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Kalwar Q, Chu M, Korejo RA, Soomro H, Yan P. Cryopreservation of Yak Semen: A Comprehensive Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243451. [PMID: 36552371 PMCID: PMC9774175 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An urgent need to boost the sustainability and efficiency of animal production exists, owing to the growing global population. Enhancing the global fertility of animals, especially cattle, is essential to ameliorate this issue. Artificial insemination and sperm cryopreservation have a considerable and favorable influence on the quantity and quality of the cattle produced. Sperm cryopreservation is crucial for livestock production because it promotes and accelerates genetic diversity and the worldwide dispersion of animals with enhanced genetics. Owing to the importance of cryobiology in reproductive technologies, researchers are developing new approaches, and they are testing cryoprotectant drugs to enhance sperm cryosurvival. However, the viability of sperm after freezing is low and widely varies across breeding yaks. These faults are crucial because they impede advances in reproductive biotechnology and the study of mammalian gametes at a fundamental level. Using chemicals, researchers have developed and enhanced various extenders with varying degrees of efficiency to reduce cryodamage and oxidative stress. In this article, we review the cryopreservation of yak semen, the development of extenders, the difficulties faced during cryopreservation, and the evaluation of semen quality using various methodologies. This review might be helpful for researchers exploring semen cryopreservation in the future, as demand for enhanced cryopreservation exists to boost the post-thaw viability and fertility of sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qudratullah Kalwar
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (P.Y.); Tel.: +86-931-211-5288 (P.Y.); Fax: +86-931-211-5191 (P.Y.)
| | - Rashid Ali Korejo
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Hidayatullah Soomro
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (P.Y.); Tel.: +86-931-211-5288 (P.Y.); Fax: +86-931-211-5191 (P.Y.)
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Advances in sperm cryopreservation in farm animals: Cattle, horse, pig and sheep. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106904. [PMID: 34887155 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sperm cryopreservation is one of the most important procedures in the development of biotechnologies for assisted reproduction. In some farm animals, the use of cryopreserved sperm has so many benefits for which relevance has become more evident in recent decades. Values for post-thaw sperm quality, however, are variable among species and within individuals of the same species. There is no standardized methodology for each of the stages of the cryopreservation procedure (andrological examination, semen collection, dilution, centrifugation, resuspension of the pellet with the freezing medium, packaging, freezing and post-thaw sperm evaluation), which also contributes to differences among studies. Cryotolerance markers of sperm and seminal plasma (SP) have been evaluated for prediction of ejaculate freezability. In addition, in previous research, there has been a focus on supplementing cryopreservation media with different substances, such as enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. In most studies, inclusion of these substances have led to improved post-thaw sperm quality and fertilizing capacity as a result of minimizing the adverse effects on sperm structure and function. Another approach is the use of different cryoprotectants. The aim with this review article is to provide an update on sperm cryopreservation in farm animals. The main detrimental effects of cryopreservation are described, including the negative repercussion on reproductive performance. Furthermore, the potential use of molecular biomarkers to predict sperm cryotolerance is discussed, as well as the addition of substances that can mitigate the harmful impact of freezing and thawing on sperm.
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Akhtar MF, Ma Q, Li Y, Chai W, Zhang Z, Li L, Wang C. Effect of Sperm Cryopreservation in Farm Animals Using Nanotechnology. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172277. [PMID: 36077996 PMCID: PMC9454492 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm cryopreservation is one of the sublime biotechnologies for assisted reproduction. In recent decades, there has been an increasing trend in the use of preserved semen. Post-thaw semen quality and values vary among animals of the same species. Similarly, there are species-specific variations in sperm morphology, i.e., sperm head, kinetic properties, plasma membrane integrity, and freezability. Similarly, the viability of sperm varies in the female reproductive tract, i.e., from a few hours (in cattle) to several days (in chicken). Various steps of sperm cryopreservation, i.e., male health examination, semen collection, dilution, semen centrifugation, pre- and post-thaw semen quality evaluation, lack standardized methodology, that result in differences in opinions. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), including sperm preservation, are not applied to the same extent in commercial poultry species as in mammalian species for management and economic reasons. Sperm preservation requires a reduction in physiological metabolism by extending the viable duration of the gametes. Physiologically and morphologically, spermatozoa are unique in structure and function to deliver paternal DNA and activate oocytes after fertilization. Variations in semen and sperm composition account for better handling of semen, which can aid in improved fertility. This review aims to provide an update on sperm cryopreservation in farm animals.
