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Pathan SU, Kharwar A, Ibrahim MA, Singh SB, Bajaj P. Enzymes as indispensable markers in disease diagnosis. Bioanalysis 2024. [PMID: 38530222 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymes have been used for disease diagnosis for many decades; however, advancements in technology like ELISA and flow cytometry-based detection have significantly increased their use and have increased the sensitivity of detection. Technological advancements in recombinant enzyme production have increased enzymatic stability, and the use of colorimetric-based and florescence-based assays has led to their increased use as biomarkers for disease detection. Enzymes like acid phosphatase, cathepsin, lactate dehydrogenase, thymidine kinase and creatine kinase are indispensable markers for diagnosing cancer, cardiovascular diseases and others. This minireview summarizes various enzymes used in disease diagnosis, their metabolic role, market value and potential as disease markers across various metabolic and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehabaz Usman Pathan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Akash Kharwar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Madaje Amir Ibrahim
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Priyanka Bajaj
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
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Yu L, Maddu N. Erythroleukemia treated effects of rat plasma profile and erythrocyte membranes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2948-2954. [PMID: 33100851 PMCID: PMC7569129 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythroleukemia disease is caused by over production of malignant blood and immature large number of blood cells enters into peripheral compartment. Biophysical and biochemical changes in plasma and erythrocyte membrane in erythroleukemia treated rats were identified. Our study, leukemia is experimentally exposed in rats were injecting erythroleukemia cells (FLC) (H-2d) intravenously in adult rats and normal control rats were maintained. Significant increase in the activity of blood glucose, proteins levels, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) values and significant decrease in haemoglobin (Hb), albumin levels in erythroleukemia treated rats were observed when compared with control rats. Cholesterol and low density liproprotein (LDL) levels increased significantly in erythroleukemia treated rats but triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels decreased significantly. Levels of red cell membrane cholesterol decreased in erythroleukemia treated rats in comparison with control while levels of phospholipids and proteins increased in erythrocytes of erythroleukemia treated rats. Red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts increased significantly and platelet count decreased. C/P (cholesterol/phospholipid) ratio decreased significantly in erythroleukemia treated rats. This study has been undertaken for the first time to investigate the effect of (FLC) (H-2d) erythroleukemia cells (treated) in intravenously in adult rats and normal control rats. Results indicate biophysical and biochemical alterations at molecular level in plasma and erythrocyte membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Yu
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Narendra Maddu
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuramu 515003, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Wyatt BN, Arnold LA, St Maurice M. A high-throughput screening assay for pyruvate carboxylase. Anal Biochem 2018; 550:90-98. [PMID: 29655770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate (OAA), an important metabolic reaction in a wide range of organisms. Small molecules directed against PC would enable detailed studies on the metabolic role of this enzyme and would have the potential to be developed into pharmacological agents. Currently, specific and potent small molecule regulators of PC are unavailable. To assist in efforts to find, develop, and characterize small molecule effectors of PC, a novel fixed-time assay has been developed based on the reaction of OAA with the diazonium salt, Fast Violet B (FVB), which produces a colored adduct with an absorbance maximum at 530 nm. This fixed time assay is reproducible, sensitive and responsive to known effectors of Rhizobium etli PC, Staphylococcus aureus PC, and Listeria monocytogenes PC, and is highly amenable to high-throughput screening. The assay was validated using a plate uniformity assessment test and a pilot screen of a library of 1280 compounds. The results indicate that the assay is suitable for screening small molecule libraries to find novel small molecule effectors of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N Wyatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Martin St Maurice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
