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Jessus C, Munro C, Houliston E. Managing the Oocyte Meiotic Arrest-Lessons from Frogs and Jellyfish. Cells 2020; 9:E1150. [PMID: 32392797 PMCID: PMC7290932 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During oocyte development, meiosis arrests in prophase of the first division for a remarkably prolonged period firstly during oocyte growth, and then when awaiting the appropriate hormonal signals for egg release. This prophase arrest is finally unlocked when locally produced maturation initiation hormones (MIHs) trigger entry into M-phase. Here, we assess the current knowledge of the successive cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for keeping meiotic progression on hold. We focus on two model organisms, the amphibian Xenopus laevis, and the hydrozoan jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica. Conserved mechanisms govern the initial meiotic programme of the oocyte prior to oocyte growth and also, much later, the onset of mitotic divisions, via activation of two key kinase systems: Cdk1-Cyclin B/Gwl (MPF) for M-phase activation and Mos-MAPkinase to orchestrate polar body formation and cytostatic (CSF) arrest. In contrast, maintenance of the prophase state of the fully-grown oocyte is assured by highly specific mechanisms, reflecting enormous variation between species in MIHs, MIH receptors and their immediate downstream signalling response. Convergence of multiple signalling pathway components to promote MPF activation in some oocytes, including Xenopus, is likely a heritage of the complex evolutionary history of spawning regulation, but also helps ensure a robust and reliable mechanism for gamete production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jessus
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD - IBPS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Catriona Munro
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France;
- Inserm, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Evelyn Houliston
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France;
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Abstract
Oocyte maturation is a process that occurs in the ovaries, where an immature oocyte resumes meiosis to attain competence for normal fertilization after ovulation/spawning. In starfish, the hormone 1-methyladenine binds to an unidentified receptor on the plasma membrane of oocytes, inducing a conformational change in the heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein α-subunit (Gα), so that the α-subunit binds GTP in exchange of GDP on the plasma membrane. The GTP-binding protein βγ-subunit (Gβγ) is released from Gα, and the released Gβγ activates phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), followed by the target of rapamycin kinase complex2 (TORC2) and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1)-dependent phosphorylation of serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK) of ovarian oocytes. Thereafter, SGK activates Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) to increase the intracellular pH (pHi) from ~6.7 to ~6.9. Moreover, SGK phosphorylates Cdc25 and Myt1, thereby inducing the de-phosphorylation and activation of cyclin B–Cdk1, causing germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Both pHi increase and GVBD are required for spindle assembly at metaphase I, followed by MI arrest at pHi 6.9 until spawning. Due to MI arrest or SGK-dependent pHi control, spawned oocytes can be fertilized normally
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Chiba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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Hiraoka D, Hosoda E, Chiba K, Kishimoto T. SGK phosphorylates Cdc25 and Myt1 to trigger cyclin B-Cdk1 activation at the meiotic G2/M transition. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3597-3611. [PMID: 31537708 PMCID: PMC6829662 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinase cyclin B-Cdk1 complex is a master regulator of M-phase in both mitosis and meiosis. At the G2/M transition, cyclin B-Cdk1 activation is initiated by a trigger that reverses the balance of activities between Cdc25 and Wee1/Myt1 and is further accelerated by autoregulatory loops. In somatic cell mitosis, this trigger was recently proposed to be the cyclin A-Cdk1/Plk1 axis. However, in the oocyte meiotic G2/M transition, in which hormonal stimuli induce cyclin B-Cdk1 activation, cyclin A-Cdk1 is nonessential and hence the trigger remains elusive. Here, we show that SGK directly phosphorylates Cdc25 and Myt1 to trigger cyclin B-Cdk1 activation in starfish oocytes. Upon hormonal stimulation of the meiotic G2/M transition, SGK is activated by cooperation between the Gβγ-PI3K pathway and an unidentified pathway downstream of Gβγ, called the atypical Gβγ pathway. These findings identify the trigger in oocyte meiosis and provide insights into the role and activation of SGK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Hiraoka
- Science and Education Center, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Enako Hosoda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Chiba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kishimoto
- Science and Education Center, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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Hosoda E, Hiraoka D, Hirohashi N, Omi S, Kishimoto T, Chiba K. SGK regulates pH increase and cyclin B-Cdk1 activation to resume meiosis in starfish ovarian oocytes. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3612-3629. [PMID: 31537709 PMCID: PMC6829648 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) is essential for biological processes. Fully grown oocytes, having a large nucleus called the germinal vesicle, arrest at meiotic prophase I. Upon hormonal stimulus, oocytes resume meiosis to become fertilizable. At this time, the pHi increases via Na+/H+ exchanger activity, although the regulation and function of this change remain obscure. Here, we show that in starfish oocytes, serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK) is activated via PI3K/TORC2/PDK1 signaling after hormonal stimulus and that SGK is required for this pHi increase and cyclin B-Cdk1 activation. When we clamped the pHi at 6.7, corresponding to the pHi of unstimulated ovarian oocytes, hormonal stimulation induced cyclin B-Cdk1 activation; thereafter, oocytes failed in actin-dependent chromosome transport and spindle assembly after germinal vesicle breakdown. Thus, this SGK-dependent pHi increase is likely a prerequisite for these events in ovarian oocytes. We propose a model that SGK drives meiotic resumption via concomitant regulation of the pHi and cell cycle machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enako Hosoda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisaku Hiraoka
- Science and Education Center, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Saki Omi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kishimoto
- Science and Education Center, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Chiba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
1-Methyladenine (1-MeAde) in starfish was the first compound to be identified as an oocyte maturation-inducing substance (MIS) among invertebrates in 1969 by Kanatani and co-workers. In starfish, the ripe ovary contains a huge number of fully grown oocytes of almost equal size. Each oocyte possesses a large nucleus (germinal vesicle, GV), which is arrested in late prophase of the first maturation division. The oocyte is surrounded by a single follicle layer. Such immature oocytes are not fertilisable. Resumption of meiosis in immature oocytes can be induced by 1-MeAde, and the mature oocytes thus become fertilisable (Kanatani et al., 1969; Kanatani, 1985). 1-MeAde is produced by ovarian follicle cells upon stimulation with a gonad-stimulating substance (GSS) released from the radial nerves (Fig. 1).It has been demonstrated that GSS is a peptide hormone (Kanatani et al., 1971). The action of GSS on 1-MeAde production in follicle cells appears to be mediated by its receptor, G-proteins and adenylyl cyclase (Mita & Nagahama, 1991). These findings suggest that a G-protein coupled (seven transmembrane type) receptor is involved in GSS signal transduction, similarly to the pituitary-gonadal axis in vertebrates.Thus, using degenerate probes derived from consensus sequences of the mammalian glycoprotein hormone (GTH and TSH) receptors, cDNA was cloned from mRNA of ovaries of Asterina pectinifera. The cDNA showed striking structural homology with members of the glycoprotein hormone receptor family in the transmembrane region, and contained a very large extracellular region. Expression was observed in isolated ovarian follicle cells. Thus, it seems likely that the glycoprotein hormone receptor (GTHR) family gene is related to GSS receptor in ovarian follicle cells. The phylogenic relatedness of the starfish GTHR was also assessed in relation to other vertebrate GTHRs. The analysis showed that the starfish gene diverged before differentiation of the gonadotropin (LH and FSH) and TSH receptors in vertebrates.
