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Cheng Y, Chen H. Aberrance of Zinc Metalloenzymes-Induced Human Diseases and Its Potential Mechanisms. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124456. [PMID: 34960004 PMCID: PMC8707169 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc, an essential micronutrient in the human body, is a component in over 300 enzymes and participates in regulating enzymatic activity. Zinc metalloenzymes play a crucial role in physiological processes including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune responses, as well as apoptosis. Aberrant enzyme activity can lead to various human diseases. In this review, we summarize zinc homeostasis, the roles of zinc in zinc metalloenzymes, the physiological processes of zinc metalloenzymes, and aberrant zinc metalloenzymes in human diseases. In addition, potential mechanisms of action are also discussed. This comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of action of the regulatory functions of zinc in enzyme activity could inform novel zinc-micronutrient-supply strategies for the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Cheng
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence:
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Patwa J, Khan S, Jena G. Nicotinamide attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22558. [PMID: 32609954 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used anticancer and immunosuppressant drug. Nevertheless, clinical utilization of CP is limited due to considerable adverse effects and toxicities. Nicotinamide (NMD) is a micronutrient and the effect of NMD against CP-induced hepatotoxicity is yet unexplored. The present study was designed to evaluate the chemoprotective effect of NMD against CP-induced hepatic injury in Sprague-Dawley rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced by the administration of CP (30 mg/kg/day) for 10 consecutive days by intraperitoneal injection. The chemoprotective effect of NMD treatment (200 mg/kg) against CP-induced hepatotoxicity was evaluated by the oxidative stress, liver function, histopathological changes, and DNA damage. NMD cotreatment significantly reduced CP-induced oxidative stress, histological changes, and apoptosis in the liver. The present study demonstrated that NMD treatment ameliorated CP-induced hepatic damage by improving the antioxidant system and reducing DNA damage. The present findings revealed that NMD supplementation might be useful to reduce CP-associated hepatotoxicity, and thereby can increase the therapeutic utility of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Patwa
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Sabbir Khan
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Gopabandhu Jena
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
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Anchordoquy JM, Anchordoquy JP, Galarza EM, Farnetano NA, Giuliodori MJ, Nikoloff N, Fazzio LE, Furnus CC. Parenteral Zinc Supplementation Increases Pregnancy Rates in Beef Cows. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 192:175-182. [PMID: 30723881 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-1651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is required for normal reproductive performance in cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous injection of 400 mg Zn at the beginning of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) on preovulatory follicle and corpus luteum (CL) size, plasma estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations, and pregnancy rates in beef cows. Copper (Cu) concentration and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in plasma were also evaluated. Zinc supplementation at the beginning of the FTAI protocol (day 0) increased the area of preovulatory follicle (APF, day 9; P = 0.042) and plasma P4 concentration (day 16; P = 0.01), whereas plasma E2 concentration (day 9) and area of CL (ACL; day 16) were not modified by Zn supplementation in cows with adequate plasma Zn concentration. Zinc supplementation in Zn-deficient cows increased ACL with respect to controls (P = 0.048) but did not modify plasma E2 concentration. Pregnancy rate on day 41 after FTAI was higher in cows supplemented with Zn compared with controls (80.95% and 51.61%, respectively; P = 0.042). Plasma Zn and Cu concentrations on days 7, 9, and 16 were not affected by Zn supplementation. In conclusion, the results obtained in the present study determined that parenteral Zn supplementation at the beginning of the FTAI protocol increased preovulatory follicle size, plasma P4 concentration, and pregnancy rates in beef cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Anchordoquy
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J P Anchordoquy
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E M Galarza
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N A Farnetano
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M J Giuliodori
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Nikoloff
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L E Fazzio
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Mineral, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 118, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - C C Furnus