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Wang HL, Chu CH, Tsai SJ, Yang RJ. Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferase Detection on Paper-Based Analytical Devices with Inkjet Printer-Sprayed Reagents. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7010009. [PMID: 30407381 PMCID: PMC6189706 DOI: 10.3390/mi7010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
General biochemistry detection on paper-based microanalytical devices (PADs) uses pipette titration. However, such an approach is extremely time-consuming for large-scale detection processes. Furthermore, while automated methods are available for increasing the efficiency of large-scale PAD production, the related equipment is very expensive. Accordingly, this study proposes a low-cost method for PAD manufacture, in which the reagent is applied using a modified inkjet printer. The optimal reaction times for the detection of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are shown to be 6 and 7 min, respectively, given AST and ALT concentrations in the range of 5.4 to 91.2 U/L (R2 = 0.9932) and 5.38 to 86.1 U/L (R2 = 0.9944). The experimental results obtained using the proposed PADs for the concentration detection of AST and ALT in real human blood serum samples are found to be in good agreement with those obtained using a traditional spectrophotometric detection method by National Cheng Kung University hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Li Wang
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Hung Chu
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Sing-Jyun Tsai
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Ruey-Jen Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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Lindskov J. The Quantitative Liver Function as Measured by the Galactose Elimination Capacity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1982.tb03218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/GOT) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) Detection Techniques. SENSORS 2006. [DOI: 10.3390/s6070756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Park AF, Shirley JE, Titgemeyer EC, Meyer MJ, VanBaale MJ, VandeHaar MJ. Effect of protein level in prepartum diets on metabolism and performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:1815-28. [PMID: 12201533 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multigravid Holstein cows (n = 75) were used in a randomized block design to evaluate the effect of prepartum diets formulated to supply surplus energy and incremental concentrations of protein on the nutritional status of dairy cows at parturition. Cows were blocked according to expected calving date and assigned to one of five diets: 9.7, 11.7, 13.7, 14.7, and 16.2% crude protein (CP). Dietary treatments were initiated 28 d before expected calving date and fed until parturition. A common diet was fed postpartum. Dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded daily through 90 d postpartum. Increasing the protein concentration from 9.7 to 14.7% of dry matter during the last 28 d of gestation improved responses of cows during lactation. Increasing dietary protein up to 14.7% also increased milk yield response to recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) during the ninth week of lactation and yields of 305-d 2x mature equivalent milk, milk protein, and milk fat. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase tended to be highest in cows fed 13.7 and 14.7% CP prepartum, but decreased linearly postpartum in response to dietary protein levels. There were no treatment differences for plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) at d 60 postpartum (before rbST provision), but IGF-1 on d 90 (after rbST provision) was higher in plasma of cows fed 14.7% CP than the other diets except 13.7% CP. Close-up diets containing 13.7% CP and surplus energy produced the most beneficial outcomes during the subsequent lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Park
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-1600, USA
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Yamanaka H, Laluce C, de Oliveira-Neto G. Assay of Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase Using Malate Dehydrogenase Preparation Obtained fromStreptomyces aureofaciens. ANAL LETT 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719508000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ciereszko A, Dabrowski K. Spectrophotometric measurement of aspartate aminotransferase activity in mammalian and fish semen. Anim Reprod Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4320(94)01347-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Esterase-30 (ES-30) of the house mouse: Biochemical characterization and genetics of a new carboxylesterase isozyme linked to cluster-2 loci on chromosome 8. Biochem Genet 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00553171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lee SH, Lee KJ. Aspartate aminotransferase and tylosin biosynthesis in Streptomyces fradiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:822-7. [PMID: 8481008 PMCID: PMC202195 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.3.822-827.