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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. McNab
- A.R.C. Poultry Research Centre King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JS, Scotland
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Ishii C, Ikenaka Y, Ichii O, Nakayama SMM, Nishimura SI, Ohashi T, Tanaka M, Mizukawa H, Ishizuka M. A glycomics approach to discover novel renal biomarkers in birds by administration of cisplatin and diclofenac to chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1722-1729. [PMID: 29462429 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian species have a unique renal structure and abundant blood flow into the kidneys. Although many birds die due to nephrotoxicity caused by chemicals, there are no early biomarkers for renal lesions. Uric acid level in blood, which is generally used as a renal biomarker, is altered when the kidney function is damaged by over 70%. Therefore, early biomarkers for kidney injury in birds are needed. In humans, glycomics has been at the forefront of biological and medical sciences, and glycans are used as biomarkers of diseases, such as carcinoma. In this study, a glycomics approach was used to screen for renal biomarkers in chicken. First, a chicken model of kidney damage was generated by injection of diclofenac or cisplatin, which cause acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) and acute tubular necrosis (ATN), respectively. The nephrotoxicity levels were determined by a blood chemical test and histopathological analysis. The plasma N-glycans were then analyzed to discover renal biomarkers in birds. Levels of 14 glycans increased between pre- and post administration in kidney-damaged chickens in the diclofenac group, and some of these glycans had the same presumptive composition as those in human renal carcinoma patients. Glycan levels did not change remarkably in the cisplatin group. It is possible that there are changes in glycan expression due to AIN, but they do not reflect ATN. Although further research is needed in other species of birds, glycans are potentially useful biomarkers for AIN in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ishii
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita18, Nishi9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Y Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita18, Nishi9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - O Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - S M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita18, Nishi9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - S-I Nishimura
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita21, Nishi11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - T Ohashi
- Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co., Ltd., Corabo-Hokkaido, Kita21 Nishi12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - M Tanaka
- Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co., Ltd., Corabo-Hokkaido, Kita21 Nishi12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - H Mizukawa
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - M Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita18, Nishi9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Janssen PWM, Lentle RG, Hulls C, Ravindran V, Amerah AM. Spatiotemporal mapping of the motility of the isolated chicken caecum. J Comp Physiol B 2009; 179:593-604. [PMID: 19194713 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-009-0342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the caecal contractile activity of the chicken (Gallus gallus) using single caeca that had been cannulated at their proximal and distal ends, and in paired caeca, maintained in situ on excised segments of gut that were cannulated at the colonic and small intestinal ends. Longitudinal and circular contractile patterns were characterised using high-definition spatiotemporal mapping. Low amplitude longitudinal contraction waves of frequency 14.1 cycles/min occurred in the absence of major contractile events. These were termed fast phasic and appeared to be mediated by slow waves. The nature of major spontaneous contractions occurring in the single caecum varied with the level of caecal distension. Type A contractions occurred when the caecum was not distended, originated from variable sites and propagated in both directions. Type B or C contractile events occurred when the caecum was moderately or fully distended, originated from a predominantly distal site and propagated proximally. On diameter maps, each type B event comprised a succession of contractions which had similar propagation speeds, frequency and direction to fast phasic contractions. Type C events were comprised of a succession of higher amplitude contractions with no appreciable propagation. Perfusion of saline via the colon resulted in fluid entering both caeca and the onset of aborad contractions in their proximal canals. Saline was also seen to flow between caeca during contractile events however no saline was seen to enter the small intestine as has been postulated by other workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W M Janssen
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Laverty G, Elbrønd VS, Arnason SS, Skadhauge E. Endocrine regulation of ion transport in the avian lower intestine. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 147:70-7. [PMID: 16494879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The lower intestine (colon and coprodeum) of the domestic fowl maintains a very active, transporting epithelium, with a microvillus brush border, columnar epithelial cells, and a variety of transport systems. The colon of normal or high salt-acclimated hens expresses sodium-linked glucose and amino acid cotransporters, while the coprodeum is relatively inactive. Following acclimation to low salt diets, however, both colon and coprodeum shift to a pattern of high expression of electrogenic sodium channels, and the colonic cotransporter activity is simultaneously downregulated. These changes in the transport patterns seem to be regulated, at least in part, by aldosterone. Our recent work with this tissue has focused on whether aldosterone alone can account for the low salt pattern of transport. Other work has looked at the changes in morphology and in proportions of cell types that occur during chronic acclimation to high or low salt diets, and on a cAMP-activated chloride secretion pathway. Recent findings suggesting effects of other hormones on lower intestinal transport are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Laverty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Simoyi M, Milimu M, Russell R, Peterson R, Kenney P. Effect of Dietary Lactose on the Productive Performance of Young Turkeys. J APPL POULTRY RES 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/15.