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Güngör Ş, Selimoğlu MA, Varol Fİ, Güngör S, Üremiş MM. The effects of iron and zinc status on prognosis in pediatric Wilson's disease. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 55:33-38. [PMID: 31345362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wilson's disease (WD) is a metabolic disorder leading to hepatic and extrahepatic copper deposition. Several studies have reported that besides copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are also accumulated at varying levels in various tissues in WD. However, there is not an adequate number of studies investigating the effects of Fe and Zn status on WD presentation and prognosis. We aimed to evaluate serum levels of ferritin (SFr), copper (SCu), and zinc (SZn) in WD and determine their role in disease presentation and prognosis. MATERIALS-METHOD We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 97 pediatric patients with WD who were diagnosed and followed at İnönü University Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Department between January 2006 and May 2017. Serum Cu and Zn levels were analyzed by using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Ferritin was analyzed by chemiluminescence immunoassay method. RESULTS Analysis of serum levels of the elements according to the type of presentation, there was no significant difference between the groups for ceruloplasmin. However, SCU, FSCu, SFr and 24 h urinary copper levels were significantly higher (p = 0.002, p = 0.003, p = 0.023 and p < 0.001, respectively) and SZn and CSZn levels were significantly lower (fulminant WD). p < 0.001, p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between SFr, SCu serum levels and mortality scores (respectively, r: 0.501, 0.564 for PELD, r:0.490, 0.504 for MELD, r: 0.345, 0.374 for Dhwan), and a negative correlation between SZn level and mortality scores. (r:-0.650 for PELD, r:-0.703 for MELD, r:-0.642 for Dhwan) We used the ROC curves to determine the worst prognosis for fulminant Wilson disease. According to these limit values, we found that the sensitivity and specificity of FWD development was significantly higher. (for SZn sensitivity of 91.5%, a specificity of 100%, p=<0,001, for SCu predicted FWD development with a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 73.7%, p=<0,001, for SFr predicted FWD development with a sensitivity of 92.9%, a specificity of 66.2%, p < 0,001) CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that SFr, SCu, SZn levels might have prognostic importance for WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şükrü Güngör
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, İnönü University, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya,Turkey.
| | - Mukadder Ayşe Selimoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, İnönü University, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya,Turkey.
| | - Fatma İlknur Varol
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, İnönü University, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya,Turkey.
| | - Serdal Güngör
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, İnönü University, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya,Turkey.
| | - Muhammed Mehdi Üremiş
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, İnönü University, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
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Inaloo S, Paktinat M, Saki F, Katibeh P, Nemati H, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Omrani GHR. Bone mineral density loss in ambulatory children with epilepsy in spite of using supplemental vitamin D in Southern Iran: a case-control study. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:537-544. [PMID: 30191457 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-018-0951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy might have adverse effect on bone density due to underlying disease, drugs, vitamin D deficiency, immobilization and malnutrition. We investigated the bone mineral density in ambulatory vitamin-D supplemented children with epilepsy. This case-control study was conducted on 90 epileptic children aged 11.4 ± 3.3 years, and age and gender matched controls in pediatric neurology clinics of Shiraz, in Southern Iran, 2016. Anthropometric measurements, puberty, sun exposure, physical activity and biochemical variables were assessed. Bone mineral density was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method. Data were analyzed by SPSS.v21. Prevalence of low bone mass in femur was more in patients (27%) than the controls (9%) (P value = 0.002). Age, weight Z score and height Z score were the most significant associated factors on lumbar BMD, BMAD, and femur BMD. Seizure duration and how it responded to anticonvulsants were the most associated factors with both lumbar and femur bone density. Sodium valproate and carbomazepin usage had negative association with lumbar Z score (beta = - 0.216, P = 0.017 and beta = - 0.336, P = 0.027, respectively). We hypothesized that epilepsy per se could affect bone density by an unknown pathophysiology, which was independent from vitamin D deficiency, effects of anticonvulsant and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroor Inaloo