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspartate aminotransferase as well as valine dehydrogenase and threonine dehydratase was required for the biosynthesis of tylosin in Streptomyces fradiae NRRL 2702. The biosynthesis of these enzymes and tylosin production were repressed by high concentrations of ammonium ions. The change in specific tylosin production rates in batch cultures with different initial concentrations of ammonium ions showed patterns similar to those of the specific production rates of aspartate aminotransferase, valine dehydrogenase, and threonine dehydratase. Aspartate aminotransferase has been purified by acetone precipitation, DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite, and preparative electrophoresis chromatographies. The purified enzyme (120 kDa) consisted of two subunits identical in molecular mass (54 kDa) and showed homogeneity, giving one band with a pI of 4.2 upon preparative isoelectric focusing. The enzyme was specific for L-aspartate in the forward reaction; the Km values were determined to be 2.7 mM for L-aspartate, 0.7 mM for 2-oxyglutarate, 12.8 mM for L-glutamate, and 0.15 mM for oxaloacetate. The enzyme was somewhat thermostable, having a maximum activity at 55 degrees C, and had a broad pH optimum that ranged from 5.5 to 8.0. The mode of action was a ping-pong-bi-bi mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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NAIDU KAMATHAMAKHILENDER, TEWARI AKHILESH, JOSHI HEMANTHKUMARV, VISWANATH SURYANARAYANA, RAMESH HONNAVALLYP, RAO SRINIVASAVENKAT. EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND FOOD SAFETY OF SEAWEEDS OF INDIA. J Food Saf 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1993.tb00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Scherer G, Bausch E, Gaa A, von Deimling O. Gene mapping on mouse chromosome 8 by interspecific crosses: new data on a linkage group conserved on human chromosome 16q. Genomics 1989; 5:275-82. [PMID: 2571576 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(89)90058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A large conserved linkage group exists on mouse chromosome 8 and human chromosome 16q, including the loci for chymotrypsinogen B (Ctrb), haptoglobin (Hp), lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (Lcat), metallothionein-1,-2 (Mt-1,-2), tyrosine aminotransferase (Tat), and uvomorulin (Um). Using cloned gene probes, these six loci were mapped in M. m. domesticus X M. spretus interspecific crosses relative to a number of chromosome 8 anchor loci resulting in the gene order Es-1,Es-9-Mt-1,-2-Got-2-Es-2,Es-7,Lcat,Um-Hp,Tat,Ctrb-e. These results complement earlier studies and redefine the conserved segment on mouse chromosome 8, previously defined by the Hp-Tat interval, by the 24-cM interval between Mt-1,-2 and the conserved locus for adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, Aprt, mapped at 25 cM from Es-1 by T. B. Nesterova, P. M. Borodin, S. M. Zakian, and O. L. Serov (1987, Biochem. Genet. 25: 563-568). Within this segment, the gene order appears the same in man and mouse. While map distances between HP-TAT,HP-CTRB, and TAT-CTRB of respectively 7, 11, and 9 cM have previously been measured in man, no crossovers between Hp, Tat, and Ctrb were observed in over 100 meioses in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Scherer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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von Deimling OH, Gaa A, Simon MM. Esterase-18 (ES-18) of the house mouse (Mus musculus): biochemical characterization and genetics of an allozyme system linked to chromosome 19. Biochem Genet 1988; 26:617-29. [PMID: 3242498 DOI: 10.1007/bf02399606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the biochemical characterization, genetic variation, and linkage of a codominantly inherited murine esterase, termed ES-18. The enzyme was identified by isoelectric focusing of supernatants obtained after centrifugation of tissue homogenates and subsequent staining for esterase using either alpha-naphthyl acetate or 4-methylumbelliferyl elaidate as substrate. ES-18 exhibited an organ-specific variation of the intensity pattern of bands as seen in kidney, spleen, and macrophages, respectively. Its activity was highly sensitive to inhibition by 1 mmol.liter-1 p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate but was resistant to bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Four allozymes could be distinguished in kidney supernatants obtained from the inbred strains C57BL/10Sn (ES-18A), MOLF/Ei (ES-18B), WLL/BrA (ES-18C), and CAST/Ei (ES-18D). The enzyme is shown to be controlled by a structural locus, Es-18, which resides on chromosome 19. The gene order Ly-1 - Got-1 - 4.7 +/- 1.6 - Es-18 is suggested.
