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Nasrabadi M, Nazarian M, Darroudi M, Marouzi S, Harifi-Mood MS, Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh T. Carbamate compounds induced toxic effects by affecting Nrf2 signaling pathways. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:148-157. [PMID: 38304697 PMCID: PMC10831123 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbamate (CBs) is a class of insecticides which is being known as an important cause of intentional or accidental poisoning. CBs, cause carbamylation of acetylcholinesterase at neuronal synapses and neuromuscular junction. Exposure to CBs through skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion can result in significant cholinergic toxicity. This is due to the elevation of acetylcholine levels at ganglionic synapses found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, as well as muscarinic receptors located in target organs of the parasympathetic nervous system, nicotinic receptors situated in skeletal muscle tissue, and the central nervous system. The association between human illnesses and environmental exposures to CBs have been extensively studied in several studies. Although CBs-triggered toxicity leads to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the detailed association between the toxicity under CBs exposure and NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways has not been completely clarified. In this review we aimed to summarize the latest findings on the functional interrelationship between carbamates compounds and Nrf2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Nazarian
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Basic Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur 9318614139, Iran
| | - Somayeh Marouzi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur 9318614139, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur 9318614139, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Kaur S, Chowdhary S, Kumar D, Bhattacharyya R, Banerjee D. Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides: Molecular toxicology and laboratory testing. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 551:117584. [PMID: 37805177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Population and food requirements are increasing daily throughout the world. To fulfil these requirements application of pesticides is also increasing. Organophosphorous (OP) and Organocarbamate (OC) compounds are widely used pesticides. These pesticides are used for suicidal purposes too. Both inhibit Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cholinergic symptoms are mainly used for the diagnosis of pesticide poisoning. Although the symptoms of the intoxication of OP and OC are similar, recent research has described different targets for OP and OC pesticides. Researchers believe the distinction of OP/OC poisoning will be beneficial for the management of pesticide exposure. OP compounds produce adducts with several proteins. There is a new generation of OP compounds like glyphosate that do not inhibit AChE. Therefore, it's high time to develop biomarkers that can distinguish OP poisoning from OC poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanpreet Kaur
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sheemona Chowdhary
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Rajasri Bhattacharyya
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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3
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Su H, Huang MZ, Shiea J, Lee CW. Thermal desorption ambient ionization mass spectrometry for emergency toxicology. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21784. [PMID: 35603997 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the emergency department, it is important to rapidly identify the toxic substances that have led to acute poisoning because different toxicants or toxins cause poisoning through different mechanisms, requiring disparate therapeutic strategies and precautions against contraindicating actions, and diverse directions of clinical course monitoring and prediction of prognosis. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry, a state-of-the-art technology, has been proved to be a fast, accurate, and user-friendly tool for rapidly identifying toxicants like residual pesticides on fruits and vegetables. In view of this, developing an analytical platform that explores the application of such a cutting-edge technology in a novel direction has been initiated a research program, namely, the rapid identification of toxic substances which might have caused acute poisoning in patients who visit the emergency department and requires an accurate diagnosis for correct clinical decision-making to bring about corresponding data-guided management. This review includes (i) a narrative account of the breakthrough in emergency toxicology brought about by the advent of ambient ionization mass spectrometry and (ii) a thorough discussion about the clinical implications and technical limitations of such a promising innovation for promoting toxicological tests from tier two-level to tier one level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Zong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Lee
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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A Butyrylcholinesterase Camera Biosensor Tested for Carbofuran and Paraoxon Assay. Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2022:2623155. [PMID: 35432544 PMCID: PMC9010193 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2623155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosensors containing cholinesterase are analytical devices suitable for the assay of neurotoxic compounds. In the research on biosensors, a new platform has appeared some years ago. It is the digital photography and scoring of coloration (photogrammetry). In this paper, a colorimetric biosensor is constructed using 3D-printed multiwell pads treated with indoxylacetate as a chromogenic substrate and gold nanoparticles with the immobilized enzyme butyrylcholinesterase. A smartphone camera served for photogrammetry. The biosensor was tested for the assay of carbofuran and paraoxon ethyl as two types of covalently binding inhibitors: irreversible and pseudoirreversible. The biosensor exerted good sensitivity to the inhibitors and was able to detect carbofuran with a limit of detection for carbofuran 7.7 nmol/l and 17.6 nmol/l for paraoxon ethyl. A sample sized 25 μl was suitable for the assay lasting approximately 70 minutes. Up to 121 samples can be measured contemporary using one multiwell pad. The received data fully correlated with the standard spectrophotometry. The colorimetric biosensor exerts promising specifications and appears to be competitive to the other analytical procedures working on the principle of cholinesterase inhibition. Low-cost, simple, and portable design represent an advantage of the assay of the biosensor. Despite the overall simplicity, the biosensor can fully replace the standard spectroscopic methods.