- Neonatology Research Center, Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Paktinat
- Neonatology Research Center, Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Forough Saki
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Pegah Katibeh
- Neonatology Research Center, Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Nemati
- Neonatology Research Center, Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Value of Serum Zinc in Diagnosing and Assessing Severity of Liver Disease in Children With Wilson Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 67:377-382. [PMID: 29668570 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wilson disease (WD) is a rare inborn error of copper metabolism with diverse manifestations. There has been no study of zinc (Zn), the copper's antagonist, in WD diagnosis and severity so far. Our aims were to evaluate serum Zn in WD and its correlation with the disease severity score (revised WD index). Although the ATP7B mutation analysis is highly accurate for WD diagnosis, it may not be readily available in a resource-limiting setting. We proposed a disease diagnostic score (Proposed WD diagnostic score) which incorporates serum Zn. METHODS Medical records of WD and non-WD children seen at King's College Hospital from 2005 to 2015 were reviewed for the selected parameters using the Proposed WD diagnostic score. Available serum Zn data in WD children before disease diagnosis and the calculated severity score were statistically analyzed. Diagnostic values of the Proposed WD diagnostic score were evaluated. RESULTS Serum Zn level was significantly lower in 8 WD-acute liver failure (ALF) (5.8 [4.1-8.3] μmol/L) compared to 18 WD-non-ALF (13.5 [6.1-22.2] μmol/L) and 9 ALF from indeterminate cause (9.8 [7.0-12.1] μmol/L) (P < 0.001). Serum Zn significantly correlated with the revised WD index (r = -0.554, P = 0.004). The Proposed WD diagnostic score that included serum Zn level as 1 of the parameters had sensitivity and specificity of 87% and 99.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Serum Zn is a novel parameter for diagnosis and correlates with severity of WD. The Proposed WD diagnostic score is useful while awaiting ATP7B mutation analysis.
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Pate RT, Cardoso FC. Injectable trace minerals (selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese) alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress during an aflatoxin challenge in lactating multiparous Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8532-8543. [PMID: 29935830 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trace minerals are vital in the antioxidant response during oxidative stress; however, limited research is available on the effects of trace mineral supplementation during an aflatoxin (AF) challenge. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of 2 subcutaneous injections of 15 mg/mL of Cu, 5 mg/mL of Se, 60 mg/mL of Zn, and 10 mg/mL of Mn (Multimin 90, Multimin North America, Fort Collins, CO) given at 1 mL/90.7 kg of average body weight in response to an AF challenge. Fifty-eight Holstein cows [body weight (mean ± SD) = 734 ± 6 0kg; days in milk = 191 ± 93] were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design. The experimental period (63 d) was divided into an adaptation phase (d 1-56) and a measurement phase (d 57-63). From d 57 to 59, cows received an AF challenge that consisted of 100 μg of aflatoxin B1/kg of dietary dry matter intake (DMI) administered orally via balling gun. Treatments were saline injection and no AF challenge (NEG), saline injection and AF challenge (POS), and trace mineral injection and AF challenge (MM). Injections were performed subcutaneously on d 1 and 29. Milk was sampled 3 times daily from d 56 to 63, blood was sampled on d 0, 56, 60, and 63, and liver samples were taken on d 0 and 60. Two treatment orthogonal contrasts [CONT1 (NEG vs. POS) and CONT2 (POS vs. MM)] were made. Cows in NEG had lower AF excretion in milk and greater 3.5% fat-corrected milk (32.1 ± 1.37 kg/d) compared with cows in POS (28.6 ± 1.43 kg/d). Feed efficiencies (3.5% fat-corrected milk/DMI, energy-corrected milk/DMI, and milk/DMI) were greater for cows in NEG (1.42 ± 0.07, 1.46 ± 0.07, and 1.45 ± 0.07, respectively) than cows in POS (1.16 ± 0.08, 1.18 ± 0.08, and 1.22 ± 0.07, respectively). Cows in POS had greater milk urea nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen than cows in MM. Liver concentrations of Se and Fe were greater for cows in MM compared with cows in POS. Cows in MM tended to have greater plasma glutathione peroxidase activity compared with cows in POS. An upregulation of liver GPX1 was observed for cows in POS compared with cows in MM. In conclusion, subcutaneous injection of trace minerals maintained an adequate antioxidant response when an AF challenge was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Pate