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Addition of Reduced Glutathione (GSH) to Freezing Medium Reduces Intracellular ROS Levels in Donkey Sperm. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120302. [PMID: 34941829 PMCID: PMC8703656 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In donkeys, the use of frozen-thawed sperm for artificial insemination (AI) leads to low fertility rates. Furthermore, donkey sperm produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and post-AI inflammation induces the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis), which further generates many more ROS. These high ROS levels may induce lipid peroxidation in the sperm plasma membrane, thus affecting its integrity. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, mainly found in the seminal plasma (SP), are responsible for maintaining the redox balance. However, this fluid is removed prior to cryopreservation, thereby exposing sperm cells to further oxidative stress. The exogenous addition of antioxidants to the freezing medium can reduce the detrimental effects caused by ROS generation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate how the addition of different reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations (control, 2 mM, 4 mM, 6 mM, 8 mM, and 10 mM) to fresh sperm affect their cryotolerance. Total and progressive motility, kinematic parameters and motile sperm subpopulations were significantly (p < 0.05) different from the control in treatments containing 8 mM and 10 mM GSH, but not at lower concentrations. Plasma and acrosome membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and intracellular superoxide levels (O2−) were not affected (p > 0.05) by any GSH concentration. Interestingly, however, the addition of 8 mM or 10 mM GSH reduced (p < 0.05) the percentages of viable sperm with high overall ROS levels compared to the control. In conclusion, frozen-thawed donkey sperm are able to tolerate high GSH concentrations, which differs from what has been observed in other species. This antioxidant capacity suggests that ROS could be important during post-AI and that the impact of using exogenous antioxidants like GSH to improve the sperm resilience to freeze-thawing is limited in this species.
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Development of feline embryos produced using freeze-dried sperm. Theriogenology 2020; 147:71-76. [PMID: 32126383 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Freeze drying has been developed as a new sperm preservation method that eliminates the necessity of using liquid nitrogen. An advantage of freeze-dried sperm is that it can be stored at 4 °C and transported at room temperature. To develop assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) for domestic cats, we evaluated the effect of the freeze-dry procedure on cat sperm DNA by analyzing DNA integrity (experiment 1) and by generating cat embryos using freeze-dried sperm that had been preserved for several months (experiment 2). In experiment 1, the rate of DNA damage to freeze-dried sperm was not significantly different than that of sperm cryopreserved with liquid nitrogen (P > 0.05). In experiment 2, the proportions of cleaved embryos, morulae, and blastocysts and the cell number of blastocysts did not differ between experimental groups in which fresh sperm and freeze-dried sperm were used (P > 0.05). In addition, we generated feline blastocysts using freeze-dried sperm stored for 1-5 months. These results support an expansion of the repertoire of ARTs that are potentially applicable to both domestic and endangered species of cats.
