,11t-18:3 was synthesized in a similar way by using 5-(2-tetrahydropyranyloxy)pentanylphosphonium salt in place of 7-(2-tetrahydropyranyloxy)heptanylphosphonium salt in a first step. Other reactions were unchanged and products were obtained in similar yields. Similar to 8c,11c,13t-20:3, the 6c,9c,11t-18:3 was obtained in a very good isomeric purity (95%) and its [1-(14)C]-radiolabeled analog in a high radiochemical purity (95%).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gnädig
- Unité de Nutrition Lipidique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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10
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Loreau O, Maret A, Poullain D, Chardigny JM, Sébédio JL, Beaufrère B, Noël JP. Large-scale preparation of (9Z,12E)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid, (9Z,12Z,15E)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid and their [1-(13)C] all-cis isomers. Chem Phys Lipids 2000; 106:65-78. [PMID: 10878236 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(00)00137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several grams of labelled trans linoleic and linolenic acids with high chemical and isomeric purities (>97%) have been prepared for human metabolism studies. A total of 12.5 g of (9Z, 12E)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid and 6.3 g of (9Z,12Z, 15E)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid were obtained in, respectively, seven steps (7.8% overall yield) and 11 steps (7% overall yield) from 7-bromo-heptan-1-ol. The trans bromo precursors used for the labelling were synthesised by using copper-catalysed couplings. The trans fatty acids were then obtained via the nitrile derivatives. A total of 23.5 g of (9Z,12Z)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9, 12-dienoic acid and 10.4 g of (9Z,12Z,15Z)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12, 15-trienoic acid were prepared in five steps in, respectively, 32 and 18% overall yield. Large quantities of bromo and chloro precursors were synthesised from the commercially available acid according to Barton's procedure. In all cases, the main impurities (>0.5%) of each labelled fatty acid have been characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Loreau
- CEA/Saclay, Service des Molécules Marquées, Bât. 547, F-91191 Cedex, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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Jiang H, Kruger N, Lahiri DR, Wang D, Vatèle JM, Balazy M. Nitrogen dioxide induces cis-trans-isomerization of arachidonic acid within cellular phospholipids. Detection of trans-arachidonic acids in vivo. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:16235-41. [PMID: 10347179 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.23.16235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen free radicals oxidize arachidonic acid to a complex mixture of metabolites termed isoeicosanoids that share structural similarity to enzymatically derived eicosanoids. However, little is known about oxidations of arachidonic acid mediated by reactive radical nitrogen oxides. We have studied the reaction of arachidonic acid with NO2, a free radical generated by nitric oxide and nitrite oxidations. A major group of products appeared to be a mixture of arachidonic acid isomers having one trans-bond and three cis-double bonds. We have termed these new products trans-arachidonic acids. These isomers were chromatographically distinct from arachidonic acid and produced mass spectra that were nearly identical with mass spectra of arachidonic acid. The lack of ultraviolet absorbance above 205 nm and the similarity of mass spectra of dimethyloxazoline derivatives suggested that the trans-bond was not conjugated with any of the cis-bonds, and the C=C bonds were located at carbons 5, 8, 11, and 14. Further identification was based on comparison of chromatographic properties with synthetic standards and revealed that NO2 generated 14-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid and a mixture containing 11-trans-, 8-trans-, and 5-trans-eicosatetraenoic acids. Exposure of human platelets to submicromolar levels of NO2 resulted in a dose-dependent formation of 14-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid and other isomers within platelet glycerophospholipids. Using a sensitive isotopic dilution assay we detected trans-arachidonic acids in human plasma (50.3 +/- 10 ng/ml) and urine (122 +/- 50 pg/ml). We proposed a mechanism of arachidonic acid isomerization that involves a reversible attachment of NO2 to a double bond with formation of a nitroarachidonyl radical. Thus, free radical processes mediated by NO2 lead to generation of trans-arachidonic acid isomers, including biologically active 14-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid, within membrane phospholipids from which they can be released and excreted into urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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Desaturation and chain elongation of [1-14C]mono-trans isomers of linoleic and α-linolenic acids in perfused rat liver. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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13
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Bretillon L, Chardigny JM, Sébédio JL, Poullain D, Noël JP, Vatèle JM. Oxidative metabolism of [1-14C] mono-trans isomers of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids in the rat. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1390:207-14. [PMID: 9507133 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(97)00178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trans polyunsaturated fatty acids are formed during processing of vegetable oils such as deodorization and frying. The oxidative metabolism of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids and of their mono-trans isomers (9cis,12trans-18:2, 9trans,12cis-18:2 and 9cis, 12cis,15trans-18:3, 9trans,12cis,15cis-18:3, respectively) was studied in fasting rats. A single dose of 18.5 MBq of each [1-14C] labelled fatty acid (260 microg) was orally given to the animals. The 14CO2 expired was monitored during 24 h. Radioactive countings of the CO2-trapping agent were performed at regular intervals up to 24 h after oral administration of the radiolabelled fatty acid. Radioactive countings were also performed on several tissues (liver, heart, brain, kidneys, sus-epidydimal fat, gastrocnemian muscle, gastrointestinal tract and carcass). The 14CO2 production 24 h after oral administration of the fatty acid ranged from 55.5% to 68.7% of the radioactivity administered for the C18:2 isomers and from 69.7% to 73.5% for the C18:3 fatty acids. From 6 to 24 h, 14CO2 recovery was significantly higher after oral administration of 9cis, 12trans-18:2 than after giving both other octadecadienoic isomers. 14C retention per gram of tissue in the liver and in the heart was significantly lower after feeding 9cis,12trans-18:2 than after administration of both other C18:2 isomers. 14C retention per gram of tissue in the muscle was significantly lower after administration of both trans C18:2 isomers compared to linoleic acid. Neither 14CO2 recoveries nor 14C retentions were significantly different after administration of the three octadecatrienoic acids. The difference observed in 14CO2 recovery within the dienes was probably not due to a higher specificity of the enzymes involved in the beta-oxidation sequence for the Delta12trans double bond, as previously reported. Indeed, due to the labelling of the fatty acids on the carboxyl end, 14C values recorded in the CO2-trapping agent were only due to the first cycle of beta-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bretillon
- INRA, Unité de Nutrition Lipidique, Dijon, France
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Jie MS, Mustafa J. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy--applications to fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Lipids 1997; 32:1019-34. [PMID: 9358427 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) has played an ever-increasing role in the structural determination of fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives and analogues, and in the analysis of the structures of triacylglycerols including the quantitative analysis of lipid mixtures. This article discusses some of the results obtained through the application of the NMR technique to lipid molecules and reviews the literature. To maintain brevity, this article does not cover the underlying theory of NMR spectroscopy as numerous books devoted to modern NMR spectroscopy have been published.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Jie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong.
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15
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Jie MSFLK, Pasha MK, Syed-Rahmatullah MSK. Fatty acids, fatty acid analogues and their derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 1997. [DOI: 10.1039/np9971400163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Effects of a trans isomer of arachidonic acid on rat platelet aggregation and eicosanoid production. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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