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Nealon DA, Rej R. Quantitation of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes after electrophoretic separation. Anal Biochem 1987; 161:64-9. [PMID: 3578788 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(87)90652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A scheme for the quantitative detection of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes and multiple forms after electrophoretic separation is described. Glutamate generated from the aminotransferase reaction is quantitated by using the glutamate dehydrogenase/diaphorase-coupled enzyme system to form a formazan dye. Product inhibition of aspartate aminotransferase by oxaloacetate is prevented by including oxaloacetate decarboxylase in the overlay reagent. Results compare favorably with those of an immunochemical precipitation procedure. The method can also be used to detect quantitatively subforms and atypical forms (genetic variants, immunoglobulin-enzyme complexes) of aspartate aminotransferase.
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Lowe PN, Rowe AF. Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase from Trichomonas vaginalis: comparison with pig heart cytoplasmic enzyme. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 85:93-9. [PMID: 2876843 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(86)90227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase from the protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis exists as a mixture of sub-forms of identical Mr and amino acid composition, and of similar catalytic properties. The amino acid composition closely resembles that of aspartate aminotransferase from prokaryotic and vertebrate sources. Some molecular and catalytic properties of the T. vaginalis aspartate aminotransferase are compared with those of the cytoplasmic pig heart enzyme. A major difference is in the ability of the trichomonal enzyme to transaminate aromatic amino acids and 2-oxo acids. A range of inhibitors have been used to compare the active-site regions of the T. vaginalis and cytoplasmic pig heart aspartate aminotransferases.
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Mavrides C, Korecky B. Subcellular distribution of the enzymes of the malate-aspartate shuttle in rat heart and effect of experimental cardiac hypertrophy. Biosci Rep 1985; 5:95-100. [PMID: 3157411 DOI: 10.1007/bf01117055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of experimental cardiac hypertrophy on the enzymes of the malate-aspartate shuttle aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was studied. Aortic constriction in adult rats resulted in 25% cardiac hypertrophy in 21/2-3 weeks. Total DNA (mg per heart) did not change. The proportions of mitochondrial and cytosolic isozymes of AAT and MDH did not change as a result of cardiac hypertrophy. About two-thirds of each enzyme occurred in the mitochondrial form and one-third in the cytosolic form. Total AAT in hypertrophic hearts, in enzyme units per mg DNA, increased by 24% compared to AAT content in the hearts of sham-operated animals. Total MDH did not change. Solubilized protein increased by 20%. Normal hearts contained 10 times more enzyme units of MDH than of AAT. Cardiac growth stimulation induced in newborn rats did not result in specific changes of either enzyme. It is suggested that true cardiac hypertrophy acts as a specific stimulus for the possibly rate-limiting enzyme AAT of the shuttle.
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Wills C, Melham T. Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency in yeast: a mutant affecting the interaction between the glyoxylate and Krebs cycles. Arch Biochem Biophys 1985; 236:782-91. [PMID: 3882052 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A single-gene nuclear mutant has been isolated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which cannot grow on minimal medium supplemented with ethanol, acetate, pyruvate, aspartate, or oxaloacetate as sole carbon sources. It will grow on complete medium with these carbon sources, and on minimal medium with dextrose as carbon source. The only supplement which will permit growth on minimal medium with ethanol or pyruvate is aspartate, so the mutant is an aspartate auxotroph when grown on these nonfermentable substrates. It exhibits enhanced levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.49) when grown on dextrose. The mutant can survive as an alcohol dehydrogenase-negative, indicating that the defect is not in the Krebs Cycle or in electron transport. When grown on pyruvate, it produces two to three times as much free alanine and half as much aspartate plus asparagine as the wild type. Two different assays show that the mutant phenotype is due to a deficiency of pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1), an important anaplerotic enzyme. Inferences that can be drawn from the characteristics of this mutant include (a) the glyoxylate cycle is probably located entirely outside the mitochondria, (b) the inner mitochondrial membrane appears to be impermeable to oxaloacetate, and (c) a succinate-malate exchange across the inner mitochondrial membrane connects the glyoxylate and Krebs cycles when yeast is grown on minimal medium with ethanol as a sole carbon source.