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Ugur MR, Saber Abdelrahman A, Evans HC, Gilmore AA, Hitit M, Arifiantini RI, Purwantara B, Kaya A, Memili E. Advances in Cryopreservation of Bull Sperm. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:268. [PMID: 31552277 PMCID: PMC6736622 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of semen and artificial insemination have an important, positive impact on cattle production, and product quality. Through the use of cryopreserved semen and artificial insemination, sperm from the best breeding bulls can be used to inseminate thousands of cows around the world. Although cryopreservation of bull sperm has advanced beyond that of other species, there are still major gaps in the knowledge and technology bases. Post-thaw viability of sperm is still low and differs significantly among the breeding bulls. These weaknesses are important because they are preventing advances both in fundamental science of mammalian gametes and reproductive biotechnology. Various extenders have been developed and supplemented with chemicals to reduce cryodamage or oxidative stress with varying levels of success. More detailed insights on sperm morphology and function have been uncovered through application of advanced tools in modern molecular and cell biology. This article provides a concise review of progress in the cryopreservation of bull sperm, advances in extender development, and frontiers using diverse techniques of the study of sperm viability. This scientific resource is important in animal biotechnology because with the advances in discovery of sperm fertility markers, there is an urgent need to improve post-thaw viability and fertility of sperm through enhanced cryopreservation for precision agriculture to produce food animals to ensure food security on the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Rasit Ugur
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Amal Saber Abdelrahman
- Department of Clinic, Reproduction and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Holly C. Evans
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Alicia A. Gilmore
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Mustafa Hitit
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Raden Iis Arifiantini
- Department of Clinic, Reproduction and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Purwantara
- Department of Clinic, Reproduction and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Abdullah Kaya
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Erdogan Memili
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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Cohlen B, Bijkerk A, Van der Poel S, Ombelet W. IUI: review and systematic assessment of the evidence that supports global recommendations. Hum Reprod Update 2018; 24:300-319. [PMID: 29452361 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IUI with or without ovarian stimulation (OS) has become a first-line treatment option for many infertile couples, worldwide. The appropriate treatment modality for couples and their clinical management through IUI or IUI/OS cycles must consider maternal and perinatal outcomes, most notably the clinical complication of higher-order multiple pregnancies associated with IUI-OS. With a current global emphasis to continue to decrease maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity, the World Health Organization (WHO) had established a multi-year project to review the evidence for the establishment of normative guidance for the implementation of IUI as a treatment to address fertility problems, and to consider its cost-effectiveness for lower resource settings. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The objective of this review is to provide a review of the evidence of 13 prioritized questions that cover IUI with and without OS. We provide summary recommendations for the development of global, evidence-based guidelines based upon methodology established by the WHO. SEARCH METHODS We performed a comprehensive search using question-specific relevant search terms in May 2015. For each PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes) drafted by WHO, specific search terms were used to find the available evidence in MEDLINE (1950 to May 2015) and The Cochrane Library (until May 2015). After presentation to an expert panel, a further hand search of references in relevant reviews was performed up to January 2017. Articles that were found to be relevant were read and analysed by two investigators and critically appraised using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias, and AMSTAR in case of systematic reviews. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE system. An independent expert review process of our analysis was conducted in November 2016. OUTCOMES This review provides an assessment and synthesis of the evidence that covers 13 clinical questions including the indications for the use of IUI versus expectant management, the sperm parameters required, the best and optimal method of timing and number of inseminations per cycle, prevention strategies to decrease multiple gestational pregnancies, and the cost-effectiveness of IUI versus IVF. We provide an evidence-based formulation of 20 recommendations, as well as two best practice points that address the integration of methods for the prevention of infection in the IUI laboratory. The quality of the evidence ranges from very low to high, with evidence that may be decades old but of high quality, however, we further discuss where critical research gaps in the evidence remain. WIDER IMPLICATIONS This review presents an evidence synthesis assessment and includes recommendations that will assist health care providers worldwide with their decision-making when considering IUI treatments, with or without OS, for their patients presenting with fertility problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Cohlen