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Sundar Ray C, Singh B, Jena I, Behera S, Ray S. Low Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) In Adult Population an Indicator of Zinc (Zn) and Magnesium (Mg) Deficiency. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.5.3.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity is usually measured as a part of liver function test (LFT) to detect increases in its activity. Less attention has been put to know the conditions associated with decreases in its activity. Micronutrients like Zinc (Zn) and Magnesium (Mg) are important causes of low ALP activity. Our Objective is to find out Zn and Mg deficiencies as important cause of decrease in ALP activity and to initiate supplementation of these minerals. The study was done to assess Zn and Mg deficiency in 42 persons having low ALP activity and 45 healthy controls. Correlation between minerals and ALP activities were also carried out. It was found that 52.38% of cases are Mg deficient and 47.62% cases are Zn deficient. A significant decrease in Zn and Mg was observed in low ALP cases when compared with control (p<0.001, p<0.05). Significant positive correlation was found between the minerals and ALP. Serum Zn and Mg are essential for human body and by screening their deficiency, supplementation of minerals can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bratati Singh
- Dept of Biochemistry, IMS and; SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, Pin-751003
| | - Itishri Jena
- Dept of ENT, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | | | - Subhashree Ray
- Dept of ENT, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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Hu YD, Pang W, He CC, Lu H, Liu W, Wang ZY, Liu YQ, Huang CY, Jiang YG. The cognitive impairment induced by zinc deficiency in rats aged 0∼2 months related to BDNF DNA methylation changes in the hippocampus. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 20:519-525. [PMID: 27329329 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1194554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was carried out to understand the effects of zinc deficiency in rats aged 0∼2 months on learning and memory, and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene methylation status in the hippocampus. METHODS The lactating mother rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 12): zinc-adequate group (ZA: zinc 30 mg/kg diet), zinc-deprived group (ZD: zinc 1 mg/kg diet), and a pair-fed group (PF: zinc 30 mg/kg diet), in which the rats were pair-fed to those in the ZD group. After weaning (on day 23), offspring were fed the same diets as their mothers. After 37 days, the zinc concentrations in the plasma and hippocampus were measured, and the behavioral function of the offspring rats was measured using the passive avoidance performance test. We then assessed the DNA methylation patterns of the exon IX of BDNF by methylation-specific quantitative real-time PCR and the mRNA expression of BDNF in the hippocampus by RT-PCR. RESULTS Compared with the ZA and PF groups, rats in the ZD group had shorter latency period, lower zinc concentrations in the plasma and hippocampus (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the DNA methylation of the BDNF exon IX was significantly increased in the ZD group, compared with the ZA and PF groups, whereas the expression of the BDNF mRNA was decreased. In addition, the DNMT1 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated and DNMT3A was downregulated in the ZD group, but not in the ZA and PF groups. CONCLUSION The learning and memory damage in offspring may be a result of the epigenetic changes of the BDNF genes in response to the zinc-deficient diet during 0∼2 month period. Furthermore, this work supports the speculative notion that altered DNA methylation of BDNF in the hippocampus is one of the main causes of cognitive impairment by zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dan Hu
- a Department of Nutrition , Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine , Tianjin 300050 , China.,b Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene , West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Wei Pang
- a Department of Nutrition , Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine , Tianjin 300050 , China
| | - Cong-Cong He
- c College of Life Science, Nan Kai University , Tianjin 300000 , China
| | - Hao Lu
- b Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene , West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Wei Liu
- a Department of Nutrition , Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine , Tianjin 300050 , China
| | - Zi-Yu Wang
- a Department of Nutrition , Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine , Tianjin 300050 , China
| | - Yan-Qiang Liu
- c College of Life Science, Nan Kai University , Tianjin 300000 , China
| | - Cheng-Yu Huang
- b Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene , West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Yu-Gang Jiang
- a Department of Nutrition , Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine , Tianjin 300050 , China