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Abstract
Aminotransferases are ubiquitous enzymes of mammalian cells and several are of important diagnostic use. The application of aspartate aminotransferase activity measurements in serum from individuals suffering from myocardial infarction brought about a new dimension in clinical laboratory testing in the 1950s. This review focuses on measurement techniques for aspartate aminotransferase and their application (a subsequent article will review other aminotransferases). Assay techniques measuring enzyme activity are direct spectrophotometric measurements, manometric techniques, assays using dye substances, coupled enzyme techniques, and radiometric procedures. Of these procedures, the one employing malate dehydrogenase and NADH is the most important and is covered in particular detail. The estimation of the mitochondrial isoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase is also of clinical interest, in particular for estimating severity of disease or in specific applications (e.g., chronic alcoholism). Methods reviewed for estimation of this enzyme are electrophoresis, chromatography, differential kinetic behavior, and immunochemical separation. Determination of the enzyme protein by techniques independent of its catalytic activity are also reviewed.
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Yagi T, Kagamiyama H, Nozaki M. A sensitive method for the detection of aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity of polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 1981; 110:146-9. [PMID: 7011092 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(81)90126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Dekker TP, van Boxtel HL, Vos EA, Garssen GJ. A method for the determination of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase in sperm plasma from boars and bulls. EXPERIENTIA 1979; 35:847-8. [PMID: 467614 DOI: 10.1007/bf01968290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for the determination of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activity in sperm plasma from boars and bulls as a test for fertilizing ability.
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Francis K, Gnanam A. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase assay on polyacrylamide gels. EXPERIENTIA 1979; 35:23-4. [PMID: 421788 DOI: 10.1007/bf01917852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mia AS, Koger HD. Comparative Studies on Serum Arginase and Transaminases in Hepatic Necrosis in Various Species of Domestic Animals. Vet Clin Pathol 1979; 8:9-15. [PMID: 15314777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.1979.tb00876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Serum concentrations of arginase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep and pigs were determined before and after oral administration of CCl(4) at doses known to cause hepatic necrosis. Following CCl(4) administration, serum concentration of arginase and SGOT increased to a level of diagnostic significance in all animals. SGPT increased markedly in dogs and cats and marginally in 1 of 3 cattle and 2 of 3 pigs. In the surviving animals, the serum concentration of arginase returned to normal range much earlier than SGPT or SGOT. Based on the CCl(4) experimental toxicity results of this study, an elevated level of serum arginase would appear to be a reliable indicator of hepatic necrosis in both small and large animals whereas SGPT would be a reliable indicator of hepatic necrosis only in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Mia
- Biological Research Division, Pitman-Moore, Inc., Washington Crossing, New Jersey 08560
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Christensen G, Hunt E, Fiandt J. The effect of methylmercuric chloride, cadmium chloride, and lead nitrate on six biochemical factors of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1977; 42:523-30. [PMID: 601795 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(77)80037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Garthoff LH, Friedman L, Farber TM, Locke KK, Sobotka TJ, Green S, Hurley NE, Peters EL, Story GE, Moreland FM, Graham CH, Keys JE, Taylor MJ, Scalera JV, Rothlein JE, Marks EM, Cerra FE, Rodi SB, Sporn EM. Biochemical and cytogenetic effects in rats caused by short-term ingestion of Aroclor 1254 or Firemaster BP6. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1977; 3:769-96. [PMID: 201769 DOI: 10.1080/15287397709529612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gruber W, Zapf B, Schrappe KH, Linke R. Cross reactivity of rabbit antibodies against purified animal enzymes. Comparison of enzymes of human and animal origin, II. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE CHEMIE UND KLINISCHE BIOCHEMIE 1977; 15:575-7. [PMID: 411881 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1977.15.1-12.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme preparations used for quality control of enzyme activity determinations in clinical chemistry should be very similar to human enzymes. Antibodies against e.g. porcine enzymes show cross reactivity with the corresponding human enzymes, indicating partial identity of the enzyme proteins. As the enzyme-antibody precipitates retain catalytic activity the similarity between the enzyme proteins is not limited to the catalytic sites.