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Yamagishi Y, Iwase H, Ogra Y. Post-Mortem Changes of Methomyl in Blood with Hemoglobin. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:161-168. [PMID: 33405899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methomyl, (E,Z)-methyl N-{[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy}ethanimidothioate, is a widely used pesticide that has been detected in many fatal cases of accidental exposure or suicide. Forensic toxicologists have been baffled that the blood methomyl concentration in persons who have died of methomyl poisoning is much lower than the expected concentration in blood. In this study, we speculated two mechanisms underlying the insufficient recovery of methomyl in blood. First, methomyl is decomposed by serum albumin as esterase. Second, methomyl is bound to a specific blood protein, resulting in insufficient recovery in the free form. However, human serum albumin does not show esterase activity for the decomposition of methomyl. On the contrary, specific methomyl hemoglobin adducts have been detected by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS). The mass spectra indicated that methomyl was specifically bound to tryptophan (W), tyrosine (Y), and valine (V) residues in hemoglobin. The amounts of W- and V-adducts dose-dependently increased in vitro when the methomyl concentration was lower than the lethal concentration. In addition, the W-adduct was detected in blood sampled from an autopsied subject who died of intentional methomyl ingestion, suggesting that the W-adduct could be used as a biomarker of methomyl poisoning. We were able to estimate the amount of methomyl ingested on the basis of the amount of the W-adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yamagishi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.,Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.,Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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6
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Su H, Lin YP, Yang SC, Kuo CH, Wu DC, Shiea J, Lee CW. Rapid detection of non-volatile household pesticides in drained gastric juice by ambient mass spectrometry for emergency management. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1066:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Klainbart S, Grabernik M, Kelmer E, Chai O, Cuneah O, Segev G, Aroch I. Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of acute organophosphate or carbamate intoxication in 102 dogs: A retrospective study. Vet J 2019; 251:105349. [PMID: 31492383 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OP) and carbamates are commonly used insecticides and important intoxication sources of humans and animals. Nevertheless, large scale studies of these intoxications in dogs are unavailable. The medical records of dogs presented to a veterinary hospital were reviewed retrospectively. The study included 102 dogs definitely diagnosed with acute OP or carbamate intoxication. The most common presenting clinical signs included muscle tremor, hypersalivation, miosis, weakness, vomiting and diarrhea. Hypersalivation, muscle tremor and tachypnea were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with survival to discharge; while weakness, mental dullness, anorexia, pale mucous membranes and paddling were significantly associated with death. Common laboratory abnormalities included decreased butyrylcholine esterase activity, acidemia, increased total plasma protein, leukocytosis, hypochloridemia, hyperbilirubinemia, increased creatinine and alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatine kinase activities, and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Compared to the survivors, the non-survivors showed significantly: higher frequencies of thrombocytopenia, hypocarbemia, prolonged prothrombin time (PT), hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, hypocholesterolemia, hypoproteinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, increased ALT activity and increased urea concentration; lower median concentrations of venous blood bicarbonate, serum chloride and total CO2; and higher medians of PT, serum total bilirubin and urea concentrations, and ALT and AST activities. Intoxicated dogs were commonly treated with diphenhydramine, atropine-sulfate, antibiotics, diazepam and pralidoxime, while some (19.2%) required general anesthesia and mechanical ventilation. The survival rate of dogs treated by gastric lavage was higher (P = 0.041) compared to that of the remaining dogs. Development of respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation requirement were significantly associated (P < 0.001) with death. The mortality rate was 17%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Klainbart
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel; Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 5025000, Israel; Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel.