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bennett DC, Hughes MR. Comparison of renal and salt gland function in three species of wild ducks. J Exp Biol 2003; 206:3273-84. [PMID: 12909708 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three processes central to osmoregulation of marine birds were compared in three species of ducks that differ in habitat affinity, diet and saline tolerance. These processes are filtration of Na+ and water from the plasma by the kidneys, their reabsorption along the renal tubules, and secretion by the salt glands. Barrow's goldeneyes Bucephala islandica, the most marine species, have the highest rates for all three processes and only this species can secrete all the infused salt via the salt glands. Rates of all three processes are lower in mallards Anas platyrhynchos, the most freshwater species. Following saline acclimation, mallards could excrete all the infused Na+ by a combined Na+ excretion of the kidneys and salt glands. Canvasbacks Aythya valisineria, despite being more saline tolerant than mallards, are unable to excrete all the infused Na+. They produce a large volume of urine (like mallards) that has a low [Na+] (like goldeneyes). Salt gland secretion Na+ concentration did not differ among the three species, but only goldeneyes secrete at a rate sufficient to eliminate all infused Na+ via the salt glands. Differences in saline tolerance of these ducks species cannot be fully explained by differences in their filtration, reabsorption and secretion of Na+ and water, suggesting that the intestinal tract plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin C Bennett
- Department of Zoology, 6270 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Skadhauge E, Erlwanger KH, Ruziwa SD, Dantzer V, Elbrønd VS, Chamunorwa JP. Does the ostrich (Struthio camelus) coprodeum have the electrophysiological properties and microstructure of other birds? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2003; 134:749-55. [PMID: 12814783 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(03)00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ostrich is unique among birds in having complete separation of urine and faeces. The coprodeal epithelium is thus during dehydration exposed to a fluid 500 mOsm hyperosmotic to plasma. We have investigated whether the coprodeum is adapted like a mammalian bladder. The coprodeal epithelium was studied by electrophysiology in the Ussing chamber, and the anatomy by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY The short-circuit current (SCC) and open circuit electrical potential difference were recorded. The change induced by 0.1 mmol mucosal amiloride was recorded. An average basal SCC of 162+/-29 microA/cm(2) was observed, and a resistance of 297+/-34 Omega cm(2) calculated. These values are as observed in other avian coprodea. The resistance is much lower than in mammalian bladders (10000 Omega cm(2)). The amiloride-sensitive SCC, equal to net sodium absorption, was approximately 5 micromol/cm(2)h as observed in other avian species. ANATOMY The mucosal membrane is composed of broad irregular folds with very short intestinal glands containing an unusually high proportion of goblet cells. CONCLUSION The ostrich coprodeum is not adapted like a mammalian bladder. The abundance of goblet cells results in a copious secretion of mucus that establishes a thick unstirred layer giving effective osmotic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Skadhauge
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Son JH, Karasawa Y. Effects of caecal ligation and colostomy on water intake and excretion in chickens. Br Poult Sci 2001; 42:130-3. [PMID: 11337962 DOI: 10.1080/713655023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The effect of caecal ligation and colostomy on water intake and excretion were examined in chickens fed a low-protein diet or a low-protein diet supplemented with urea. 2. When fed a low-protein diet, the water intake and the ratio of water intake to food intake were increased by colostomy (P < 0.05) but not changed further by caecal ligation of colostomised chickens. 3. When fed a low-protein diet supplemented with urea, the amount of water intake and the ratio of water intake to food intake were not changed by either treatment. 4. Total water excretion was much higher in the colostomised plus caeca-ligated chickens than in other 3 groups fed both types of diet (P < 0.05). 5. The amount of faecal water excretion was increased by cecal ligation in colostomised chickens fed either diet (P < 0.01). 6. No effect of any treatment on water balance was observed in chickens fed either diet. 7. It is concluded that the lower intestine plays a useful role in the water economy of chickens fed a low-protein diet or a low-protein diet supplemented with urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Son
- Shinshu University, Minamiminowa-mura, Nagano-ken, Japan.
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Karasawa Y. Significant role of the nitrogen recycling system through the ceca occurs in protein-depleted chickens. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1999; 283:418-25. [PMID: 10069037 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19990301/01)283:4/5<418::aid-jez11>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the role of the ceca in nitrogen nutrition in chickens (Gallus domesticus). Urea is a very good nitrogen tracer for these studies. Little urea is synthesized by chickens due to the absence of carbamyl phosphate synthetase, an essential enzyme initiating the urea cycle. Urea is utilized by chickens when crystalline amino acid diets low in nonessential nitrogen or diets containing low concentrations of intact protein are fed, and most ureolytic activity is found in the ceca. Dietary urea was absorbed intact from the upper intestine of the chicken. The absorbed urea was excreted into ureteral urine that refluxed from the cloaca into the colon and ceca where urea was degraded to ammonia. Presumably the ammonia was incorporated into amino acids by cecal microorganisms and some urea, amino acids and proteins were absorbed from the ceca. These were utilized by the chickens. A beneficial role of ceca in the nitrogen metabolism in the chicken is, therefore, conservation of urinary nitrogen in protein-depleted chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Karasawa
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano-ken, Japan.