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Farsi E, Esmailli K, Shafaei A, Moradi Khaniabadi P, Al Hindi B, Khadeer Ahamed MB, Sandai D, Abdul Sattar M, Ismail Z, Abdul Majid AMS, Abdul Majid AS. Mutagenicity and preclinical safety assessment of the aqueous extract of Clinacanthus nutans leaves. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 39:461-73. [PMID: 27033971 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2016.1157810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Clinacanthus nutans (CN) is used traditionally for treating various illnesses. Robust safety data to support its use is lacking. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the adverse effects of aqueous extract of CN leaves (AECNL). MATERIALS AND METHODS The oral toxicity of the AECNL was tested following Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Mutagenicity (Ames test) of AECNL was evaluated using TA98 and TA100 Salmonella typhimurium strains. RESULTS No mortality or morbidity was found in the animals upon single and repeated dose administration. However, significant body weight loss was observed at 2000 mg/kg during sub-chronic (90 d) exposure. In addition, increased eosinophil at 500 mg/kg and decreased serum alkaline phosphatase levels at 2000 mg/kg were observed in male rats. Variations in glucose and lipid profiles in treated groups were also observed compared to control. Ames test revealed no evidence of mutagenic or carcinogenic effects at 500 μg/well of AECNL. CONCLUSION The median lethal dose (LD50) of the AECNL is >5000 mg/kg and the no-observed-adverse-effect level is identified to be greater than 2000 mg/kg/day in 90-d study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Farsi
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
| | - Kameh Esmailli
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
| | - Armaghan Shafaei
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
| | | | - Bassel Al Hindi
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
| | | | - Doblin Sandai
- b Advanced Medical and Dental Institute , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
| | | | - Zhari Ismail
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
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Seidl C, Ungelenk J, Zittel E, Bergfeldt T, Sleeman JP, Schepers U, Feldmann C. Tin Tungstate Nanoparticles: A Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Tumor Therapy. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3149-3157. [PMID: 26894966 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nanoparticulate inorganic photosensitizer β-SnWO4 is suggested for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of near-surface tumors via reiterated 5 min blue-light LED illumination. β-SnWO4 nanoparticles are obtained via water-based synthesis and comprise excellent colloidal stability under physiological conditions and high biocompatibility at low material complexity. Antitumor and antimetastatic effects were investigated with a spontaneously metastasizing (4T1 cells) orthotopic breast cancer BALB/c mouse model. Besides protamine-functionalized β-SnWO4 (23 mg/kg of body weight, in PBS buffer), chemotherapeutic doxorubicin was used as positive control (2.5 mg/kg of body weight, in PBS buffer) and physiological saline (DPBS) as a negative control. After 21 days, treatment with β-SnWO4 resulted in a clearly inhibited growth of the primary tumor (all tumor volumes below 3 cm(3)) as compared to the doxorubicin and DPBS control groups (volumes up to 6 cm(3)). Histological evaluations of lymph nodes and lungs as well as the volume of ipsilateral lymph nodes show a remarkable antimetastatic effect being similar to chemotherapeutic doxorubicin but-according to blood counts-at significantly reduced side effects. On the basis of low material complexity, high cytotoxicity under blue-light LED illumination at low dark and long-term toxicity, β-SnWO4 can be an interesting addition to PDT and the treatment of near-surface tumors, including skin cancer, esophageal/gastric/colon tumors as well as certain types of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Seidl
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan Ungelenk
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Zittel
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Bergfeldt
- Institute of Applied Materials Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jonathan P Sleeman
- Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) , Ludolf-Krehl-Straße 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Hugh Dunstan R, Sparkes DL, Macdonald MM, Roberts TK, Wratten C, Kumar MB, Baines S, Denham JW, Gallagher SA, Rothkirch T. Altered amino acid homeostasis and the development of fatigue by breast cancer radiotherapy patients: A pilot study. Clin Biochem 2010; 44:208-15. [PMID: 20950596 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine altered amino acid homeostasis as a predisposing factor of fatigue in female radiotherapy breast cancer patients. DESIGN AND METHODS Participants underwent breast-conserving surgery and adjuvant breast irradiation and were free from significant fatigue pre-radiotherapy. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy fatigue subscale was used to assess fatigue pre- and post-radiotherapy. Blood biochemistry factors and urinary and plasma amino acid levels were measured. RESULTS One third of 27 patients developed fatigue and were designated as the fatigued cohort. It was possible to differentiate between fatigued subjects pre- and post-radiotherapy based upon their urinary amino acid profiles. Univariate analysis supported altered amino acid homeostasis within the fatigued cohort. Urinary levels of histidine and alanine were increased pre-radiotherapy whilst threonine, methionine, alanine, serine, asparagine and glutamine levels were higher after 5weeks of radiotherapy for the fatigued cohort. CONCLUSIONS Fatigue was accompanied by altered amino acid homeostasis with increased amino acid excretion suggestive of a catabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hugh Dunstan
