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Buyse K, Stein K, De Spiegelaere W, Cornillie P, Clauss M, Janssens GPJ. On the function and origin of the avian renal portal shunt and its potential significance throughout evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 39267223 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
All birds possess a unique venous architecture surrounding the kidneys known as the renal portal system. In veterinary medicine, this system is well known for causing a first-pass effect when medication is administered parenterally via the leg veins, that is venous blood from the leg is filtered before entering general circulation, thus possibly compromising adequate dosage. Additionally, bilateral valves are present in these veins, and it has been hypothesized that they play a crucial role in regulating flow through the kidneys to protect them against increases in blood pressure. While this hypothesis has been acknowledged, it has not been thoroughly explored. We propose that the function of the renal portal valve extends beyond its significance for kidney function, potentially impacting general hemodynamics. Examining anatomical similarities with extant non-avian reptiles, which lack the renal portal shunt with valve, could reveal additional functionalities of this system in birds. Given the endothermic metabolism and the energetically expensive locomotor activity of birds, the resistance of the hepatic and renal portal system might constrain the blood flow from splanchnic to non-splanchnic blood vessels necessary for (sustained) peak performance. Therefore, diverting blood from the renal portal system using the renal portal valve as a regulatory structure might represent a key adaptation to facilitate sustained peak performance. In addition, we hypothesize that this shunt and valve represents a very early adaptation in amniotes, possibly lost in extant non-avian reptiles but enhanced in birds, with a pivotal role in maintaining hemodynamic homeostasis to support the high metabolic rates characteristic of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobe Buyse
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Koen Stein
- Archaeology Environmental Changes and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1000, Belgium
| | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Laboratory of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Pieter Cornillie
- Laboratory of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Geert P J Janssens
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
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Rutkowska J, Sadowska ET, Cichoń M, Bauchinger U. Increased fat catabolism sustains water balance during fasting in zebra finches. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2623-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.138966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Patterns of physiological flexibility in response to fasting are well established, but much less is known about the contribution of water deprivation to the observed effects. We investigated body composition and energy and water budget in three groups of zebra finches: birds with access to food and water, food-deprived birds having access to drinking water and food-and-water-deprived birds. Animals were not stimulated by elevated energy expenditure and they were in thermoneutral conditions; thus, based on previous studies, water balance of fasting birds was expected to be maintained by increased catabolism of proteins. In contrast to this expectation, we found that access to water did not prevent reduction of proteinaceous tissue, but it saved fat reserves of the fasting birds. Thus, water balance of birds fasting without access to water seemed to be maintained by elevated fat catabolism, which generated 6 times more metabolic water compared with that in birds that had access to water. Therefore, we revise currently established views and propose fat to serve as the primary source for metabolic water production. Previously assumed increased protein breakdown for maintenance of water budget would occur if fat stores were depleted or if fat catabolism reached its upper limits due to high energy demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rutkowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Edyta T. Sadowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Mariusz Cichoń
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Ulf Bauchinger
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
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Abstract
The kidney plays an indispensable role in the regulation of whole-organism water balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance, and in the excretion of metabolic wastes and toxins. In this paper, we review representative mathematical models that have been developed to better understand kidney physiology and pathophysiology, including the regulation of glomerular filtration, the regulation of renal blood flow by means of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms and of the myogenic mechanism, the urine concentrating mechanism, and regulation of renal oxygen transport. We discuss how such modeling efforts have significantly expanded our understanding of renal function in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita T Layton
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, P.O. Box 90320, Durham, NC 27708-0320, USA
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Layton AT. Role of structural organization in the urine concentrating mechanism of an avian kidney. Math Biosci 2005; 197:211-30. [PMID: 16135372 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The organization of tubules and blood vessels in the quail medullary cone is highly structured. This structural organization may result in preferential interactions among tubules and vessels, interactions that may enhance urine concentrating capability. In this study, we formulate a model framework for the urine concentrating mechanism of the quail kidney. The model simulates preferential interactions among renal tubules by representing two concentric cores and by specifying the fractions of tubules assigned to each of the concentric cores. The model equations are based on standard expressions for transmural transport and on solute and water conservation. Model results suggest that the preferential interactions among tubules enhance the urine concentration capacity of short medullary cones by reducing the diluting effect of the descending limbs on the region of the interstitium where the collecting ducts are located; however, the effects on longer cones are unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita T Layton