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Dailey RE, Brouwer E, Blaschka AM, Reynaldo EF, Green S, Monlux WS, Ruggles DI. Intermediate-duration toxicity study of patulin in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1977; 2:713-25. [PMID: 846015 DOI: 10.1080/15287397709529471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of patulin was studied in two generations of Sprague-Dawley rats over a period of approximately 10 months. Patulin in 1 mM citrate buffer was administered by gavage to FO generation rats at a dose level of 0, 1.5, 7.5, or 15.0 mg/kg a body weight five times a week for 10-14 wk; females were treated seven times a week during pregnancy. High mortality and insufficient progeny in the groups given 7.5 and 15.0 mg/kg made it impossible to continue those two regimens into the second generation. The study was continued for 20-23 wk with F1A generation animals given 1.5 mg/kg and controls. The only lesion found at necropsy that could be attributed to patulin administration was gaseous distention of the gastrointestinal tract, which was probably the result of the antibiotic effect of this mycotoxin on the normal intestinal flora. A decreased weight gain in male rats of the FO generation was dose-related. An impairment in growth rates of F1A and F2A progeny of both sexes was statistically significant at the 1.5 mg/kg dose level. Fetuses taken from patulin-treated females on day 20 of pregnancy were noticeably smaller than controls fetuses and the difference was significant for F2A males. No other teratological abnormalities related to patulin dosing at the 1.5 mg/kg level were observed consistently in either F1A or F2A fetuses. Patulin did not appear to produce dominant lethal effects at dose levels up to 15.0 mg/kg when given by gavage to the males five times a week for 10 or 11 wk.
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Kasza L, Weinberger MA, Carter C, Hinton DE, Trump BF, Brouwer EA. Acute, subacute, and residual effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) in rats. II. Pathology and electron microscopy of liver and serum enzyme study. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1976; 1:689-703. [PMID: 818399 DOI: 10.1080/15287397609529369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the residual effects of a polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) fed to male rats at dietary concentrations of 0, 5, 50, and 500 ppm in diet. The animals were treated for 4 wk (acute and subacute phase), then observed for periods of up to 50 wk following termination of exposure (residual phase). The most significant histopathologic alteration was fatty degenerative change in the liver, which was most marked at 9 wk. Forty-six weeks postexposure, more than 50% of the rats fed 500 ppm still demonstrated fatty degenerative changes. On electron microscopic examination, marked increases in lipid vacuoles and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) occurred with a concomitant decrease in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) profiles in the animals receiving 50-500ppm for 4 wk. Thirty-seven weeks following the exposure period, rats dosed with 50 ppm showed partial recovery toward control morphology (less lipid, less SER, more RER), while those receiving 500 ppm did not. Persistent morphologic alterations included an increase in SER and medium-density lipid material within cisternae of Ser, Golgi and Golgi-condensing vesicles, as well as a decrease in parallel arrays of RER. The persistence of ultrastructural alteration throughout the 46-wk residual phase emphasizes the long-lasting effects of 4-wk exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl.
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Scrutton MC, Fatebene F. An assay system for localisation of pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity on polyacrylamide gels and its application to detection of these enzymes in tissue and cell extracts. Anal Biochem 1975; 69:247-60. [PMID: 1108699 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(75)90584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Serum xanthine oxidase activity was measured by a radiochemical method in 137 consecutive patients with jaundice of varying etiology and in 40 non-jaundiced patients with liver or other disease. Serum xanthine oxidase was markedly increased, up to 50 times the upper normal limit (mean + 2 S.D.), in 32 out of 34 patients with infectious hepatitis. A slight elevation of serum xanthine oxidase, up to twice the upper normal limit, was found in 2 out of 49 patients with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice and in 4 out of 20 patients with chronic renal failure. In comparison to serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase serum xanthine oxidase appeared to be the more sensitive and specific indicator of acute hepatocellular damage.