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Toraya T, Kuyama A, Tanaka S, Yamamoto M, Ohmiya T, Saito Y, Tanabe T. Affinity chromatography of a binder of 1-methyladenine, the maturation-inducing hormone for starfish oocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:1055-1061. [PMID: 28366629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Starfish oocytes are arrested at the prophase stage of the first meiotic division in the ovary. They resume meiosis by the stimulus of 1-methyladenine (1-MeAde), the maturation-inducing hormone for starfish oocytes. Putative 1-MeAde receptors have been suggested to be present on the oocyte surface, but not yet been characterized biochemically. As reported recently (T. Toraya, T. Kida, A. Kuyama, S. Matsuda, S. Tanaka, Y. Komatsu, T. Tsurukai, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 485 (2017) 41-46), it became possible to detect unknown 1-MeAde binders of starfish oocytes by immunophotoaffinity labeling, i.e., photoaffinity labeling combined with immunochemical detection. We designed and synthesized water-soluble and insoluble polymer-bound 1-MeAde derivatives. A water-soluble polymer-bound 1-MeAde derivative, in which 1-MeAde is bound to dextran through an N6-substituent, triggered the germinal-vesicle breakdown toward follicle-free oocytes, dejellied oocytes, and denuded oocytes. This is consistent with the idea that putative 1-MeAde receptors are located on the cell surface of starfish oocytes. A water-insoluble polymer-bound 1-MeAde derivative, in which 1-MeAde is bound to Sepharose 4B through an N6-substituent, served as an effective affinity adsorbent for the partial purification of a 1-MeAde binder with Mr of 47.5 K that might be a possible candidate of the maturation-inducing hormone receptors of starfish oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Toraya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kuyama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiichi Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masatoyo Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tadamasa Ohmiya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuri Saito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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López-Cardona AP, Pérez-Cerezales S, Fernández-González R, Laguna-Barraza R, Pericuesta E, Agirregoitia N, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Agirregoitia E. CB 1 cannabinoid receptor drives oocyte maturation and embryo development via PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways. FASEB J 2017; 31:3372-3382. [PMID: 28428264 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601382rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids have been recognized as mediators of practically all reproductive events in mammals. However, little is known about the role of this system in oocyte maturation. In a mouse model, we observed that activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) during in vitro oocyte maturation modulated the phosphorylation status of Akt and ERK1/2 and enhanced the subsequent embryo production. In the absence of CB1, in vivo oocyte maturation was impaired and embryo development delayed. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) was unable to rescue these effects. Finally, we confirmed abnormal oocyte maturation rather than impaired embryonic transport through the oviduct in CB1 knockouts. Our data suggest that cannabinoid agonists may be useful in vitro maturation supplements. For in vitro fertilization patients intolerant to gonadotropins, this could be a promising and only option.-López-Cardona, A. P., Pérez-Cerezales, S., Fernández-González, R., Laguna-Barraza, R., Pericuesta, E., Agirregoitia, N., Gutiérrez-Adán, A., Agirregoitia, E. CB1 cannabinoid receptor drives oocyte maturation and embryo development via PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Patricia López-Cardona
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain.,Groupo de Investigación (G.I.)-Biogénesis, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Serafín Pérez-Cerezales
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Fernández-González
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Laguna-Barraza
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Pericuesta
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Naiara Agirregoitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia
| | - Alfonso Gutiérrez-Adán
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ekaitz Agirregoitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia
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Toraya T, Kida T, Kuyama A, Matsuda S, Tanaka S, Komatsu Y, Tsurukai T. Immunophotoaffinity labeling of binders of 1-methyladenine, the oocyte maturation-inducing hormone of starfish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:41-46. [PMID: 28174006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Starfish oocytes are arrested at the prophase stage of the first meiotic division in the ovary and resume meiosis by the stimulus of 1-methyladenine (1-MeAde), the oocyte maturation-inducing hormone of starfish. Putative 1-MeAde receptors on the oocyte surface have been suggested, but not yet been biochemically characterized. Immunophotoaffinity labeling, i.e., photoaffinity labeling combined with immunochemical detection, was attempted to detect unknown 1-MeAde binders including putative maturation-inducing hormone receptors in starfish oocytes. When the oocyte crude membrane fraction or its Triton X-100/EDTA extract was incubated with N6-[6-(5-azido-2-nitrobenzoyl)aminohexyl]carboxamidomethyl-1-methyladenine and then photo-irradiated, followed by western blotting with antibody that was raised against a 1-MeAde hapten, a single band with Mr of 47.5 K was detected. The band was lost when extract was heated at 100 °C. A similar 47.5 K band was detected in the crude membrane fraction of testis as well. Upon labeling with whole cells, this band was detected in immature and maturing oocytes, but only faintly in mature oocytes. As judged from these results, this 1-MeAde binder might be a possible candidate of the starfish maturation-inducing hormone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Toraya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Kida
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuyama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Matsuda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiichi Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yo Komatsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Taro Tsurukai
