Freezing of whole rat and dog kidney by perfusion of liquid nitrogen through the renal artery

Pretreatment effects of moxibustion on the skin permeation and skin and muscle concentrations of salicylate in rats

The effect of moxibustion on the in vitro and in vivo skin permeation of salicylate was evaluated in rats. First, the effect of moxibustion pretreatment on the elimination pharmacokinetics of salicylate after i.v. injection in rats was determined: no clear difference was observed in the plasma profiles of salicylate (SA) with or without moxibustion pretreatment. However, much higher skin and muscle concentrations of salicylate were observed after its i.v. injection. Next, an in vitro skin permeation study of SA was performed after moxibustion pretreatment. Moxibustion pretreatment increased the skin permeation of SA, and the extent of the increase in SA skin permeation was related to the strength of moxibustion ignition. More intense treatments produced higher skin permeation. A similar enhancement effect on the skin permeation of SA was observed in in vivo studies. Interestingly, the skin/plasma and muscle/plasma ratios of SA were markedly increased by moxibustion pretreatment. These results were due to the induction of enhanced skin permeation and lower clearance into the cutaneous vessels by moxibustion ignition. Combination treatment involving moxibustion and the topical application of drugs such as NSAID may be useful for increasing local pharmaceutical effects by enhancing the drug concentration in the skin and muscle underneath the topical application site.