| | - M Grabernik
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel; Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 5025000, Israel; Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - E Kelmer
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel; Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 5025000, Israel; Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - O Chai
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel; Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 5025000, Israel; Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - O Cuneah
- Department of Small Animal Neurology, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel; Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 5025000, Israel; Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - G Segev
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel; Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 5025000, Israel; Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - I Aroch
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel; Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 5025000, Israel; Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
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8
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Lee CW, Su H, Lee RH, Lin YP, Tsai YD, Wu DC, Shiea J. Point-of-care identification of organophosphates in gastric juice by ambient mass spectrometry in emergency settings. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 485:288-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Ahmed T, Goel V, Banerjee BD. Propoxur-induced oxidative DNA damage in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: protective effects of curcumin and α-tocopherol. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:128-134. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1321010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeel Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad, India
| | - Vasu Goel
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad, India
| | - B. D. Banerjee
- Enivironmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Dayananda VP, Bhaskara B, Pateel G. A study of effectiveness of fresh frozen plasma in organophosphorous compound poisoning in reducing length of Intensive Care Unit stay and in reducing need for tracheostomy. Anesth Essays Res 2016; 10:268-72. [PMID: 27212759 PMCID: PMC4864679 DOI: 10.4103/0259-1162.171455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main stay of treatment in organophophosphorous [OP] poisoning is with atropine, oximes and supportive therapy. Despite the therapy, no improvement in mortality and morbidity. Fresh frozen plasma [FFP] a source of serum cholinesterase act as bio-scavenger to neutralise organophosphate toxins to improve the patients out come. METHODS The prospective study was conducted in 80 patients with acute OP poisoning. Patients with moderate to severe grade of OP poisoning with serum cholinesterase level <1000 IU/L were included in the study. Study group received atropine and oximes along with FFP given as 4 units first day, 3units on 2(nd) day, 2 units on 3(rd) day. Control group was given atropine and oximes only. Serum cholinesterase enzymes level, consumption of atropine per day, number of days on ventilator, length of ICU stay, and need for tracheostomy were assessed. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the serum cholinesterase levels after FFP infusion in the study group in comparison to the control group. Mean duration of Intensive Care Unit [ICU] stay was 8.35±4.3 in the study group and 12.45±4.13 in the control group. 06 patients in the control group succumbed whereas there were no fatalities in the study group. CONCLUSION Daily reducing dose of FFP therapy for 3 consecutive days has beneficial effect in acute OP poisoning by increasing serum cholinesterase enzymes in blood with reduction in total dose of atropine consumption per day. It also reduces the ICU stay with zero mortality in OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. P. Dayananda
- Department of Anaesthesia, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B. Bhaskara
- Department of Anaesthesia, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G.N.P. Pateel
- Department of Anaesthesia, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Brittain MK, McGarry KG, Moyer RA, Babin MC, Jett DA, Platoff GE, Yeung DT. Efficacy of Recommended Prehospital Human Equivalent Doses of Atropine and Pralidoxime Against the Toxic Effects of Carbamate Poisoning in the Hartley Guinea Pig. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:344-57. [PMID: 27102179 DOI: 10.1177/1091581816638086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aldicarb and methomyl are carbamate pesticides commonly implicated in human poisonings. The primary toxic mechanism of action for carbamate poisoning is cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition. As such, it is logical to assume that the currently accepted therapies for organophosphate poisoning (muscarinic antagonist atropine and the oxime acetylcholinesterase reactivator pralidoxime chloride [2-PAM Cl]) could afford therapeutic protection. However, oximes have been shown to be contraindicated for poisoning by some carbamates. METHODS A protective ratio study was conducted in guinea pigs to evaluate the efficacy of atropine and 2-PAM Cl. The ChE activity was determined in both the blood and the cerebral cortex. RESULTS Coadministration of atropine free base (0.4 mg/kg) and 2-PAM Cl (25.7 mg/kg) demonstrated protective ratios of 2 and 3 against aldicarb and methomyl, respectively, relative to saline. The data reported here show that this protection was primarily mediated by the action of atropine. The reactivator 2-PAM Cl had neither positive nor negative effects on survival. Both blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities were significantly reduced at 15 minutes postchallenge but gradually returned to normal within 24 hours. Analysis of cerebral cortex showed that BChE, but not AChE, activity was reduced in animals that succumbed prior to 24 hours after challenge. CONCLUSION The results suggest that coadministration of atropine and 2-PAM Cl at the currently recommended human equivalent doses for use in the prehospital setting to treat organophosphorus nerve agent and pesticide poisoning would likely also be effective against aldicarb or methomyl poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David A Jett