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Abstract
Serum iron levels were determined in 16 patients with AMI at different days following the event and in five patients either treated with steroids or suffering from diseases acting as stress factors. Patients with AMI showed a marked decrease in serum iron concentrations, the lowest value being recorded at day 3 after the event; serum iron returned to normal level at day 12. These alterations in iron concentration were not accompanied by changes in the 24 hour urine excretion of iron. On the other hand, a significant shortening of the half-time 59Fe plasma clearance and an early increase in 59Fe incorporation into the red blood cells were found immediately after the event. These values returned to normal in all but one patient, who had in addition polycythemia. In the five patients comprising the control group, serum iron, iron excretion in urine, and ferrokinetics were within the normal limits at all times. Since in AMI patients the 11-OHCS values were found to be significantly higher on the day following the infarction than on day 15 after the event, it is suggested that the decrease in iron concentration in these patients may be connected with changes in plasma 11-OHCS levels.
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Kimber RJ, Allen SH. An abnormality of the bone marrow associated with vitamin E deficiency in sheep. Br J Nutr 1975; 33:357-71. [PMID: 1125167 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19750041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Sheep fed on a maintenance ration of wheaten-hay chaff or of wheaten-hay chaff-lucerne-hay chaff (I : I, W/W) became deficient or incipiently deficient in vitamin E. 2. Degenerative changes were observed in bone marrow and muscle, and liver function was imparied in some animals. These abnormalities were not influenced by the vitamin B12 status of the animals or by a shortage of cobalt in the rumen. 3. Plasma ascorbic acid levels may not have been optimum, and folic may not have been fully utilized by some sheep. 4. Liver function responded faily rapidly to alpha-tocopheryl acetate, but skeletal muscle had not returned to normal after 28 weeks of treatment. A variable trend towards normal cellularity was found in bone marrow following supplementation with alpha-tocopheryl acetate. 5. A secondary deficiency or, alternatively, inefficient excretion or metabolism of a toxic material, may occur in vitamin E deficiency as a result of degenerative changes in the absorptive or excretory areas of the intestinal tract and be responsible for the bone marrow abnormality.
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Palva T, Nousiainen R, Raunio V. Aspartate and alanine transaminases in middle ear effusions. Acta Otolaryngol 1975; 79:58-9. [PMID: 1146539 DOI: 10.3109/00016487509124655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sauberlich HE, Dowdy RP, Skala JH. Laboratory tests for the assessment of nutritional status. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES 1973; 4:215-340. [PMID: 4217238 DOI: 10.3109/10408367309151557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lehmann NI, Gust ID. An evaluation of the use of sensitized latex particles for the detection of the hepatitis-associated antigen. Pathology 1973; 5:243-8. [PMID: 4201192 DOI: 10.3109/00313027309060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P. ZAPF
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital
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Karn RC, Kivic PA, Hudock GA. A procedure for the electrophoretic analysis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 293:567-9. [PMID: 4123122 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(73)90366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Nahler G, Ruis H. Isoenzyme der Aspartat-Aminotransferase aus dem Endosperm von keimenden Rizinussamen. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00909634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wilkinson JH, Baron DN, Moss DW, Walker PG. Standardization of clinical enzyme assays: a reference method for aspartate and alanine transaminases. J Clin Pathol 1972; 25:940-4. [PMID: 4648539 PMCID: PMC477570 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.25.11.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Mendell JR, Engel WK, Derrer EC. Increased plasma enzyme concentrations in rats with functional ischaemia of muscle provide a possible model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nature 1972; 239:522-4. [PMID: 4563024 DOI: 10.1038/239522a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Murros J, Konttinen A, Somer H. An electrophoretic method for the quantitation of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 41:263-8. [PMID: 4645235 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Cooney DA, Moore AL, Zhagats R. A colorimetric technique for the demonstration of L-asparaginase in electropherograms. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 40:249-57. [PMID: 4626844 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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