- Isala Fertility Center, Isala, Dr van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Aartjan Bijkerk
- Isala Fertility Center, Isala, Dr van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Sheryl Van der Poel
- WHO/HRP (the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction), Avenue Appia 20, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Willem Ombelet
- Genk Institute for Fertility Technology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium.,Department of Physiology, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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Sztein JM, Takeo T, Nakagata N. History of cryobiology, with special emphasis in evolution of mouse sperm cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2018; 82:57-63. [PMID: 29660317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Confucius said study the past if you would define the future and a popular statement says that history depends on who writes it. To talk about history it is necessary to find and define a milestone where to start the narration. The intention of this quick review is to take the reader through moments and selected publications; part and pieces of memories showing how the concept of cryopreservation, specifically for mouse sperm, was conceived and sustained as we know it today. Beginning with the development of the microscope (1677) and continuing through the 17th century with the first documented observation by L. Spallanzani describing that sperm could maintain the motility under cold conditions. As J. Sherman suggested, we divide the cryopreservation evolution into two sequences, previous to and after 1949 when Polge, Smith and Parkes discovered the property of glycerol as cryoprotectant. Later, in 1972, D. Whittingham, S. Leibo, and P. Mazur applying a slow freezing process achieved the first embryo freezing (mouse). During that time many theories were scientifically confirmed. Among those, Peter Mazur demonstrated the relation between the speed of freezing and intracellular ice formation, and Stanley Leibo that each cell type has their unique freezing curve. In 1950, after the discovery of the protective aspect of glycerol, sperm from many mammals were frozen, except from the mouse. It was in the early 90's when the mouse sperm freezing becomes important and it was a real challenge for many groups, nevertheless, the technique using skim milk and raffinose modified by Dr Nakagata was the beginning of a different story ….
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Sztein
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Verza Jr. S, Feijo CM, Esteves SC. Resistance of human spermatozoa to cryoinjury in repeated cycles of thaw-refreezing. Int Braz J Urol 2009; 35:581-90; discussion 591. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382009000500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Verza S, Esteves SC. Feasibility of refreezing human spermatozoa through the technique of liquid nitrogen vapor. Int Braz J Urol 2005; 30:487-93. [PMID: 15663806 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382004000600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of refreezing human semen using the technique of liquid nitrogen vapor with static phases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty samples from 16 subjects who required disposal of their cryopreserved semen were thawed, corresponding to 6 cancer patients and 10 participants in the assisted reproduction (AR) program. Samples were refrozen using the technique of liquid nitrogen vapor with static phases, identical to the one used for the initial freezing, and thawed again after 72 hours. We assessed the concentration of motile spermatozoa, total and progressive percent motility and spermatic vitality, according to criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as spermatic morphology according to the strict Kruger criterion, after the first and after the second thawing. RESULTS We observed a significant decrease in all the parameters evaluated between the first and the second thawing. Median values for the concentration of motile spermatozoa decreased from 2.0x10(6)/mL to 0.1x10(6)/mL (p < 0.01); total percent motility from 42% to 22.5% (p < 0.01); progressive percent motility from 34% to 9.5% (p < 0.01); vitality from 45% to 20% (p < 0.01); and morphology from 5% to 5% (p = 0.03). There was no significant difference in the spermatic parameters between the cancer and assisted reproduction groups, both after the first and after the second thawing. We observed that in 100% of cases there was retrieval of motile spermatozoa after the second thawing. CONCLUSION Refreezing of human semen by the technique of liquid nitrogen vapor allows the retrieval of viable spermatozoa after thawing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Verza