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH/NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gennady E Platoff
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David T Yeung
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH/NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Lee CW, Su H, Chen PY, Lin SJ, Shiea J, Shin SJ, Chen BH. Rapid identification of pesticides in human oral fluid for emergency management by thermal desorption electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:97-104. [PMID: 26889925 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Self-poisoning with pesticides accounts for approximately one-third of all suicides worldwide. To expedite rescue in the emergency department, it is essential to develop a point-of-care analytical method for rapid identification of ingested pesticides. In this study, five of the most common pesticides ingested by self-poisoning patients in Taiwan were analyzed from oral fluid samples. Pesticide-oral fluid mixtures were applied on a cotton swab and then transferred into methanol. A metallic probe was used to sample the methanol solution for subsequent thermal desorption-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis. Altogether, pesticide sampling, transfer, desorption, ionization, and detection took less than 1 min. The reproducibility of this method (n = 6) was shown in the observed low-relative standard deviation (<7%) in the detection of pesticide in oral fluid. The detection limits of the pesticides in oral fluid obtained from four human subjects by thermal desorption-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry were between 1-10 ppb with relative standard deviation 10.7%. Moreover, in this study, linear responses of five pesticides in oral fluid with concentrations between 1 ppb-1 ppm (R2 between 0.9938 and 0.9988) were observed. As the whole analytical process is extremely short, this technique allows for early non-invasive point-of-care identification of pesticides in the oral fluid of self-poisoning patients in the emergency room, providing important toxicological information for decision-making during critical resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Jiun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyi-Jang Shin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Hsiun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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13
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Lucchini RG, Hashim D. Tremor secondary to neurotoxic exposure: mercury, lead, solvents, pesticides. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 131:241-249. [PMID: 26563793 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62627-1.00014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lead, mercury, solvents, and pesticide exposures are common in certain occupations and may cause nervous system dysfunction. Tremors may be the herald manifestation among a constellation of acute toxicity signs and symptoms. However, since tremors may also be the only sign on clinical presentation and since tremors also occur in other diseases, relating tremors to a specific occupational exposure can be challenging. Diagnosis of tremor etiology must be based on other findings on physical exam, laboratory results, and/or imaging. Discerning whether the tremor resulted from the occupational environment versus other etiologies requires knowledge of potential exposure sources, additional detail in history taking, and support of other health and industrial professionals. Reduction or removal from the exposure source remains the key first step in treating patients suffering from tremor that had resulted from occupational exposure toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G Lucchini
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Dana Hashim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Evaluation of Cardiac Function Using Transthoracic Echocardiography in Patients with Myocardial Injury Secondary to Methomyl Poisoning. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2014; 15:269-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-014-9295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Yarita T, Otake T, Aoyagi Y, Kuroda Y, Numata M, Iwata H, Watai M, Mitsuda H, Fujikawa T, Ota H. Development of soybean certified reference material for pesticide residue analysis. Talanta 2014; 119:255-61. [PMID: 24401412 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A soybean certified reference material for pesticide residue analysis was developed by the National Metrology Institute of Japan. Three organophosphorus (diazinon, fenitrothion, chlorphyrifos) and one pyrethroid (permethrin) pesticides were sprayed on soybeans three times before harvest. These soybeans were freeze pulverized, homogenized, bottled, and sterilized by γ-irradiation to prepare the candidate material. Three isotope-dilution mass spectrometric methods that varied in terms of the solvents used for extraction of the target pesticides, the clean-up procedure, and the injection techniques and columns used for quantification via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were applied to the characterization. Each target pesticide was quantified by two of these analytical methods, and the results were in good agreement. Homogeneity and stability assessment of the material demonstrated that the relative standard uncertainties due to the inhomogeneity and the instability for an expiry date of 55 months were 1.89-4.00% and 6.65-11.5%, respectively. The certified pesticide concentrations with expanded uncertainties (coverage factor k=2, approximate 95% confidence interval) calculated using the results of the characterization and the homogeneity and stability assessment were 21.7 ± 3.2 μg/kg for diazinon, 88 ± 21 μg/kg for fenitrothion, 11.1 ± 3.2 μg/kg for chlorpyrifos, and 20.1 ± 4.3 μg/kg for permethrin (as the sum of the constituent isomers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yarita
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 3, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan.