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, P.O. Box 90320, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Wideman RF, Nissley AC. Kidney structure and responses of two commercial single comb White Leghorn strains to saline in the drinking water. Br Poult Sci 1992; 33:489-504. [PMID: 1643515 DOI: 10.1080/00071669208417488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Growing pullets from two commercial strains were provided with saline (10 g sodium chloride) drinking water for three days to assess in vivo the urinary concentrating capacity of their kidneys. 2. Most of the pullets from strain A continued to gain body mass while drinking saline, indicating their kidneys conserved free water by forming a concentrated urine. Most pullets from strain B lost body mass while drinking saline, indicating their kidneys were unable to concentrate the urine sufficiently to obtain free water from the saline. 3. High proportions of large (0.23 to 0.42 mm circumference) glomeruli were found in the kidneys of pullets that gained body mass while drinking saline, whereas high proportions of small (0.07 to 0.18 mm circumference) glomeruli were found in the kidneys of pullets that lost body mass while drinking saline. 4. Glomerular sizes did not differ significantly when male birds of the two strains were compared. Urine from males of strain A had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower concentrations of hydrogen ions than urine from males of strain B, but no further differences were detected in comparisons of urine flow rates, glomerular filtration rates, renal plasma flow rates, urine osmolality, free water clearance, or sodium or potassium excretion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Goldstein DL. Effects of Different Sodium Intakes on Renal and Cloacal Sodium Excretion in Chukars (Aves: Phasianidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1086/physzool.63.2.30158504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tome ME, McNabb FM, Gwazdauskas FC. Adrenal responses to chronic and acute water stress in Japanese quail Coturnix japonica. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 81:171-9. [PMID: 2859951 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(85)90284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Water deprivation (WD) resulted in increased serum osmotic pressure (OP) and decreased body weight (WB); adrenal aldosterone content did not change. Adrenal corticosterone content tended to be elevated during early WD, indicating a stress response, but tended to decrease after seven days of WD, suggesting adrenal fatigue. During water restriction (WR), after the period of weight loss, adrenal corticosterone content and serum OP were elevated. As the birds began to gain weight, aldosterone levels did not change but adrenal corticosterone content and serum OP approached control values, suggesting that the birds were beginning to adapt to the WR. Adrenal sensitivity to ACTH was indicated by the elevated adrenal aldosterone and corticosterone content after ACTH injection.
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Thomas DH. Salt and water excretion by birds: the lower intestine as an integrator of renal and intestinal excretion. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 71:527-35. [PMID: 6124341 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. In the fowl, the small intestine is important for net absorption of Ca2+ and K+, but not for Na+ nor water (in this and several other species). 2. Net water absorption in birds with large saccate caeca occurs in caeca greater than rectum greater than coprodeum, but net Na+ absorption (an active process motivating other absorptive functions) occurs in rectum less than caeca and coprodeum. 3. Interspecific variability and the scarcity of comparative studies militate against broad, well-founded generalisations in this subject.
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Braun EJ. Renal function. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 71:511-7. [PMID: 6124339 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Morley M, Scanes C, Chadwick A. The effect of ovine prolactin on sodium and water transport across the intestine of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(81)90318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dunson WA, Dunson MK, Ohmart RD. Evidence for the presence of nasal salt glands in the roadrunner and the Coturnix quail. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1976; 198:209-16. [PMID: 135819 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401980210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether or not the nasal glands of the roadrunner and the Coturnix quail show cytological specializations for salt secretion. In addition, the Na-K ATPase content of the quail gland was determined before and after drinking of saline solutions, in an effort to evaluate the functional status of the gland. The ability to maintain weight while drinking salt water was also measured as a general index of tolerance to saline conditions. The ultrastructure of the nasal glands of the roadrunner injected with salt and of quail drinking 200 mM NaCl was similar to that of salt glands in reptiles and the fresh-water acclimated duck. Numerous lateral cell evaginations and abundant mitochondria were present in the principal cell types. There was a significant increase in quail nasal gland Na-K ATPase when young birds were offered only saline solutions to drink. The ability of Coturnix quail to maintain weight while drinking saline solutions improves with age and at adulthood is comparable to that of some North American desert quail. Roadrunners were previously known to possess functional salt glands whereas quail were not. However the characteristic fine structure and the high Na-KATPase content of the quail nasal gland suggest that it is a salt gland.
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Krag B, Skadhauge E. Renal salt and water excretion in the budgerygah (Melopsittacus undulatus). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1972; 41:667-83. [PMID: 4401737 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(72)90021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Johnson OW, Phipps GL, Mugaas JN. Injection studies of cortical and medullary organization in the avian kidney. J Morphol 1972; 136:181-90. [PMID: 5009885 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051360204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Carey C, Morton ML. A comparison of salt and water regulation in California quail (Lophortyx californicus) and Gambel's quail (Lophortyx gambelii). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(71)90349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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