- Center for Male Infertility, ANDROFERT, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Esteves SC, Spaine DM, Cedenho AP, Srougi M. Effects of the technique of cryopreservation and dilution/centrifugation after thawing on the motility and vitality of spermatozoa of oligoasthenozoospermic men. Int Braz J Urol 2003; 29:133-9; discussion 139-40. [PMID: 15745496 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382003000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2003] [Accepted: 03/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comparing in human semen samples with low initial quality, the effects of 2 techniques of cryopreservation and dilution/centrifugation after thawing on the spermatic motility and vitality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semen samples from 15 oligo and/or asthenozoospermic individuals assisted in the infertility sector of a tertiary hospital were obtained through masturbation. The samples were divided into 2 portions of equal volume, and diluted (1:1; v/v) with the cryoprotector containing glycerol (Test yolk buffer). One portion was frozen through the technique of liquid nitrogen vapor with static phases (group I - GI), while the other was frozen through a programmable biological freezer with linear speed (Planer, Kryo 10, series III) (group II - GII). The following parameters were assessed before freezing and after thawing: percentage of spermatozoa with progressive motility (Prog%) and percentage of live spermatozoa (Vit%). After defrosting, Prog% was assessed before and after removal of cryoprotector diluent, in different time intervals (zero, 3 h, and 24 h). The statistical analysis has been accomplished by using the non-parametric tests of Wilcoxon and Friedman. RESULTS There was significant reduction of Prog% and Vit% from before freezing to after defrosting in both groups, I and II (p < 0.001). Values of Prog% and Vit% were not statistically different between groups, after thawing. It has been observed a significant reduction in Prog% among portions frozen with the automated technique after dilution and centrifugation for removal of cryoprotector (p = 0.006). After cryoprotector removal, Prog% has been kept unaltered, in both groups, during the first 3 hours of incubation, although being superior in group I (p = 0,04). There was a significant decrease in Prog% after 24 hours of incubation, in both groups (p < 0,01). CONCLUSION For human semen samples with low initial quality, freezing through vapor technique or through the automated technique showed to be equivalent in regarding recovery of live spermatozoa with progressive motility. The effects of dilution and centrifugation to remove the cryoprotector had a negative impact only in samples frozen through the automated technique. In both techniques, progressive motility is kept constant during the first 3 hours after thawing and removal of the cryoprotector, but is drastically diminished by the end of an incubation period of 24 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro C Esteves
- Laboratory of Human Reproduction, Division of Urology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Sztein JM, Noble K, Farley JS, Mobraaten LE. Comparison of permeating and nonpermeating cryoprotectants for mouse sperm cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2001; 42:28-39. [PMID: 11336487 DOI: 10.1006/cryo.2001.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mouse sperm has proven to be more difficult to cryopreserve than sperm of other mammalian species. Published reports show that only three cryoprotectant agents (CPAs), alone or combined, have been studied: glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), as permeating agents, and raffinose, as a nonpermeating agent. To date, the most consistent results for mouse sperm cryopreservation have been achieved by use of raffinose/skim milk as cryoprotectant with rapid cooling at 20 degrees C per minute. In this study, we compared the cryoprotection provided by permeating (glycerol, formamide, propanediol, DMSO, adonitol) or nonpermeating (lactose, raffinose, sucrose, trehalose, d-mannitol) compounds for freezing mouse sperm. Different solutions were made using 3% skim milk solution as the buffer or extender in which all different cryoprotectant agents were dissolved at a concentration of 0.3 M, with a final osmolality of approx. 400 mOsm. Sperm samples from CB6F1 (hybrid) and C57BL/6J (inbred) mice collected directly into each CPA were frozen/thawed under identical conditions. After thawing and CPA elimination (centrifugation) raffinose (59%), trehalose (61%), and sucrose (61%) sustained the best motility (P = < 0.1) of the nonpermeating agents, whereas the best of the permeating agents was DMSO (42%). Membrane integrity was analyzed and showed that the simple exposure (prefreeze) to sugars was less harmful than the exposure to glycols. Coincidentally, sperm frozen in trehalose (41%), raffinose (40.5%), and sucrose (37.5%) were the samples less injured among all different postthawed CPA tested. The in vitro fertilization results demonstrated that hybrid mouse spermatozoa frozen with sugars (lactose 80%, raffinose 80%, trehalose 79% of two-cell embryos production) were more fertile than those frozen with glycols (glycerol 11%).