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Karasawa Y, Son JH, Koh K. Ligation of caeca improves nitrogen utilisation and decreases urinary uric acid excretion in chickens fed on a low protein diet plus urea. Br Poult Sci 1997; 38:439-41. [PMID: 9347157 DOI: 10.1080/00071669708418017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1. The effect of the ligation of the caeca on nitrogen utilisation and nitrogen excretion was examined in conventional chickens fed a diet containing 50 g protein/kg plus urea. 2. Ligation of the caeca significantly improved nitrogen balance and utilisation by up to more than 2 times as much as those of controls (P < 0.05). 3. The treatment significantly decreased uric acid excretion by 77 mg nitrogen/day (P < 0.01) and also total nitrogen excretion (P < 0.05): the former decrease almost explained the latter. 4. No effect of the ligation of caeca on urea and ammonia excretion was observed. 5. It is concluded that nitrogen metabolism in chickens is affected by possible changes in caecal fermentation by preventing entry into the caeca of substances from urine and digesta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Karasawa
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Japan
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Maciorowski KG, Nisbet DJ, Ha SD, Corrier DE, DeLoach JR, Ricke SC. Fermentation and growth response of a primary poultry isolate of Salmonella typhimurium grown under strict anaerobic conditions in continuous culture and amino acid-limited batch culture. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 412:201-8. [PMID: 9192013 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1828-4_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium is a significant hazard to consumer health that is carried asymptomatically in poultry gastrointestinal tracts. Nurmi cultures may prevent Salmonella colonization in young chicks, but the mechanism of competitive exclusion is unclear. Modeling Salmonella's metabolism in pure culture may allow for greater definition in choosing strains for Nurmi cultures. The growth rates and affinity constants of S. typhimurium growing in amino acid-limited conditions were determined in batch culture and compared to primary poultry isolates of cecal strains. Serine and NH4Cl were the best N sources for growth of all organisms tested in this study. The fermentation response of S. typhimurium was also monitored in continuous culture at a slow dilution rate of 0.021 h-1. S. typhimurium was found to adapt to VL media, with trends in protein disappearance, Yglucose, and Yprotein. This may show that amino acid or protein concentrations may be an integral component of the initial establishment of S. typhimurium in the cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Maciorowski
- Texas A&M University Poultry Science Department, College Station 77843-1921, USA
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Karasawa Y, Maeda M. Effect of colostomy on the occurrence of dietary [15N]urea in intestinal contents, blood, urine and tissues in chickens fed a low protein diet plus urea. Br Poult Sci 1995; 36:87-95. [PMID: 7614029 DOI: 10.1080/00071669508417755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1. The occurrence of 15N was examined in excreta for 10 h, and in intestinal contents, blood and tissues at 10 h after [15N]urea was fed to conventional and colostomised cockerels. 2. Total-15N excretion and 15N-balance in control chickens were 18.88 and 44.79 mg/kg body weight/10 h), respectively. The former was increased and the latter was decreased by colostomy by 10.75 mg (P < 0.01). 3. Amounts of [15N]urea, [15N]ammonia and [15N]uric acid excreted by control birds were 13.78, 3.90 and 0.18 mg/kg body weight/10 h or 0.73, 0.21 and 0.01 of the total-15N excreted respectively. 4. The [15N]urea, [15N]uric acid and total-15N excreted were all increased after colostomy but [15N]ammonia was decreased (uric acid P < 0.05, others P < 0.01). The increase in total-15N was mostly accounted for by [15N]urea. 5. Colostomy resulted in significantly less total-15N in the contents of the whole intestine (P < 0.01), less total-15N, [15N]ammonia and [15N]urea in the contents of the colo-rectum (P < 0.01) and less total-15N and [15N]urea in the contents of the upper intestine (P < 0.05); it did not affect any in caecal contents. 6. [15N]Urea in blood, liver and kidney (blood P < 0.01, others P < 0.05), and [15N]glutamine amide (P < 0.05) and [15N]uric acid (P < 0.01) in blood were significantly decreased after colostomy. 7. The results support the hypothesis that most of the dietary urea is utilised as the result of a back-flow of ureteral urea into the caeca where it is rapidly converted into ammonia which is then metabolised to other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Karasawa
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano-Ken, Japan
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Karasawa Y, Maeda M. Role of caeca in the nitrogen nutrition of the chicken fed on a moderate protein diet or a low protein diet plus urea. Br Poult Sci 1994; 35:383-91. [PMID: 7953782 DOI: 10.1080/00071669408417703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
1. A study was carried out to investigate whether the back-flow of urine into the caeca benefits the nitrogen economy of adult cockerels fed on a diet containing 100 g protein/kg and when dietary urea is absorbed, excreted into urine and utilised. 2. No significant effects of colostomy on nitrogen utilisation were observed in chickens fed on 100 g/kg protein diet, whereas colostomy was highly effective in decreasing it in chickens on a diet containing 50 g protein/kg plus urea (P < 0.05). 3. Nitrogen utilisation in conventional birds was significantly less when a diet of moderate protein content was fed than when a low protein diet plus urea was fed, but the opposite effect was seen with colostomised birds (P < 0.05). 4. Colostomy increased urea excretion (nitrogen/kg body weight/day) from 4 to 9 mg in chickens fed on the moderate protein diet, but greatly, from 45 to 182 mg, in those fed on the low protein diet plus urea (P < 0.05). 5. Blood urea concentration increased by about 20 mg per 100 ml in 3 h, a value which was maintained up to 6 h but which returned to the prefeeding concentration at 24 h; both control and colostomised chickens on the low protein diet plus urea responded similarly. 6. After feeding urea, half the daily excretion of urea was observed to occur within 6 and 9 h, respectively, in control and colostomised chickens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Karasawa