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Jaffe LA, Egbert JR. Regulation of Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis by Intercellular Communication Within the Ovarian Follicle. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 79:237-260. [PMID: 27860834 PMCID: PMC5305431 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Meiotic progression in mammalian preovulatory follicles is controlled by the granulosa cells around the oocyte. Cyclic GMP (cGMP) generated in the granulosa cells diffuses through gap junctions into the oocyte, maintaining meiotic prophase arrest. Luteinizing hormone then acts on receptors in outer granulosa cells to rapidly decrease cGMP. This occurs by two complementary pathways: cGMP production is decreased by dephosphorylation and inactivation of the NPR2 guanylyl cyclase, and cGMP hydrolysis is increased by activation of the PDE5 phosphodiesterase. The cGMP decrease in the granulosa cells results in rapid cGMP diffusion out of the oocyte, initiating meiotic resumption. Additional, more slowly developing mechanisms involving paracrine signaling by extracellular peptides (C-type natriuretic peptide and EGF receptor ligands) maintain the low level of cGMP in the oocyte. These coordinated signaling pathways ensure a fail-safe system to prepare the oocyte for fertilization and reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurinda A Jaffe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030; ,
| | - Jeremy R Egbert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030; ,
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Hiraoka D, Aono R, Hanada SI, Okumura E, Kishimoto T. Two new competing pathways establish the threshold for cyclin-B-Cdk1 activation at the meiotic G2/M transition. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3153-66. [PMID: 27390173 PMCID: PMC5004895 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.182170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ligands control biological phenomena. Cells distinguish physiological stimuli from weak noise stimuli by establishing a ligand-concentration threshold. Hormonal control of the meiotic G2/M transition in oocytes is essential for reproduction. However, the mechanism for threshold establishment is unclear. In starfish oocytes, maturation-inducing hormones activate the PI3K–Akt pathway through the Gβγ complex of heterotrimeric G-proteins. Akt directly phosphorylates both Cdc25 phosphatase and Myt1 kinase, resulting in activation of cyclin-B–Cdk1, which then induces meiotic G2/M transition. Here, we show that cyclin-B–Cdk1 is partially activated after subthreshold hormonal stimuli, but this triggers negative feedback, resulting in dephosphorylation of Akt sites on Cdc25 and Myt1, thereby canceling the signal. We also identified phosphatase activity towards Akt substrates that exists independent of stimuli. In contrast to these negative regulatory activities, an atypical Gβγ-dependent pathway enhances PI3K–Akt-dependent phosphorylation. Based on these findings, we propose a model for threshold establishment in which hormonal dose-dependent competition between these new pathways establishes a threshold; the atypical Gβγ-pathway becomes predominant over Cdk-dependent negative feedback when the stimulus exceeds this threshold. Our findings provide a regulatory connection between cell cycle and signal transduction machineries. Summary: Ligand–dose thresholds control ligand-dependent responses. To establish the hormonal threshold for driving meiosis, a stimulus-dependent positive regulatory pathway competes against negative feedback from cell cycle machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Hiraoka
- Science and Education Center, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Ryota Aono
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hanada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Eiichi Okumura
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takeo Kishimoto
- Science and Education Center, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Synthesis of Some 1-Methyladenine Analogs and Their Biological Activities on Starfish Oocyte Maturation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 62:72-7. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.62.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Immunophotoaffinity labeling of the binding proteins for 1-methyladenine, an oocyte maturation-inducing hormone of starfish. Methods Mol Biol 2014. [PMID: 24567225 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-974-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Starfish oocytes are naturally arrested at the prophase stage of the first meiotic division and resume meiosis in response to 1-methyladenine (1-MeAde), the oocyte maturation-inducing hormone of starfish. Putative receptors for 1-MeAde have not yet been characterized biochemically, although the specific binding of 1-MeAde to the isolated cortices of starfish oocytes was reported so far. Based on the structure-activity relationship of 1-MeAde analogs, we have designed a photoaffinity labeling reagent. The photoaffinity labeling of oocyte membrane fractions, followed by immunoblotting analysis with anti-1-MeAde antibody, results in the detection of an almost single protein band. This 1-MeAde-binding protein might be a possible candidate of the maturation-inducing hormone receptor of starfish.
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Kishimoto T. A primer on meiotic resumption in starfish oocytes: the proposed signaling pathway triggered by maturation-inducing hormone. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:704-7. [PMID: 21714029 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This short review updates the maturation-inducing hormonal signaling in starfish oocytes. In this system, the activation of cyclin B-Cdc2 kinase (Cdk1) that leads to meiotic resumption does not require new protein synthesis. The key intracellular mediator after hormonal stimulation by 1-methyladenine is the protein kinase Akt/PKB, which in turn directly downregulates Myt1 and upregulates Cdc25 toward the activation of cyclin B-Cdc2. Mitotic kinases including Aurora, Plk1 and Greatwall are activated downstream of cyclin B-Cdc2. The starfish oocyte thus provides a simple model system for the study of meiotic resumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama, Japan.