| | - Takamitsu Otake
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 3, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Yoshie Aoyagi
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 3, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Youko Kuroda
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 3, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Masahiko Numata
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 3, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iwata
- Japan Food Research Laboratories, 6-11-10, Nagayama, Tama, Tokyo 206-0025, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Watai
- Japan Food Research Laboratories, 6-11-10, Nagayama, Tama, Tokyo 206-0025, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mitsuda
- The General Environmental Technos Co., Ltd. (KANSO Technos), 3-1-1, Higashikuraji, Katano, Osaka 576-0061, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujikawa
- The General Environmental Technos Co., Ltd. (KANSO Technos), 3-1-1, Higashikuraji, Katano, Osaka 576-0061, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Ota
- The General Environmental Technos Co., Ltd. (KANSO Technos), 3-1-1, Higashikuraji, Katano, Osaka 576-0061, Japan
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Konickx LA, Worek F, Jayamanne S, Thiermann H, Buckley NA, Eddleston M. Reactivation of plasma butyrylcholinesterase by pralidoxime chloride in patients poisoned by WHO class II toxicity organophosphorus insecticides. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:274-83. [PMID: 24052565 PMCID: PMC3858199 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Some clinicians assess the efficacy of pralidoxime in organophosphorus (OP) poisoned patients by measuring reactivation of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). However, the degree of BuChE inhibition varies by OP insecticide, and it is unclear how well oximes reactivate BuChE in vivo. We aimed to assess the usefulness of BuChE activity to monitor pralidoxime treatment by studying its reactivation after pralidoxime administration to patients with laboratory-proven World Health Organization (WHO) class II OP insecticide poisoning. Patient data were derived from 2 studies, a cohort study (using a bolus treatment of 1g pralidoxime chloride) and a randomized controlled trial (RCT) (comparing 2g pralidoxime over 20min, followed by an infusion of 0.5g/h, with placebo). Two grams of pralidoxime variably reactivated BuChE in patients poisoned by 2 diethyl OP insecticides, chlorpyrifos and quinalphos; however, unlike acetylcholinesterase reactivation, this reactivation was not sustained. It did not reactivate BuChE inhibited by the dimethyl OPs dimethoate or fenthion. The 1-g dose produced no reactivation. Pralidoxime produced variable reactivation of BuChE in WHO class II OP-poisoned patients according to the pralidoxime dose administered, OP ingested, and individual patient. The use of BuChE assays for monitoring the effect of pralidoxime treatment is unlikely to be clinically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Konickx
- * Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Yarita T, Aoyagi Y, Otake T. Evaluation of pressurized liquid extraction for determination of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2012; 47:942-8. [PMID: 22938578 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2012.706559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Two organic solvents, acetone and acetonitrile, were evaluated as extraction solvents. In both cases, the amount of extract was enhanced with increasing extraction temperature. The extracts obtained using acetonitrile were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after a cleanup process based on the analytical method for the Japanese Positive List System for Agricultural Chemicals Remaining in Foods. The effect of extraction temperature (range: 40- 130°C) on extraction efficiency was evaluated by a recovery study using 21 organophosphorus pesticides and 10 pyrethroid pesticides as target analytes and acetonitrile as the solvent. The results indicated that at 130°C, some organophosphorus pesticides might be degraded, whereas extraction temperatures between 70°C and 100°C were optimal. Next, a prepared sample containing fenitrothion and permethrin was analyzed. Although the sample was not soaked in water prior to analysis, PLE provided analytical results comparable to those obtained by solvent extraction with homogenization. Therefore, PLE is considered a simple and alternative technique for the extraction of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yarita
- National Metrology Institute of Japan-NMIJ, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology-AIST, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Ostrea EM, Reyes A, Villanueva-Uy E, Pacifico R, Benitez B, Ramos E, Bernardo RC, Bielawski DM, Delaney-Black V, Chiodo L, Janisse JJ, Ager JW. Fetal exposure to propoxur and abnormal child neurodevelopment at 2 years of age. Neurotoxicology 2011; 33:669-75. [PMID: 22155319 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the effects of fetal exposure to propoxur and pyrethroids, on child neurodevelopment at 2 years of age. PATIENTS AND METHODS Mothers were prospectively recruited during mid-pregnancy in Bulacan, Philippines where multiple pesticides including propoxur, cyfluthrin, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, pretilachlor, bioallethrin, malathion, diazinon