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano-Ken, Japan
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Karasawa Y, Koji T, Maeda M. Occurrence of intraportally-infused urea-15N in the urine of domestic fowl. Br Poult Sci 1992; 33:1095-100. [PMID: 1493556 DOI: 10.1080/00071669208417551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Measurements were made in situ to determine the occurrence of intraportally infused urea-15N in ureteral urine of the fowl. 2. Of the total amount of infused urea-15N, 15% was excreted intact into the urine (90% of urinary total 15N) whereas 9% remained unchanged in the blood (78% of blood non-protein-15N). 3. The proportions of non-protein-15N in the blood, liver and kidney were 12, 3 and 1%, respectively of the infused 15N. Protein-15N was 3% of that infused in blood and much less in liver and kidney. 4. About 1% of the infused 15N was observed in the urinary uric acid, and 3% of the infused 15N in non-protein N, other than urea, ammonia and glutamine amide N, of blood and liver. 5. No appreciable amounts of 15N were present in ammonia and glutamine amide N of blood, liver or kidney and in uric acid of liver or kidney. 6. The caecal contents contained about 1% of the infused 15N with 15% of this as ammonia-15N. 7. It is concluded that intraportal urea is mostly excreted unchanged into ureteral urine of the fowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Karasawa
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano-ken, Japan
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Karasawa Y, Maeda M. Effect of colostomy on the utilisation of dietary nitrogen in the fowl fed on a low protein diet. Br Poult Sci 1992; 33:815-20. [PMID: 1393676 DOI: 10.1080/00071669208417523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The effect of the inhibition of urine back-flow into the colon and caeca by colostomy on the utilisation of dietary nitrogen by fowls fed on a low protein diet and receiving free or restricted water supply was investigated. 2. Colostomy caused an increase in water excretion and a resultant increase in water intake to maintain water balance. 3. Colostomy tended to decrease nitrogen balance and nitrogen utilisation (N balance/N intake) to negative values, and these decreases became significant when water was restricted (P less than 0.05). 4. Excretory uric acid, ammonia, urea and total nitrogen were significantly increased after colostomy in water-restricted fowls (P less than 0.05), but such significant effects were not observed, except for ammonia, in fowls given water ad libitum. 5. It is concluded that the back-flow of urine into the caeca plays a significantly useful role in the utilisation of nitrogen in the fowl fed on a low protein diet especially when water intake is restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Karasawa
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano-ken, Japan
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Karasawa Y, Ishii T, Kubota T. Absorption and metabolism of purines by the lower intestine of the chicken. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 100:227-30. [PMID: 1682101 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(91)90213-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Absorption of purines and their metabolism by the lower intestine were estimated by using the everted gut sacs from the colo-rectum and caecum of the chicken. 2. Adenine, hypoxanthine and uric acid were appreciably absorbed from the colo-rectum and caecum, and an especially high rate was observed in the absorption of uric acid from the colo-rectum. 3. Guanine was not absorbed unchanged from either the colo-rectum or the caecum and a small amount of xanthine was absorbed only from the caecum. 4. Hypoxanthine was also absorbed in uric acid form, to a much lesser extent, in xanthine form from the colo-rectum and caecum, adenine and xanthine in uric acid form from the colo-rectum and adenine in hypoxanthine form from the colo-rectum and caecum. 5. Adenine was metabolized to hypoxanthine and xanthine, guanine and hypoxanthine to uric acid and xanthine, and xanthine to adenine, in both mucosal fluids of the colo-rectum and caecum. The conversion of guanine to uric acid in the caecum was most active, being almost twice as much as that in the colo-rectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Karasawa
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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Sodium excretion rates and renal responses to acute salt loading in the European starling. J Comp Physiol B 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00692412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Goldstein DL. Absorption by the cecum of wild birds: is there interspecific variation. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT : PUBLISHED UNDER AUSPICES OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ZOOLOGISTS AND THE DIVISION OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 3:103-10. [PMID: 2575120 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402520517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The major functions proposed for the avian cecum--energy balance and osmoregulation--involve absorption of material from the cecum, yet little is known of these absorptive processes in wild birds. The magnitude of transport of compounds from the ceca depends on the concentrations of compounds in the ceca, the presence of transport pathways for those compounds, and the size of the reabsorptive surface. Interspecific variation in size of avian ceca is well documented, but the other two determinants of absorption are much less well studied. All ceca examined contained acetic, propionic, and butyric acid; water content varies from less than 70 to greater than 90%. Most other constituents have been quantified in just one or two species. A model for cecal transport, derived from studies of mammalian ceca but consistent with observations on birds, is described. A luminal (mucosal) Na+/H+ exchanger couples the absorption of Na+ to that of volatile fatty acids, which are absorbed in their uncharged (protonated) form; these two compounds are thereby mutually stimulatory in their absorption. The cecum also absorbs water, sodium, carbon dioxide, and probably some nitrogenous compounds (e.g., ammonia). Too few data exist to analyze interspecific variation in cecal transport in birds. However, variations in the following characteristics do exist: cecal contents, cecal absorptive surface area, transport characteristics of other regions of avian intestine (e.g., rectum), cecal transport among mammalian species, and histology of avian ceca. Studies of the physiological consequences of these variation should yield insight into the function and contributions of the avian cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Goldstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