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14
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Guanine nucleotides in the meiotic maturation of starfish oocytes: regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and of Ca(2+) signaling. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6296. [PMID: 19617909 PMCID: PMC2706993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Starfish oocytes are arrested at the first prophase of meiosis until they are stimulated by 1-methyladenine (1-MA). The two most immediate responses to the maturation-inducing hormone are the quick release of intracellular Ca2+ and the accelerated changes of the actin cytoskeleton in the cortex. Compared with the later events of oocyte maturation such as germinal vesicle breakdown, the molecular mechanisms underlying the early events involving Ca2+ signaling and actin changes are poorly understood. Herein, we have studied the roles of G-proteins in the early stage of meiotic maturation. Methodology/Principal Findings By microinjecting starfish oocytes with nonhydrolyzable nucleotides that stabilize either active (GTPγS) or inactive (GDPβS) forms of G-proteins, we have demonstrated that: i) GTPγS induces Ca2+ release that mimics the effect of 1-MA; ii) GDPβS completely blocks 1-MA-induced Ca2+; iii) GDPβS has little effect on the amplitude of the Ca2+ peak, but significantly expedites the initial Ca2+ waves induced by InsP3 photoactivation, iv) GDPβS induces unexpectedly striking modification of the cortical actin networks, suggesting a link between the cytoskeletal change and the modulation of the Ca2+ release kinetics; v) alteration of cortical actin networks with jasplakinolide, GDPβS, or actinase E, all led to significant changes of 1-MA-induced Ca2+ signaling. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, these results indicate that G-proteins are implicated in the early events of meiotic maturation and support our previous proposal that the dynamic change of the actin cytoskeleton may play a regulatory role in modulating intracellular Ca2+ release.
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Mehlmann LM, Kalinowski RR, Ross LF, Parlow AF, Hewlett EL, Jaffe LA. Meiotic resumption in response to luteinizing hormone is independent of a Gi family G protein or calcium in the mouse oocyte. Dev Biol 2006; 299:345-55. [PMID: 16949564 PMCID: PMC1864934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The signaling pathway by which luteinizing hormone (LH) acts on the somatic cells of vertebrate ovarian follicles to stimulate meiotic resumption in the oocyte requires a decrease in cAMP in the oocyte, but how cAMP is decreased is unknown. Activation of Gi family G proteins can lower cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase or stimulating a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, but we show here that inhibition of this class of G proteins by injection of pertussis toxin into follicle-enclosed mouse oocytes does not prevent meiotic resumption in response to LH. Likewise, elevation of Ca2+ can lower cAMP through its action on Ca2+-sensitive adenylate cyclases or phosphodiesterases, but inhibition of a Ca2+ rise by injection of EGTA into follicle-enclosed mouse oocytes does not inhibit the LH response. Thus, neither of these well-known mechanisms of cAMP regulation can account for LH signaling to the oocyte in the mouse ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Mehlmann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032
| | - Rebecca R. Kalinowski
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032
| | - Lavinia F. Ross
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032
| | - Albert F. Parlow
- National Hormone and Peptide Program, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509
| | - Erik L. Hewlett
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Laurinda A. Jaffe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032
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16
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Mehlmann LM. Stops and starts in mammalian oocytes: recent advances in understanding the regulation of meiotic arrest and oocyte maturation. Reproduction 2006; 130:791-9. [PMID: 16322539 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes grow and undergo meiosis within ovarian follicles. Oocytes are arrested at the first meiotic prophase, held in meiotic arrest by the surrounding follicle cells until a surge of LH from the pituitary stimulates the immature oocyte to resume meiosis. Meiotic arrest depends on a high level of cAMP within the oocyte. This cAMP is generated by the oocyte, through the stimulation of the G(s) G-protein by the G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR3. Stimulation of meiotic maturation by LH occurs via its action on the surrounding somatic cells rather than on the oocyte itself. LH induces the expression of epidermal growth factor-like proteins in the mural granulosa cells that act on the cumulus cells to trigger oocyte maturation. The signaling pathway between the cumulus cells and the oocyte, however, remains unknown. This review focuses on recent studies highlighting the importance of the oocyte in producing cAMP to maintain arrest, and discusses possible targets at the level of the oocyte on which LH could act to stimulate meiotic resumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Mehlmann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Fertilization calcium waves are introduced, and the evidence from which we can infer general mechanisms of these waves is presented. The two main classes of hypotheses put forward to explain the generation of the fertilization calcium wave are set out, and it is concluded that initiation of the fertilization calcium wave can be most generally explained in invertebrates by a mechanism in which an activating substance enters the egg from the sperm on sperm-egg fusion, activating the egg by stimulating phospholipase C activation through a src family kinase pathway and in mammals by the diffusion of a sperm-specific phospholipase C from sperm to egg on sperm-egg fusion. The fertilization calcium wave is then set into the context of cell cycle control, and the mechanism of repetitive calcium spiking in mammalian eggs is investigated. Evidence that calcium signals control cell division in early embryos is reviewed, and it is concluded that calcium signals are essential at all three stages of cell division in early embryos. Evidence that phosphoinositide signaling pathways control the resumption of meiosis during oocyte maturation is considered. It is concluded on balance that the evidence points to a need for phosphoinositide/calcium signaling during resumption of meiosis. Changes to the calcium signaling machinery occur during meiosis to enable the production of a calcium wave in the mature oocyte when it is fertilized; evidence that the shape and structure of the endoplasmic reticulum alters dynamically during maturation and after fertilization is reviewed, and the link between ER dynamics and the cytoskeleton is discussed. There is evidence that calcium signaling plays a key part in the development of patterning in early embryos. Morphogenesis in ascidian, frog, and zebrafish embryos is briefly described to provide the developmental context in which calcium signals act. Intracellular calcium waves that may play a role in axis formation in ascidian are discussed. Evidence that the Wingless/calcium signaling pathway is a strong ventralizing signal in Xenopus, mediated by phosphoinositide signaling, is adumbrated. The central role that calcium channels play in morphogenetic movements during gastrulation and in ectodermal and mesodermal gene expression during late gastrulation is demonstrated. Experiments in zebrafish provide a strong indication that calcium signals are essential for pattern formation and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Whitaker
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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18
