Analysis of bismuth in serum and blood by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using platinum as matrix modifier

A probe of new molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with HPLC-DAD and atomic absorption spectrophotometry for quantification of tetracycline HCl, metronidazole and bismuth subcitrate in combination with their official impurities: Application in dosage form and human plasma

The integration of molecular imprinting technique with chromatographic one has a great impact on the assay's selectivity and sensitivity. Herein, a molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction associated with high performance liquid chromatography (MISPE-HPLC) was employed for simultaneous determination of the co-formulated drugs; tetracycline hydrochloride (TET) and metronidazole (MET), in plasma and in their anti-H-pylori drug for the first time. Two sorts of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were fabricated using TET and MET as the template molecules, while ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and methacrylic acid were used as a cross-linker and a monomer, respectively. The synthesized MIPs were identified using different techniques. The adsorption-desorption capability of each template was investigated towards its corresponding MIP. The extraction conditions of MISPE was optimized with respect to TET/MIP and MET/MIP sorbent. Bismuth subcitrate (BSC), the third co-formulated drug was analyzed in spiked human plasma using an atomic absorption spectrometric (AAS) method. The performance of the developed methods was assured as per ICH guidelines for analyzing the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical dosage form along with two of their official impurities. In addition, bioanalytical method validation was conducted where linearity was achieved at 2.0-40.0 μg mL-1, 2.0-40.0 μg mL-1 and 5.0-80.0 μg mL-1 for TET, MET and BSC, respectively.

Effects of Bismuth Exposure on the Human Kidney-A Systematic Review

The effects of bismuth toxicity on the kidney-the main organ responsible for blood filtration-were systematically reviewed. This review was motivated by availability of several sources of bismuth in contact with humans including environmental, medications, dental materials, and cosmetics, potentially leading to kidney filtration of this chemical. No previous studies have systematically reviewed the literature considering this association. A total of 22 studies with a total of 46 individuals met the inclusion criteria, 19 being case reports with only one patient enrolled. The included studies publication dates ranged from 1961 to 2021 and the countries of publication were the United States of America, United Kingdom, Germany, Turkey, Switzerland, and Canada. Bismuth sources affecting the kidneys were uniquely reported as from medical purposes and mostly associated to overdoses with several symptoms, apparently with dose-dependent consequences. Patient history of renal impairment seemed to affect the outcome of the case. Several therapies were conducted following bismuth intoxication, and few studies performed renal biopsies describing its histological findings. It is crucial to reconsider the nephrotoxicity of bismuth compounds, mainly in patients with previous history of renal impairment.

Storage and preservation of blood and urine for trace element analysis. A review

In any well-defined study, a sample preservation and storage scheme compatible with the information or analyte sought should be incorporated. This article emphasizes the need for preservation and storage of biological fluids collected for trace element determination; cites the major factors, such as container material, container pretreatment, storage time, storage temperature, and contamination of the laboratory environment affecting preservation; presents a historical account of the available literature studies on the preservation and storage of trace metals in whole blood, plasma, serum, and urine; and makes recommendations on the most effective storage and preservation methods.

Absorption of bismuth from several bismuth compounds during in vivo perfusion of rat small intestine

Evaluation of the amount of bismuth (Bi) absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is important for assessment of the possible risks associated with the use of Bi compounds in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. We compared the absorption of Bi from media containing the equivalent of 1 g of elemental Bi from either Bi subnitrate (BSN), Bi subsalicylate (BSS), colloidal Bi subcitrate (CBS), Bi chloride (BiCl3), or Bi citrate (BCit) by an in vivo perfusion system of rat small intestine. The intestinal absorption was < 1% for all compounds, but higher from BCit and CBS than from BSN, BSS, and BiCl3. The dose dependency of Bi absorption from both CBS and BiCl3 in citrate buffer showed a nonlinear relationship between the concentration of Bi in perfusate and the concentration of Bi in blood after 60 min.

Bismuth salts and neurotoxicity. A randomised, single-blind and controlled study

The aim of this work was to investigate whether the normal use of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) and bismuth subnitrate (BSN) exhibits neurotoxic side-effects. A randomised, single-blind controlled study was carried out in 66 patients with H. pylori associated gastritis. Patients were randomised to receive either amoxicillin (control group) for 4 weeks or BSN for 8 weeks or CBS for 8 weeks. Clinical and neurophysiological tests including electroneurography (ENG) and spectral electroencephalography (EEG) were performed before and after therapy. No clinically relevant changes were observed with clinical tests as well as with ENG and spectral EEG recordings within each group and between the groups. It was concluded that the normal use of CBS and BSN does not exhibit clinical neurotoxicity.

Bismuth in human serum: reference interval and concentrations after intake of a therapeutic dose of colloidal bismuth subcitrate

A sensitive method for the determination of the bismuth concentration in human serum is described. Analyses were carried out by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), after a simple dilution of the samples with nitric acid. The detection limit of the applied method is 0.007 microgram/l whereas relative standard deviations varied from 5.7 to 13.6%. Determination of reference values in human serum of healthy adults gave a range from < 0.007 to 0.067 microgram/l (19 persons). Bismuth concentrations in serum were also measured before, during and after the intake of therapeutic doses of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS). About 1.5-2 h after the intake of one tablet of CBS, the bismuth concentration in serum was found to have increased 51-1483 times (two apparently healthy volunteers and six hospitalized patients), showing that the serum bismuth concentrations can increase by several orders of magnitude during the intake of CBS. During the intake of four tablets of CBS per day by two apparently healthy volunteers, bismuth concentrations in serum after an overnight fast were found to be, respectively, 5.56 and 8.1 micrograms/l on day 15 and 4.28 and 13.6 micrograms/l on day 29. After stopping the therapy, the concentration of bismuth in serum slowly returned towards normal over a period of months.