and transfluthrin are used. To detect prenatal exposure to these pesticides, maternal hair and blood, infant's hair, cord blood, and meconium were analyzed for the pesticides by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Infants were examined at 2 years of age with 95.1% follow up rate and their neurodevelopment outcome was assessed by the Griffiths mental developmental scale (N=754). RESULTS Meconium analysis was the most sensitive method to detect fetal exposure to pesticides and exposure was highest for propoxur (21.3%) and the grouped pyrethroids (2.5% - bioallethrin, transfluthrin, cyfluthrin and cypermethrin). Path analysis modeling was performed to determine the effects of fetal exposure to propoxur and pyrethroids on the child's neurodevelopment at 24 months of age while controlling for confounders. Only singletons and those with complete data for the path analysis were included (N=696). Using a path analysis model, there was a significant negative (β=-0.14, p<0.001) relationship between prenatal pesticide exposure to propoxur and motor development at 2 years of age after controlling for confounders, e.g., infant gender, socioeconomic status, maternal intelligence, home stimulation (HOME), postnatal exposure to propoxur and blood lead level at 2 years of age. CONCLUSION At 2 years of age, prenatal exposure to propoxur was associated with poorer motor development in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique M Ostrea
- Department of Pediatrics, Hutzel Women's Hospital, the Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, Shi Y, Ren R, Zhang H, Yu Y. Application of pneumatic nebulization single-drop microextraction for the determination of organophosphorous pesticides by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1880-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Masri W, Belwaer I, Brahmi N, Ghorbal H, Hedhili A, Mouldi A. Incidence et caractéristiques des intoxications aux inhibiteurs de cholinestérases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-035x(11)70766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Dounin V, Veloso AJ, Schulze H, Bachmann TT, Kerman K. Disposable electrochemical printed gold chips for the analysis of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 669:63-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Jokanović M. Medical treatment of acute poisoning with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. Toxicol Lett 2009; 190:107-15. [PMID: 19651196 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are used as pesticides and developed as warfare nerve agents such as tabun, soman, sarin, VX and others. Exposure to even small amounts of an OP can be fatal and death is usually caused by respiratory failure. The mechanism of OP poisoning involves inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) leading to inactivation of the enzyme which has an important role in neurotransmission. AChE inhibition results in the accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptor sites, producing continuous stimulation of cholinergic fibers throughout the nervous systems. During more than five decades, pyridinium oximes have been developed as therapeutic agents used in the medical treatment of poisoning with OP. They act by reactivation of AChE inhibited by OP. However, they differ in their activity in poisoning with pesticides and warfare nerve agents and there is still no universal broad-spectrum oxime capable of protecting against all known OP. In spite of enormous efforts devoted to development of new pyridinium oximes as potential antidotes against poisoning with OP only four compounds so far have found its application in human medicine. Presently, a combination of an antimuscarinic agent, e.g. atropine, AChE reactivator such as one of the recommended pyridinium oximes (pralidoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime and HI-6) and diazepam are used for the treatment of OP poisoning in humans. In this article the available data related to medical treatment of poisoning with OP pesticides are reviewed and the current recommendations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jokanović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nish, Nish, Serbia; Academy of Sciences and Arts of Republic Srpska, Banja Luka, Republic Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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23
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Bosgra S, van Eijkeren JC, van der Schans MJ, Langenberg JP, Slob W. Toxicodynamic analysis of the inhibition of isolated human acetylcholinesterase by combinations of methamidophos and methomyl in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 236:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Vioque-Fernández A, de Almeida EA, Ballesteros J, García-Barrera T, Gómez-Ariza JL, López-Barea J. Doñana National Park survey using crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) as bioindicator: Esterase inhibition and pollutant levels. Toxicol Lett 2007; 168:260-8. [PMID: 17157454 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Utility of carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition as pesticide exposure biomarker was studied at Doñana National Park (SW Spain) in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Activities were measured in animals from reference sites or potentially exposed to pesticides, and their reactivation studied after dilution or 