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22
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Thomas DH, Skadhauge E. Function and regulation of the avian caecal bulb: influence of dietary NaCl and aldosterone on water and electrolyte fluxes in the hen (Gallus domesticus) perfused in vivo. J Comp Physiol B 1989; 159:51-60. [PMID: 2738202 DOI: 10.1007/bf00692683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The function of the caecal bulb, and its adaptation to chronic high- or low-Na+ intake, was investigated by in vivo perfusion of anaesthetised birds. Effects of acute aldosterone injection (125 micrograms.kg-1 body mass) were also measured. Evidence was found for primary active net absorption of Na+, inducing parallel Na-linked absorption of water and Cl- and secretion of K+. Around 20-35% of total Cl- absorption and K+ secretion were independent of Na+ fluxes, and these components appear to be driven by passive processes with apparent conductances of 6.3 X 10(-3) (GCl) and 1.1 X 10(-3) (GK) S.cm-2. Acetate (40 mM) stimulated Na+ fluxes (8.5-9.9 microEq.cm-2.h-1) and Na-linked water fluxes (27-44 microliters.cm-2.h-1). Increased coupling ratios (2.9-4.6 microliters.microEq-1) and other data indicate that these effects may be due to increased osmotic permeabilities of barriers involved in the Na-linked water transfer pathway. Low-Na+ maintenance enhanced EPD (49-69 mV, serosa positive) and all net fluxes: JNa (6.8-11.6); JK (-3.2--4.3); JCl (4.3-5.6 microEq.cm serosal area-2.h-1); Jv (28-43 microliters.cm-2.h-1) (mucosal-serosal fluxes positive). Acute aldosterone enhanced JNa (10.8-14.0 microEq.cm-2.h-1) and EPD (54-66 mV) by 3 h after injection, but had no effect on the Na-linked components of JK or JCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Thomas
- School of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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23
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Mead GC. Microbes of the avian cecum: types present and substrates utilized. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT : PUBLISHED UNDER AUSPICES OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ZOOLOGISTS AND THE DIVISION OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 3:48-54. [PMID: 2575127 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402520508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the types and properties of microorganisms found in avian ceca, with special reference to the chicken. Microbial activity in the cecum is primarily fermentative, but there has been little evidence of cellulose fermentation, and the predominant bacterial types are relatively inactive against other high-molecular-weight compounds of dietary origin. In all avian species examined, the consistent presence of large populations of uric acid-degrading bacteria supports the view that microbial populations in the ceca permit reabsorption of water and possibly nonprotein nitrogen from the backflow of urine. These capabilities may be of particular importance to wild birds under conditions of water and food deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Mead
- Agricultural and Food Research Council, Institute of Food Research--Bristol Laboratory, Langford, England
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24
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Dantzer V. Ultrastructural differences between the two major components of chicken ceca. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT : PUBLISHED UNDER AUSPICES OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ZOOLOGISTS AND THE DIVISION OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 3:21-31. [PMID: 2575124 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402520505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The central parts of basis and corpus ceci from White Plymouth Rock hens on different salt regimen were investigated by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. The mucosal surface varies from long broad, flat villi in basis to blunt rugae in corpus ceci. In the epithelium of basis ceci there are many goblet cells, whereas in corpus ceci they are few in number and predominantly located in the crypts and sides of rugae. The microvilli of basis ceci are longer than those of corpus ceci. The epithelium from corpus ceci contains apically located cytoplasmic inclusions of microtubular-like aggregations. The size and amount of these inclusions decrease towards the crypt openings, and none were observed in crypt epithelium. The mitochondria in the epithelium from basis ceci are seen close to the apical plasma membrane, but in corpus ceci they first appear deeper in the cytoplasm below the apical vesicles, microtubular-like aggregations, and lysosomes. The size and content of the apical vesicles varies between the two compartments, as do deposits of lipoglycoproteins in the intercellular space and vesicles of the lateral plasma membrane. Several differences were thus revealed between the epithelia from basis and corpus ceci, giving morphological evidence for different functions between the two compartments. There were no effects of the two salt diets on the development of microvilli, whereas some cytological differences, such as the degree of microtubular-like aggregations, were seen in corpus ceci.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dantzer
- Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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25