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Pace MC, Thomas P. Activation of a pertussis toxin-sensitive, inhibitory G-protein is necessary for steroid-mediated oocyte maturation in spotted seatrout. Dev Biol 2005; 285:70-9. [PMID: 16099448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2004] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oocyte maturation (OM) is initiated in lower vertebrates and echinoderms when maturation-inducing substances (MIS) bind oocyte membrane receptors. This study tested the hypothesis that activation of a G(i) protein is necessary for MIS-mediated OM in spotted seatrout. Addition of MIS significantly decreased adenylyl cyclase activity in a steroid specific, pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive manner in oocyte membranes and microinjection of PTX into oocytes inhibited MIS-induced OM, suggesting the steroid activates a G(i) protein. MIS significantly increased [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding to ovarian membranes, confirming that MIS receptor binding activates a G-protein, and immunoprecipitation studies showed the increased [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding was associated with Galpha(i1-3) proteins. Radioligand binding studies in ovarian membranes using GTPgammaS and PTX demonstrated that the MIS binds a receptor coupled to a PTX-sensitive G-protein. This study provides the first direct evidence in a vertebrate model that MIS-induced activation of a G(i) protein is necessary for OM. These results support a mechanism of MIS action involving binding to a novel, G-protein coupled receptor and activation of an inhibitory G-protein, the most comprehensive and plausible model of MIS initiation of OM proposed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Pace
- The University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
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19
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Voronina E, Wessel GM. βγ subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins contribute to Ca2+ release at fertilization in the sea urchin. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:5995-6005. [PMID: 15536121 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cytoplasmic Ca2+ transient is required for egg activation at fertilization in all animals. The pathway leading to release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum in echinoderms includes activation of a SRC homolog, followed by phospholipase Cγ activation, and formation of inositol trisphosphate. However, the upstream activators or modulators of this signaling pathway are not known. We recently identified four Gα subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins present in the sea urchin egg, and here we find that activation of G-proteins of the Gαs and Gαq type, but not Gαi or Gα12 type, is required for normal Ca2+ dynamics at fertilization. The effects of these G-proteins are mediated by the Gβγ subunits, occur upstream of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ release, and influence both the amplitude of Ca2+ release and the duration of the lag phase. We propose integration of the G-protein input into the framework of signaling at sea urchin fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Voronina
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 69 Brown Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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20
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Hiraoka D, Hori-Oshima S, Fukuhara T, Tachibana K, Okumura E, Kishimoto T. PDK1 is required for the hormonal signaling pathway leading to meiotic resumption in starfish oocytes. Dev Biol 2004; 276:330-6. [PMID: 15581868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Meiotic resumption is generally under the control of an extracellular maturation-inducing hormone. It is equivalent to the G2-M phase transition in somatic cell mitosis and is regulated by cyclin B-Cdc2 kinase. However, the complete signaling pathway from the hormone to cyclin B-Cdc2 is yet unclear in any organism. A model system to analyze meiotic resumption is the starfish oocyte, in which Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) plays a key mediator in hormonal signaling that leads to cyclin B-Cdc2 activation. Here we show in starfish oocytes that when PDK1 activity is inhibited by a neutralizing antibody, maturation-inducing hormone fails to induce cyclin B-Cdc2 activation at the meiotic G2-M phase transition, even though PDK2 activity becomes detectable. These observations assign a novel role to PDK1 for a hormonal signaling intermediate toward meiotic resumption. They further support that PDK2 is a molecule distinct from PDK1 and Akt, and that PDK2 activity is not sufficient for the full activation of Akt in the absence of PDK1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Hiraoka
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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21
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Oita E, Harada K, Chiba K. Degradation of Polyubiquitinated Cyclin B Is Blocked by the MAPK Pathway at the Metaphase I Arrest in Starfish Oocytes. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:18633-40. [PMID: 14985367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311122200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the starfish ovary, maturing oocytes stimulated by 1-methyladenine undergo synchronous germinal vesicle breakdown and then arrest in metaphase of the first meiotic division (metaphase I). Immediately after spawning, an increase of intracellular pH (pH(i)) from approximately 7.0 to approximately 7.3 is induced by Na(+)/H(+) antiporter in oocytes, and meiosis reinitiation occurs. Here we show that an endogenous substrate of the proteasome, polyubiquitinated cyclin B, was stable at pH 7.0, whereas it was degraded at pH 7.3. When the MAPK pathway was blocked by MEK inhibitor U0126, degradation of polyubiquitinated cyclin B occurred even at pH 7.0 without an increase of the peptidase activity of the proteasome. These results indicate that the proteasome activity at pH 7.0 is sufficient for degradation of polyubiquitinated cyclin B and that the MAPK pathway blocks the degradation of polyubiquitinated cyclin B in the maturing oocytes in the ovary. Immediately after spawning, the increase in pH(i) mediated by Na(+)/H(+) antiporter cancels the inhibitory effects of the MAPK pathway, resulting in the degradation of polyubiquitinated cyclin B and the release of the arrest. Thus, the key step of metaphase I arrest in starfish oocytes occurs after the polyubiqutination of cyclin B but before cyclin B proteolysis by the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Oita
- Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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22
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Voronina E, Wessel GM. Regulatory contribution of heterotrimeric G-proteins to oocyte maturation in the sea urchin. Mech Dev 2004; 121:247-59. [PMID: 15003628 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Revised: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of animal oocyte maturation is hypothesized to involve heterotrimeric G-proteins. It is difficult to test this hypothesis though without knowing what G-proteins are present in these cells and where are they localized. We set out to test the hypothesis that G-proteins regulate maturation in the sea urchin oocyte by identifying resident G-proteins in oocytes and eggs, and then investigating their function. We find four families of G-protein alpha-subunits (Galphai, Galphaq, Galphas, and Galpha12) present in both oocytes and eggs of the sea urchin. Three of them, Galphai, Galphaq, and Galphas are present on the plasma membrane of the oocyte, while the fourth is located on cytoplasmic vesicles. Upon oocyte maturation, these proteins remain in eggs, and continue to be expressed in embryonic tissues. To test the functional contribution of the G-proteins to the regulation of oocyte maturation, we employ specific intervening reagents, including antibodies and competitor peptides to each Galpha subunit, and specific Galpha toxins. We find that Gi is a main candidate for a positive regulator of sea urchin oocyte maturation. These studies provide a foundation to further test specific hypotheses of the G-protein mediated regulation of oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early development in the sea urchin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Voronina