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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13
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Trivedi SS, Chudasama RK, Patel N. Effect of Zinc Supplementation in Children with Acute Diarrhea: Randomized Double Blind Controlled Trial. Gastroenterology Res 2009; 2:168-174. [PMID: 27933128 PMCID: PMC5139709 DOI: 10.4021/gr2009.06.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To test the hypothesis that daily supplementation of zinc has any effect on clinical course of acute diarrhea, i.e. frequency of stool, on stool amount and duration of acute diarrhea. Methods In a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial, 117 children aged 6 months to 59 months in a medical college hospital, with acute diarrhea of less than 14 days were assigned by permuted block design 1:1 to receive intervention of zinc supplemented syrup (n = 60) or placebo syrup (n = 57). Results Baseline characteristics were similar in both the groups. Mean age in zinc supplemented group was 22.14 ± 16.68 months and in placebo group 25.66 ± 17.02 months. Reduction in stool frequency per day was found 62% in zinc supplemented group and 26% reduction was found in placebo supplemented group with obvious difference of 36% between these two groups from day 1 to day 3 and day 5, which was found statistically highly significant. Similarly, significant difference was observed for reduction in amount of stool per day from day 1 to day 3 and day 5 with obvious difference of 45% between the study groups. Conclusions Oral zinc administration in acute diarrhea reduces the frequency of diarrhea and output of stool by changing the natural course of acute diarrheal disease, causes early normalization of stool consistency, early recovery and decreases total duration of hospital stay. Zinc supplementation is simple, acceptable and affordable strategy which should be considered in management of acute diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nehal Patel
- Pediatric Department, Government Medical College, Surat, India
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14
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Reed MD, Campen MJ, Gigliotti AP, Harrod KS, McDonald JD, Seagrave JC, Mauderly JL, Seilkop SK. Health effects of subchronic exposure to environmental levels of hardwood smoke. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 18:523-39. [PMID: 16717024 DOI: 10.1080/08958370600685707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hardwood smoke is a contributor to both ambient and indoor air pollution. As part of a general health assessment of multiple anthropogenic source emissions conducted by the National Environmental Respiratory Center, a series of health assays was conducted on rodents exposed to environmentally relevant levels of hardwood smoke. This article summarizes the study design and exposures, and reports findings on general indicators of toxicity, bacterial clearance, cardiac function, and carcinogenic potential. Hardwood smoke was generated from an uncertified wood stove, burning wood of mixed oak species. Animals were exposed to clean air (control) or dilutions of whole emissions based on particulate (30, 100, 300, and 1000 micromg/m3). F344 rats, SHR rats, strain A/J mice, and C57BL/6 mice were exposed by whole-body inhalation 6 h/day, 7 days/wk, for either 1 wk or 6 mo. Effects of exposure on general indicators of toxicity, bacterial clearance, cardiac function, and carcinogenic potential were mild. Exposure-related effects included increases in platelets and decreases in blood urea nitrogen and serum alanine aminotransferase. Several other responses met screening criteria for significant exposure effects but were not consistent between genders or exposure times and were not corroborated by related parameters. Pulmonary histopathology revealed very little accumulation of hardwood smoke particulate matter. Parallel studies demonstrated mild exposure effects on bronchoalveolar lavage parameters and in a mouse model of asthma. In summary, the results reported here show few and only modest health hazards from short-term to subchronic exposures to realistic concentrations of hardwood smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Reed
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