2-PAM treatment. Crayfish from affected sites had significantly less carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase activity than reference ones. No significant differences were found after dilution or 2-PAM treatment, showing that inhibition was irreversible. High pesticide levels were found in water and/or soil at rice growing sites, and lower levels at other affected places. High metal levels existed at rice growing sites and lower at other affected and at both reference sites. A combined effect on esterase inhibition of pesticides and metals is proposed. This field study suggest that the rice growing areas near Guadiamar stream are most polluted, followed by strawberry and citrics growing zones near Partido and Rocina streams. However, no correlation exist between the pesticide concentration at different sites and the extent of esterase inhibition, indicating that other factors could affect esterase response of animals from polluted sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vioque-Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Spain
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25
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Arduini F, Ricci F, Tuta CS, Moscone D, Amine A, Palleschi G. Detection of carbamic and organophosphorous pesticides in water samples using a cholinesterase biosensor based on Prussian Blue-modified screen-printed electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 580:155-62. [PMID: 17723768 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, a comparative study using Co-phthalocyanine and Prussian Blue-modified screen-printed electrodes, has been performed. Both the electrodes have demonstrated an easiness of preparation together with high sensitivity towards thicoholine (LOD=5 x 10(-7) and 5 x 10(-6) M for Co-phthalocyanine and Prussian Blue, respectively) with high potentialities for pesticide measurement. Prussian Blue-modified screen-printed electrodes were then selected for successive enzyme immobilization due to their higher operative stability demonstrated in previous works. AChE and BChE enzymes were used and inhibition effect of different pesticides was studied with both the enzymes. AChE-based biosensors have demonstrated a higher sensitivity towards aldicarb (50% inhibition with 50 ppb) and carbaryl (50% inhibition with 85 ppb) while BChE biosensors have shown a higher affinity towards paraoxon (50% inhibition with 4 ppb) and chlorpyrifos-methyl oxon (50% inhibition with 1 ppb). Real samples were also tested in order to evaluate the matrix effect and recovery values comprised between 79 and 123% were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
The organic phosphorous compounds (OPC) include both the military grade nerve agents and the organic phosphorous pesticides. The major mechanism of OPC toxicity is through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in neuronal synapses leading to excess acetylcholine and overstimulation of target organs. Signs and symptoms depend on the affinity of the OPC for muscarinic versus nicotinic receptors, and are likely to include both. Muscarinic symptoms may include diarrhea, urination, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, emesis, and salivation. Nicotinic symptoms such as paralysis and fasciculations may also occur. Central nervous system toxicity may include seizures, altered mental status, and apnea, and require prompt intervention. Treatment includes early airway and ventilatory support as well as antidotal therapy with atropine, pralidoxime, and diazepam. Goals of therapy include prevention and rapid treatment of hypoxia and seizures, as these are linked to patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Barthold
- Georgia Poison Center, Hughes Spalding Children's Hospital, Grady Health System, 80 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive SE, Atlanta, GA 30303-3801, USA.
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REVIEW. Clin Chem Lab Med 1997. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1997.35.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Rotenberg M, Almog S. Evaluation of the decarbamylation process of cholinesterase during assay of enzyme activity. Clin Chim Acta 1995; 240:107-16. [PMID: 8548921 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(95)06144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The activity of carbamylated cholinesterase increases continuously during assay, suggesting that progressive decarbamylation takes place. The following effects of assay conditions on the observed decarbamylation were studied: the effect of the sulfhydryl group of nitrobenzoate produced in the course of Ellman assay, the effect of substrate and the effect of sample dilution during assay. This study indicates that sample dilution is the main trigger to the decarbamylation observed during assay of cholinesterase activity. The process was described as a first-order reaction during which the inhibited enzyme gives place to the active form. Kinetic constants for decarbamylation of human pseudocholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) at 30 degrees C were approximately 0.005 min-1 for dimethylcarbamates and 0.010 min-1 for monomethylcarbamates, when 1 mmol/l propionylthiocholine was used as substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rotenberg
- Institute of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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