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 69 Brown Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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23
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Kalinowski RR, Jaffe LA, Foltz KR, Giusti AF. A receptor linked to a Gi-family G-protein functions in initiating oocyte maturation in starfish but not frogs. Dev Biol 2003; 253:139-49. [PMID: 12490203 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2002.0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The stimulation of oocyte maturation by 1-methyladenine in starfish, and by a steroid in frogs, has been proposed to involve G-protein-coupled receptors. To examine whether activation of receptors linked to G(i) or G(z) was sufficient to cause oocyte maturation, we expressed mammalian G(i)- and G(z)-linked receptors in starfish and frog oocytes. Application of the corresponding agonists caused meiosis to resume in the starfish but not the frog oocytes. We confirmed that the receptors were effectively expressed in the frog oocytes by using a chimeric G-protein, G(qi), that converts input from G(i)- and G(z)-linked receptors to a G(q) output and results in a contraction of the oocyte's pigment. These results argue against G(i) or G(z) functioning to cause maturation in frog oocytes. Consistently, maturation-inducing steroids did not cause pigment contraction in frog oocytes expressing G(qi), and G(z) protein was not detectable in frog oocytes. For starfish oocytes, however, our results support the conclusion that G(i) functions in 1-methyladenine signaling and suggest the possibility of using frog oocyte pigment contraction as an assay to identify the 1-methyladenine receptor. To test this concept, we coexpressed G(qi) and a starfish adenosine receptor in frog oocytes and showed that applying adenosine caused pigment contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Kalinowski
- Department of Physiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Voronina
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Brown University, 69 Brown St, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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25
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Thomas P, Zhu Y, Pace M. Progestin membrane receptors involved in the meiotic maturation of teleost oocytes: a review with some new findings. Steroids 2002; 67:511-7. [PMID: 11960629 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(01)00180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine control of oocyte maturation in fish has proven to be a valuable model for investigating rapid, nongenomic steroid actions at the cell surface. Considerable progress has been made over the last decade in identifying and characterizing progestin membrane receptors mediating these actions in fish, in understanding the hormonal regulation and physiological roles of these receptors in oocyte maturation, in elucidating the signal transduction pathways they activate, and in determining their nature. Recent advances on these topics are briefly reviewed. New data demonstrating the involvement of pertussis toxin-sensitive inhibitory G-proteins in induction of oocyte maturation by the maturation-inducing steroid (MIS) in teleosts is also presented. In addition, the cloning strategy to isolate the MIS receptor gene from spotted seatrout ovaries and the characteristics of a novel gene and protein discovered by this approach are discussed. Current evidence suggests this G-protein-coupled receptor-like protein is the long sought after MIS receptor mediating meiotic maturation of teleost oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomas
- University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, 750 Channelview Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
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26
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Lim D, Kyozuka K, Gragnaniello G, Carafoli E, Santella L. NAADP+ initiates the Ca2+ response during fertilization of starfish oocytes. FASEB J 2001; 15:2257-67. [PMID: 11641253 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0157com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have explored the role of the recently discovered second messenger nicotinic acid adenine nucleotide phosphate (NAADP+) in Ca2+ swings that accompany the fertilization process in starfish oocytes. The injection of NAADP+ deep into the cytoplasm of oocytes matured by the hormone 1-methyladenine (1-MA), mobilized Ca2+ exclusively in the cortical layer, showing that the NAADP+-sensitive Ca2+ pool is restricted to the subplasma membrane region of the cell. At variance with this, InsP3 initiated the liberation of Ca2+ next to the point of injection in the center of the cell. The initial cortical Ca2+ liberation induced by NAADP+ was followed by a spreading of the Ca2+ wave to the remainder of the cell and by a massive cortical granule exocytosis similar to that routinely observed on injection of InsP3. A striking difference in the responses to NAADP+ and InsP3 was revealed by the removal of the nucleus from immature oocytes, i.e., from oocytes not treated with 1-MA. Whereas the Ca2+ response and the cortical granule exocytosis induced by NAADP+ were unaffected by the removal of the nucleus, the Ca2+ response promoted by InsP3 was significantly slowed. In addition, the cortical granule exocytosis was completely abolished. When enucleated oocytes were fertilized, the spermatozoon still promoted the Ca2+ wave and normal cortical exocytosis, strongly suggesting that the Ca2+ response was mediated by NAADP+ and not by InsP3. InsP3-sensitive Ca2+ stores may mediate the propagation of the wave initiated by NAADP+ since its spreading was strongly affected by removal of the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lim
- Asamushi Marine Biological Station, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
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27
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Mita M, Yoshikuni M, Nagahama Y, Maekawa M, Saito M, Saneyoshi M. Interaction of N1-substituted adenines with 1-methyladenine receptors of starfish oocytes in induction of maturation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 130:427-34. [PMID: 11567906 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Starfish oocytes are arrested naturally in the late G(2) phase of the first meiotic division. In response to the natural maturation-inducing hormone, 1-methyladenine (1-MA), oocytes undergo reinitiation of meiosis with germinal vesicle breakdown. We tested 10 newly synthesized N1-substituted adenines that are 1-MA analogues to analyze the interaction between 1-MA and its stereo-specific receptors on the oocyte plasma membranes of the starfish Asterina pectinifera. Among these analogues, 1-(beta-naphthylmethyl)adenine, 1-aminoadenine and 1-(p-nitrobenzyl)adenine played agonistic roles in the induction of oocyte maturation. 1-(o-Nitrobenzyl)adenine, 1-(m-nitrobenzyl)adenine, 1-phenethyladenine and 1-(p-nitrophenethyl)adenine had antagonist effects on 1-MA-induced oocyte maturation. These agonists and antagonists behaved competitively in the binding of [3H]1-MA to receptors in oocyte cortices. In contrast, 1-(alpha-naphthylmethyl)adenine, 1-(2,4-dinitrobenzyl)adenine and 1-(p-methoxybenzyl)adenine had no effects on oocyte maturation. Our results suggest that regional-specific sterical structures at the N1-site of adenine are important in the interaction between 1-MA and its receptors in oocytes. In addition, a negative charge at the N1-site of adenine is required for binding with the receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mita
- Teikyo Junior College, 6-31-1 Honmachi, Shibuya-ku, 151-0092, Tokyo, Japan.