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Karasawa Y. Ammonia production from uric acid, urea, and amino acids and its absorption from the ceca of the cockerel. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT : PUBLISHED UNDER AUSPICES OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ZOOLOGISTS AND THE DIVISION OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 3:75-80. [PMID: 2575132 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402520513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted in situ and in vitro in the ceca to measure ammonia production from uric acid, urea, and amino acids and its absorption. When uric acid was injected into a cecal sac containing mixed cecal microfloras, 77% disappeared within 1 hour, with a concomitant increase in ammonia concentration. When [15N]uric acid was added to the ceca in situ, 28% was converted to ammonia after 30 minutes. About 92% of the ammonia introduced into a cecal sac disappeared from the lumen fluid within 30 minutes. About 43% of each of urea nitrogen and glutamine-amide nitrogen was converted to ammonia-nitrogen, and 25% of uric acid-nitrogen and epsilon nitrogen of the arginine was found in ammonia. The conversion of aminonitrogen of glutamic acid and glycine to ammonia amounted to 19-20%, whereas that of alpha-alanine totaled 11%. It is concluded that dietary and urinary nitrogenous compounds that find their way into the ceca are useful nitrogen sources for ammonia production by microflora in the ceca of the chicken, and that ammonia is absorbed rapidly from the ceca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Karasawa
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano-ken, Japan
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26
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Thomas DH, Skadhauge E. Water and electrolyte transport by the avian ceca. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT : PUBLISHED UNDER AUSPICES OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ZOOLOGISTS AND THE DIVISION OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 3:95-102. [PMID: 2575135 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402520516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In galliform birds with well developed ceca, these are functionally important components of the lower intestinal complex, which is capable as a whole of substantial, hormone-regulated homeostatic modification of mixed urine and intestinal luminal fluid before final excretion. Active Na+ transport drives Na-linked absorption of water and Cl- and secretion of K+; there are also lesser Na-independent components of the latter fluxes. These transport processes are appropriately enhanced by dehydration, Na depletion, or exogenous aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Thomas
- School of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales, Cardiff
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27
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Karasawa Y, Okamoto M, Kawai H. Ammonia production from uric acid and its absorption from the caecum of the cockerel. Br Poult Sci 1988; 29:119-24. [PMID: 3382971 DOI: 10.1080/00071668808417033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
1. Experiments were done in vitro and in situ in the caeca to measure ammonia production from uric acid and its absorption. 2. When uric acid was introduced into a caecal sac containing mixed caecal micro-organisms 0.77 disappeared in 1 h, with the concomitant appearance of ammonia. 3. Amounts of ammonia produced from added [15N] uric acid in the caeca in situ after 30 min and in caecal medium in vitro after 10 h, were 0.28 and 0.25 respectively of the added 15N. 4. About 0.92 of the ammonia introduced into a caecal sac disappeared from the lumen fluid in 30 min. 5. It is concluded that ammonia is produced from uric acid by caecal micro-organisms and rapidly absorbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Karasawa
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano-ken, Japan
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28
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Thomas DH, Skadhauge E. Transport function and control in bird caeca. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1988; 90:591-6. [PMID: 2902966 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(88)90672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. The paired caeca at the junction of the ileum and rectum help determine the ionic composition of the voided excreta. 2. The caeca play a role in the transport of water, sodium, potassium, and chloride, the dominant effect being that of sodium transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Thomas
- Department of Zoology, University College (University of Wales), Cardiff, U.K
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29
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Karasawa Y, Kawai H, Hosono A. Ammonia production from amino acids and urea in the caecal contents of the chicken. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 90:205-7. [PMID: 3396327 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(88)90062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
1. Ammonia production from urea and amino acids in the caecal contents of the chicken was evaluated using 15N-labeled nitrogenous compounds. 2. About 43% of each of urea nitrogen and glutamine amide nitrogen was converted to ammonia nitrogen, but only 25% of epsilon-nitrogen of the added arginine, a precursor of urea, was found in ammonia. 3. Amino nitrogen of the separately added glutamic acid and glycine to be converted to ammonia was 19-20% of their added amounts, whereas that of alpha-alanine was 11%. 4. It is concluded that dietary and urinary amino acids and urea which find their ways into the caeca are useful nitrogen sources for ammonia production by microflora in the caeca of the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Karasawa
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Japan
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30