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Yousef MI, El-Hendy HA, El-Demerdash FM, Elagamy EI. Dietary zinc deficiency induced-changes in the activity of enzymes and the levels of free radicals, lipids and protein electrophoretic behavior in growing rats. Toxicology 2002; 175:223-34. [PMID: 12049850 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient that is required in humans and animals for many physiological functions, including immune and antioxidant function, growth and reproduction. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of adequate Zn level (38 mg/kg diet, as a control) and two low levels that create Zn deficiencies (19 mg/kg diet, 1/2 of the control and 3.8 mg/kg diet, 1/10 of the control) in growing male and female rats for 10 weeks. To evaluate the effects of these levels, the concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), biochemical parameters and protein pattern were studied. Lipid peroxidation in liver, brain and testes of rats fed Zn-deficient diet was indicated by increased TBARS. Serum, liver, brain and testes glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were significantly (P<0.05) increased in Zn-deficient rats, the effect was pronounced in rats fed the lowest level of Zn (1/10 of control). The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly (P<0.05) increased in liver, brain and testes, but decreased in serum in a dose-dependent manner. Zinc deficiency increased (P<0.05) liver aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities in a dose-dependent manner, while there was no effect on the activity of these enzymes in testes. Zinc deficiency resulted in a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AlP) in serum and liver in a dose-dependent manner, but no effect in testes was found. The activity of acid phosphatase (AcP) was not affected in serum, liver and testes. Zn-deficient rats had higher liver concentrations of total lipids (TL), cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein (LDL), while high density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly (P<0.05) declined in a dose-dependent manner. Brain and serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were, however, not affected (P<0.05) by Zn deficiency. Protein content in liver, brain and testes showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in rats fed the lowest level of Zn (1/10 of control). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native-PAGE) of serum proteins revealed that the intensity of immunoglobulins, serum albumin as well as several peptide bands were decreased in rats fed 1/2 or 1/10 of Zn adequate, i.e. their synthesis was affected and it was pronounced with the lowest level of Zn deficiency (1/10 of control). However, no clear effect on the transferrin was observed in both cases compared to controls. From the results of this study it can be concluded that Zn deficiency exerts numerous alterations in the studied biochemical parameters, protein pattern, and increased lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Yousef
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, 163 Horreya Avenue, P.O. Box 832, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
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Bhutta ZA, Nizami SQ, Isani Z. Zinc supplementation in malnourished children with persistent diarrhea in Pakistan. Pediatrics 1999; 103:e42. [PMID: 10103334 DOI: 10.1542/peds.103.4.e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential benefit of dietary supplementation of a rice-lentil (Khitchri) and yogurt diet with 3 mg/kg/d of elemental zinc (as zinc sulfate) in hospitalized malnourished children (age 6-36 months) with persistent diarrhea for 14 days. METHODOLOGY Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. SETTING Nutrition Research Ward at the National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, Pakistan, where children were admitted for 14 days of inpatient supervised rehabilitation. PRIMARY OUTCOME overall weight gain by day 14. SECONDARY OUTCOMES overall energy intake, stool output, time to diarrheal recovery and weight gain (>/=3 days), plasma zinc, copper, prealbumin, and insulin-like growth factor-1. RESULTS Of 87 children randomized for supplementation with either zinc or placebo, the two groups were comparable at admission in terms of severity and duration of diarrhea, as well as nutritional and anthropometric parameters. The overall weight gain, stool volume, stool frequency, as well as the time taken for diarrheal recovery or steady weight gain, were comparable for both supplemented children and controls. Supplemented children had a significant improvement in plasma zinc levels and serum alkaline phosphatase by day 14 of therapy in comparison with controls. Plasma copper levels were low in both groups at admission and although an increase was seen in control children, levels decreased further after zinc supplementation. There was no significant difference between the two groups for hemoglobin, serum albumin, prealbumin, and plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 increments during the course of therapy. Evaluation of primary and secondary outcome criteria among the subset of children with plasma zinc levels <60 microg/d at admission did not reveal any significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Although there was satisfactory recovery in malnourished children with persistent diarrhea receiving the Khitchri-yogurt diet, there was no evidence of improved weight gain or acceleration of recovery from diarrhea with zinc supplementation. In contrast, the reduction in plasma copper levels in zinc-supplemented malnourished children suggests that caution should be exercised in supplementing severely malnourished children with zinc alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Bhutta
- Department of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan
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