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sztein
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
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Glander HJ, Herold W. Influence of cryopreservation on the microelectrophoretic motility (EPM) of human spermatozoa. Andrologia 1991; 23:263-7. [PMID: 1772138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1991.tb02556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The net surface charge of spermatozoa represents a characteristic of the plasmamembrane. It can be evaluated indirectly, by the measurement of the sperm electrophoretic motility (EPM). The EPM of washed human spermatozoa was determined in the microelectrophoresis to investigate three problems: (a) intra- and interindividual variation coefficients of EPM of cryopreserved spermatozoa, (b) effects of cryopreservation medium, temperature shock and cryoprotection on the EPM, (c) relationship between the EPM and the cryotolerance of the spermatozoa. The inter- and intrain-dividual variation coefficients of the sperm EPM of 24 cryopreserved semen samples of 6 fertile semen donors amounted to 7% and to 6%, respectively. The cryopreservation did not cause a significant change of sperm EPM in contrast to the temperature shock in liquid nitrogen. Temporary incubation of spermatozoa with egg yolk decreased their EPM. A significant correlation between EPM and the cryotolerance ascertained by the alteration of sperm motile efficiency could be found. After contact with egg yolk spermatozoa achieved a behaviour that corresponded to a better cryotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Glander
- Department of Dermatology/Andrology, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Behlmer SD, Brown G. Viability of cryopreserved spermatozoa of the horseshoe crab,Limulus polyphemusL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1080/01688170.1984.10510089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Silvestroni L, Sartori C, Modesti A, Frajese G. Preparation of pure fractions of human sperm membranes. ARCHIVES OF ANDROLOGY 1980; 4:221-30. [PMID: 7416846 DOI: 10.3109/01485018008986967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A procedure to isolate plasmalemma and outer acrosomal membranes from human spermatozoa provides reasonably purified fractions. Based on the shaking of samples in conditions that are not damaging for spermatozoa, this procedure excludes the use of chemical reagents or other chemicophysical methods harmful to sperm structure. The isolation of fractions is carried out by means of ultracentrifugation. The efficacy of the methodology has been verified by electron microscopy and by enzymological assays. The proposed method is easy to perform and gives good recoveries.
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Zell SR, Bamford MH, Hidu H. Cryopreservation of spermatozoa of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. Cryobiology 1979; 16:448-60. [PMID: 520008 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(79)90059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sherman JK, Liu KC. Relation of ice formation to ultrastructural cryoinjury and cryoprotection of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Cryobiology 1976; 13:599-608. [PMID: 991611 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(76)90002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sherman JK, Liu KC. Ultrastructural cryoinjury and cryoprotection of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Cryobiology 1973; 10:104-18. [PMID: 4737404 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(73)90016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sherman JK. Synopsis of the use of frozen human semen since 1964: state of the art of human semen banking. Fertil Steril 1973; 24:397-412. [PMID: 4735423 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)39678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sherman JK. Comparison of in vitro and in situ ultrastructural cryoinjury and cryoprotection of mitochondria. Cryobiology 1972; 9:112-22. [PMID: 5035146 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(72)90018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Koehler JK. The technique and application of freeze-etching in ultrastructure research. ADVANCES IN BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS 1968; 12:1-84. [PMID: 4880634 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9928-3.50005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sherman JK, Kim KS. Correlation of cellular ultrastructure before freezing, while frozen, and after thawing in assessing freeze-thaw-induced injury. Cryobiology 1967; 4:61-74. [PMID: 5584797 DOI: 10.1016/s0011-2240(67)80213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Shohet SB, Mohler WC. Low temperature preservation of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells--a method and review. Cryobiology 1967; 4:47-60. [PMID: 5239214 DOI: 10.1016/s0011-2240(67)80212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Bickis IJ, Kazaks K, Finn JJ, Henderson IW. Permeation kinetics of glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide in Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells. Cryobiology 1967; 4:1-10. [PMID: 4295696 DOI: 10.1016/s0011-2240(67)80180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Koehler JK. Fine structure observations in frozen-etched bovine spermatozoa. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1966; 16:359-75. [PMID: 5951723 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(66)80068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Mazur P. Theoretical and experimental effects of cooling and warming velocity on the survival of frozen and thawed cells. Cryobiology 1966; 2:181-92. [PMID: 5907602 DOI: 10.1016/s0011-2240(66)80165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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