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Harris CI, Milne G, McDiarmid R. The retention and metabolism of N tau-methylhistidine by cockerels: implications for the measurement of muscle protein breakdown determined from the excretion of N tau-methylhistidine in excreta. Br J Nutr 1987; 57:467-78. [PMID: 3593673 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19870054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Excreta were collected for four consecutive days from 4- to 18-week-old cockerels following subcutaneous injection of N tau-[14CH3]methylhistidine. The recoveries of radioactivity in excreta were incomplete and progressively decreased with increasing age. Most of the radioactivity not recovered in excreta after 4 d was found in skeletal muscle where greater than 55% of the radioactivity present was in the N tau-methylhistidine-containing dipeptide, balenine. This peptide appeared to be relatively stable so that most of the labelled N tau-methylhistidine incorporated was not released during the period of the recovery measurements. The total pool of non-protein bound N tau-methylhistidine (free (free N tau-methylhistidine + balenine) in pectoral and mixed thigh muscles increased with age and relative to the daily excretion of N tau-methylhistidine. At 18 weeks the pool was 3.3 times the daily excretion of N tau-methylhistidine. These observations account for the decreasing recoveries of radioactivity in excreta described previously, due to progressive dilution of labelled N tau-methylhistidine in an expanding pool of non-protein-bound N tau-methylhistidine, part of which was relatively stable. It is concluded that excretion of N tau-methylhistidine by 4- to 18-week-old cockerels cannot be used as a reliable index of muscle protein breakdown in vivo.
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31
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Nouwen EJ, Decuypere E, Michels H, Kühn ER. The presence of vasotocin and mesotocin in serum and the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal axis of chick embryos before hatching and in posthatch chicks. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1983; 50:445-51. [PMID: 6884749 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(83)90265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing hematocrit values were observed in chick embryos, from Day 17 to 1 day posthatching. Arginine vasotocin (AVT) and mesotocin (MT) were determined radioimmunologically in serum, neural lobe, and hypothalamic tissue. Serum levels of AVT and MT were significantly increased on Day 18 of incubation compared to Day 17. Thereafter AVT levels decreased, reaching at hatching levels even below Day 17. Serum MT remained elevated on Day 19, but decreased thereafter to the concentration values of Day 17. The amount of AVT in the preoptic hypothalamus and infundibulum was maximal on Day 19, whereas in the neural lobe the maximum was attained on Day 20. The MT content of the infundibulum and neural lobe reached a maximum plateau on Day 18. These results suggest that a stimulation of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal axis in the chick embryo occurs at the end of incubation. A possible causal relation with the observed decreasing hematocrit values is discussed.
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32
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Holmes WN, Gorsline J, Wright A. Patterns of cloacal water and electrolyte excretion in constantly-loaded intact and colostomized ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 73:675-7. [PMID: 6130869 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. The patterns of cloacal water and electrolyte excretion were qualitatively similar in intact and chronically colostomized ducks given oral loads of either distilled water or electrolyte solution. 2. The rates of Na+ and K+ excretion were each selectively increased in birds loaded with solutions containing a relatively higher concentration of each ion. 3. Compared to the intact birds, the colostomized birds showed lower rates of electrolyte excretion following administration of identical electrolyte loads and thus appeared to be retaining electrolyte. 4. At the same time, a significant antidiuresis of similar magnitude occurred in each group of saline-loaded birds. 5. The possible contributions of renal and post-renal mechanisms to the overall conservation of water in intact and colostomized ducks are discussed.
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33
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Caecal water and electrolyte absorption and the effects of acetate and glucose, in dehydrated, low-NaCl diet hens. J Comp Physiol B 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00689291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Colostomy of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos): A surgical technique and an assessment of its chronic effects on osmotic balance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Thomas DH. Salt and water excretion by birds: the lower intestine as an integrator of renal and intestinal excretion. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 71:527-35. [PMID: 6124341 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. In the fowl, the small intestine is important for net absorption of Ca2+ and K+, but not for Na+ nor water (in this and several other species). 2. Net water absorption in birds with large saccate caeca occurs in caeca greater than rectum greater than coprodeum, but net Na+ absorption (an active process motivating other absorptive functions) occurs in rectum less than caeca and coprodeum. 3. Interspecific variability and the scarcity of comparative studies militate against broad, well-founded generalisations in this subject.
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36
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The in vivo dissociation of colonic and coprodeal transepithelial transport in NaCl depleted domestic fowl. J Comp Physiol B 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00688716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Mortensen A, Tindall A. On caecal synthesis and absorption of amino acids and their importance for nitrogen recycling in willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus lagopus). ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1981; 113:465-9. [PMID: 7348031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1981.tb06923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The willow ptarmigan has two large caeca housing dense populations of microorganisms. Urine, containing uric acid, is transported from the cloaca into the caeca when these are filled. Here the uric acid is rapidly broken down, suggesting that the caeca take part in a recycling of excretory nitrogen. In this work it is shown that ammonia produced by the uric acid decomposition is incorporated into new amino acids in a glutamic dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction. We have, however, not been able to detect any absorption of amino acids from the caeca, indicating that nitrogen recycling via the amino acid route does not occur.