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28
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Sasaki K, Chiba K. Fertilization blocks apoptosis of starfish eggs by inactivation of the MAP kinase pathway. Dev Biol 2001; 237:18-28. [PMID: 11518502 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fully grown starfish oocytes are arrested at prophase of meiosis I. The hormonal stimulation of 1-methyladenine (1-MA) induces meiosis reinitiation and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Optimal development occurs when maturing oocytes are fertilized between GVBD and first polar body emission. In the absence of sperm, oocytes complete both meiotic divisions to yield haploid interphase-arrested eggs. We now report that spontaneous and synchronous activation of caspase-3 in starfish eggs occurs 9-12 h after 1-MA stimulation. Then, caspase-dependent membrane blebbing and egg fragmentation occur, indicating that mature eggs undergo apoptosis if not fertilized. Activation of caspase-3 and induction of apoptosis are blocked both by a MEK inhibitor and by emetine treatment which inhibits MEK kinase (Mos) synthesis. Conversely, when recombinant GST-Mos is injected into the emetine-treated eggs, apoptosis is induced. These results indicate that persistent activation of the Mos/MEK/MAP kinase cascade gives the death-activating signal in starfish eggs. Fertilization inactivates the MAP kinase pathway and suppresses apoptosis, followed by normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sasaki
- Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
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29
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Lutz LB, Kim B, Jahani D, Hammes SR. G protein beta gamma subunits inhibit nongenomic progesterone-induced signaling and maturation in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Evidence for a release of inhibition mechanism for cell cycle progression. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:41512-20. [PMID: 11018039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006757200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone-induced maturation of Xenopus oocytes is a well known example of nongenomic signaling by steroids; however, little is known about the early signaling events involved in this process. Previous work has suggested that G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors may be involved in progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation as well as in other nongenomic steroid-induced signaling events. To investigate the role of G proteins in nongenomic signaling by progesterone, the effects of modulating Galpha and Gbetagamma levels in Xenopus oocytes on progesterone-induced signaling and maturation were examined. Our results demonstrate that Gbetagamma subunits, rather than Galpha, are the principal mediators of progesterone action in this system. We show that overexpression of Gbetagamma inhibits both progesterone-induced maturation and activation of the MAPK pathway, whereas sequestration of endogenous Gbetagamma subunits enhances progesterone-mediated signaling and maturation. These data are consistent with a model whereby endogenous free Xenopus Gbetagamma subunits constitutively inhibit oocyte maturation. Progesterone may induce maturation by antagonizing this inhibition and therefore allowing cell cycle progression to occur. These studies offer new insight into the early signaling events mediated by progesterone and may be useful in characterizing and identifying the membrane progesterone receptor in oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75390-8857, USA
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30
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Lee SJ, Stapleton G, Greene JH, Hille MB. Protein kinase C-related kinase 2 phosphorylates the protein synthesis initiation factor eIF4E in starfish oocytes. Dev Biol 2000; 228:166-80. [PMID: 11112322 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2000.9943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of eIF4E is required for protein synthesis during starfish oocyte maturation. The activity of protein kinase C-related kinase 2 (PRK2) increases prior to the phosphorylation of eIF4E (G. Stapleton et al., 1998, Dev. Biol. 193, 34-46). We investigate here whether eIF4E is activated by PRK2. A 3.5-kb eIF4E clone isolated from starfish cDNA is 57% identical to human eIF4E and contains the putative phosphorylation site serine-209. The serine-209 environment (SKTGS(209)MAKSRF) is similar to the consensus sequence of the phosphorylation site of protein kinase C and related kinases. A starfish eIF4E fusion protein (GST-4E) was phosphorylated in vitro by PRK2 in the presence of 1,2-diolyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. In contrast, replacing the GST-4E serine-209 with an alanine significantly reduced this phosphorylation. Analysis by two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping reveals a major phosphopeptide in trypsin-digested GST-4E, but not in its serine-209 mutant. Importantly, this major phosphopeptide in GST-4E corresponds to a major phosphopeptide of eIF4E isolated from (32)P-labeled oocytes. Thus, PRK2 may regulate translation initiation during oocyte maturation by phosphorylating the serine-209 residue of eIF4E in starfish. We also demonstrate that high levels of cAMP inhibit the activation of PRK2, eIF4E, and the eIF4E binding protein during starfish oocyte maturation, while PI3 kinase activates these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lee
- Department of Zoology and Center for Developmental Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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31
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Santella L, Kyozuka K, Hoving S, Munchbach M, Quadroni M, Dainese P, Zamparelli C, James P, Carafoli E. Breakdown of cytoskeletal proteins during meiosis of starfish oocytes and proteolysis induced by calpain. Exp Cell Res 2000; 259:117-26. [PMID: 10942584 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis reinitiation in starfish oocytes is characterized by Ca(2+) transients in the cytosol and in the nucleus and is accompanied by the disassembly of the nuclear envelope, a process which is likely to be mediated by the cleavage of selected proteins. We have used mass spectrometry analysis (mass profile fingerprinting) on 2D polyacrylamide gels of extracts of oocytes in which meiosis resumption was induced by 1-methyladenine and have identified five proteins that were specifically degraded: alpha-tubulin, lamin B, dynamin, and two kinds of actin. They are all components of the cytoskeleton or associated with it. We then investigated whether calpain, which is activated by the increase in cell Ca(2+), could cleave the same proteins that became degraded under the influence of 1-methyladenine and thus be involved in nuclear membrane breakdown. The investigation was prompted by the finding that microinjection of calpain into the nuclei of prophase arrested oocytes induced meiosis in the absence of 1-methyladenine. Incubation of prophase arrested (disrupted) oocytes with calpain produced a 2D gel protein pattern in which some of the degradation products coincided with those seen in oocytes challenged with 1-methyladenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Santella
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Stazione Zoologica "A. Dohrn", Napoli, I-80121, Italy.
