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Caparros Megido R, Poelaert C, Ernens M, Liotta M, Blecker C, Danthine S, Tyteca E, Haubruge É, Alabi T, Bindelle J, Francis F. Effect of household cooking techniques on the microbiological load and the nutritional quality of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L. 1758). Food Res Int 2018; 106:503-508. [PMID: 29579954 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mealworms are new food products in Europe, but consumers do not know how to cook them. Although cooking could increase the safety, acceptability, palatability, and digestibility of insects, the heating process could have deleterious effects on protein and lipid quality. Therefore, this study characterized the effects of different household cooking methods (boiling, pan-frying, vacuum cooking, and oven cooking) on the microbial load and nutritive value of mealworms, with a focus on protein digestibility and fatty acid composition. Boiling and cooking under vacuum were the most efficient techniques to reduce microbial load while maintaining the high levels of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids of mealworms. Cooking method-related changes were very low on macronutrients content except for pan-fried mealworms which exhibited the highest lipid content. Cooking slightly changed fatty acid composition of mealworms by principally decreasing their level of saturated fatty acids but also increased the in vitro crude protein digestibility of mealworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Caparros Megido
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Christine Poelaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Ernens
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marisa Liotta
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Christophe Blecker
- Food Science and Formulation, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sabine Danthine
- Food Science and Formulation, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Eva Tyteca
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Éric Haubruge
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Taofic Alabi
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Sixlegs S.A., ZAE Sainte Eugénie, Rue de Sainte Eugénie 40, 5060 Tamines, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Bindelle
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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The tardigrade cuticle II. Evidence for a dehydration-dependent permeability barrier in the intracuticle. Tissue Cell 2012; 21:263-79. [PMID: 18620263 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(89)90071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/1988] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tardigrades weighed during desiccation in high or low humidities show a short period of rapid transpiration followed by an abrupt decline in transpiration which virtually arrests water loss. The amount of water retained following this 'permeability slump' is greater at low rates of desiccation but the slump is not a metabolic phenomenon, being reproducible in dead or narcotised animals. Tardigrades rinsed in hot chloroform (62 degrees C) for 5 hr still show the characteristic permeability decline when desiccated in 80% RH. However, 25hr rinsing in hot chloroform apparently obliterates the slump. Estimates of the bound water content of tardigrades by DSC show that this can account for the dehydrated masses of these chloroform-rinsed animals and that all free water is probably transpired. Lipid analysis of the 25 hr chloroform extracts by GC-MS reveals several lipid classes, predominantly free fatty acids (C(12)-C(18)); these are not detectable in the 5 hr extracts. Control rinsing in hot water has no apparent effect on the permeability slump. TEM tracer studies with lanthanum show the lipid-rich intracuticle to serve as a transpiration barrier in dehydrated animals but not in fully hydrated specimens. There is thus strong support for the role of intracuticular lipids in effecting the permeability slump. A model to explain this phenomenon on the basis of lipid phase changes is postulated.
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Gołebiowski M, Maliński E, Nawrot J, Szafranek J, Stepnowski P. Identification of the cuticular lipid composition of the Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 147:288-92. [PMID: 17337349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis effectively resists many insecticides, but it can be controlled by the use of bioinsecticides such as entomopathogenic fungi. The epicuticular chemistry of these insects is therefore of great interest, and accordingly, the cuticular lipid composition of F. occidentalis was analysed. It was found that the cuticular lipids of both the adult and larval stages of F. occidentalis consist of two groups of compounds--hydrocarbons and free fatty acids. The same hydrocarbon pattern was found in both adults and larvae, with the exception of n-hentriacontane, which was detected only in adult insects. The following homologous series were identified: n-alkanes from C-25 to C-29 (31) with the marked dominance of odd numbers of carbon atoms, 3-methylalkanes with 26 and 28 carbon atoms, and branched monomethylalkanes (branched at C-9, -11, -13 and -15) with 26, 28 and 30 carbon atoms. The chemical composition of the free fatty acids consists of two homologous series: saturated (C(14:0), C(16:0), C(18:0)) and unsaturated fatty acids (C(16:1) and C(18:1)). This analysis confirmed the lack of potential inhibitors of entomopathogenic fungi in the cuticular lipids of this insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gołebiowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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