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38
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Mortensen A, Tindall AR. Caecal decomposition of uric acid in captive and free ranging willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus lagopus). ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1981; 111:129-33. [PMID: 7282388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1981.tb06715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Urine entering the caeca of birds contains significant amounts of uric acid. The discovery of great numbers of bacteria utilizing uric acid in the caeca has encouraged the discussion about nitrogen recycling in birds. In this work caecal decomposition of uric acid in wild and captive willow ptarmigan has been investigated using radioactively labelled uric acid injected directly into one of the caeca. The appearance of radioactive CO2 in the expired air was taken as an indication of uric acid breakdown. The decomposition occurred at a rate corresponding to a half-life of 26 min (11-36 min). The results are in accordance with the previously reported observations of huge numbers of uric acid utilizing bacteria in the caeca of a variety of birds, and also with the nitrogen recycling theory. However, no conclusion concerning the nitrogen recycling can be drawn.
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39
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Adjustments of Australian birds to thermal conditions and water scarcity in arid zones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8629-9_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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40
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41
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Barnes EM. The intestinal microflora of poultry and game birds during life and after storage. Address of the president of the Society for Applied Bacteriology delivered at a meeting of the society on 10 January 1979. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1979; 46:407-19. [PMID: 383674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1979.tb00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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43
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Skadhauge E. Solute composition of the osmotic space of ureteral urine in dehydrated chickens (Gallus domesticus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(77)90235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Benoff FH, Buss EG. Water consumption and urine volume in polydipsic and normal White Leghorn chickens. Poult Sci 1976; 55:1140-2. [PMID: 935045 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0551140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to study the route of passage of water by chickens exhibiting hereditary diabetes insipidus (di). Results showed that the excessive quantities of water consumed by the di chickens passes through the kidneys. Water reabsorption failure in the di chickens appears to occur in the kidneys.
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45
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Tindall A. Hind gut function in the domestic fowl. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C: COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY 1976; 53:83-9. [PMID: 5244 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(76)90058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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47
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Abstract
1. The transmural net flow of salt and water in the coprodeum and large intestine of the Galah (Cacatua roseicapilla), an Australian xerophilic parrot, was measured by an in vivo perfusion technique. The main goal of the study was to understand what happens when the hyperosmotic ureteral urine formed in the dehydrated state is regurgitated into the cloaca. Buffered perfusion fluids, hyper- and isosmotic to plasma, with varying NaCl and KCl concentrations, were used. [(14)C]polyethylene glycol served as an unabsorbable water marker.2. The cloacal Na(+) and Cl(-) absorption rates were nearly parallel and at low luminal concentrations roughly proportional to the intraluminal concentrations. At higher concentrations the Na(+) absorption rate showed saturation. The maximal Na(+) flow was 217 muequiv/kg.hr, the concentration at half maximal flow 181 m-equiv/l. The Na(+) absorption rate was not impaired by a high K(+) concentration. K(+) was secreted into the intestine, except at high intraluminal K(+) concentrations where resorption was observed.4. The apparent osmotic permeability coefficient was 0.85 mul./kg.hr.m-osmole at an average osmotic difference of 446 m-osmole between lumen and plasma; it was higher at lower differences. In the (near) absence of an osmotic difference across the cloacal epithelium the solute-linked water flow was 5.0 mul. H(2)O/muequiv Na(+).5. It is concluded that the hyperosmotic ureteral urine formed in the dehydrated state can pass into the cloaca without a water loss. A Na(+) absorption of around 70% of the ureteral output is likely.
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48
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Braysher M, Green B. The absorption of inulin by cloacas and bladders in reptiles and the chicken. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1972; 43:613-9. [PMID: 4144136 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(72)90247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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49
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Dicker SE, Haslam J. Effects of exteriorization of the ureters on the water metabolism of the domestic fowl. J Physiol 1972; 224:515-20. [PMID: 5071927 PMCID: PMC1331507 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Six domestic fowls were operated for exteriorization of the ureters.2. Three weeks after the operation their food and water intake was compared with that of six unoperated control fowls of similar weight.3. Water intake was calculated from the amount of water drunk, the metabolic water and the water content of the food eaten; while water loss was estimated from the water content of urine and faeces excreted and from evaporation.4. Fowls with exteriorized ureters drank more than the control birds. The excess of water drunk by these birds approximated the amount of water lost in the urine.
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50
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Bentley PJ, Bradshaw SD. Electrical potential difference across the cloaca and colon of the Australian lizards Amphibolurus ornatus and A. intermis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1972; 42:465-71. [PMID: 4404377 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(72)90125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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