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Sato K, Tokmakov AA, Fukami Y. Fertilization signalling and protein-tyrosine kinases. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 126:129-48. [PMID: 10874161 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(00)00192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization is initiated by species-specific gamete cell recognition, i.e. sperm-egg interaction, followed by a rapid and sustained activation of multiple cellular and biochemical events, collectively called 'egg activation', which is indispensable for successful formation of zygotic nucleus and later embryogenesis. It is well known that sperm-induced egg activation is mediated by a transient release of calcium ions that originates from the sperm entry point and propagates through the entire egg cytoplasm. It is unclear, however, what kind of upstream events prelude to the calcium transient after sperm-egg interaction. Recently, much attention has been paid to the role of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in egg activation process by a number of studies on some well-established model organisms. These includes marine invertebrates, frogs, and mammals. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings that begin to uncover a 'missing link' between sperm-egg interaction and egg activation with emphasis on the role of egg protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) in Xenopus egg fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Nada, Japan.
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33
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Chiba K. Meiosis Reinitiation in Starfish Oocyte. Zoolog Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.2108/0289-0003(2000)17[413:mriso]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Nakano T, Kontani K, Kurosu H, Katada T, Hoshi M, Chiba K. G-protein betagamma subunit-dependent phosphorylation of 62-kDa protein in the early signaling pathway of starfish oocyte maturation induced by 1-methyladenine. Dev Biol 1999; 209:200-9. [PMID: 10208753 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1999.9248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In starfish oocytes, maturation is induced by a hormone, 1-methyladenine (1-MA), that binds to the receptors exposed to the outer surface of the plasma membrane. The signal of 1-MA stimulates the heterotrimeric G protein, resulting in dissociation of the betagamma subunit of G protein (Gbetagamma) from a pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi-type alpha subunit. To investigate the targets for Gbetagamma, we analyzed 1-MA- or Gbetagamma-dependent phosphorylation using in vivo and in vitro systems. A 62-kDa protein was phosphorylated immediately after 1-MA treatment in intact oocytes. In the cell-free preparations, the 62-kDa protein was also phosphorylated on serine residue(s) immediately after addition of 1-MA or Gbetagamma. The Gbetagamma-dependent phosphorylation of the 62-kDa protein was inhibited by wortmannin or LY294002, which are mechanistically different inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). LY294002 also inhibited Gbetagamma- as well as 1-MA-induced maturation of oocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that the 62-kDa protein functions downstream of Gbetagamma and PI3K in the early signaling pathway of 1-MA-induced starfish oocyte maturation. The phosphorylation of the 62-kDa protein may be required for the activation of maturation-promoting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakano
- Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
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35
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Chiba K, Nakano T, Hoshi M. Induction of germinal vesicle breakdown in a cell-free preparation from starfish oocytes. Dev Biol 1999; 205:217-23. [PMID: 9917357 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1998.9118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of isolated germinal vesicles in the homogenate from maturing starfish oocytes resulted in synchronous germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), and chromosome condensation and gathering within 30 min. GVBD in this cell-free system required aerobic conditions. The endogenous ATP-generation system was preserved in the homogenate and effective under aerobic conditions, and thus exogenous ATP was not added to the homogenate. Injection of the homogenate into immature starfish oocytes induced meiotic maturation without 1-methyladenine, indicating high activity of maturation-promoting factor (MPF) in the homogenate. MPF activity in the homogenate was stable for 2 h at room temperature, while it disappeared within 1 h in the supernatant prepared by centrifugation of the homogenate. This disappearance of MPF activity is regulated by cyclin B destruction, similar to that seen in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chiba
- Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Tokyo, 112, Japan.
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36
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Sadler KC, Ruderman JV. Components of the signaling pathway linking the 1-methyladenine receptor to MPF activation and maturation in starfish oocytes. Dev Biol 1998; 197:25-38. [PMID: 9578616 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1998.8869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Starfish oocytes are arrested at the G2/M-phase border of meiosis I. Exposure to their natural mitogen, 1-methyladenine (1-MA), leads to the activation of MPF and MAP kinase, resumption of the meiotic cell cycle, and fertilization competency. The 1-MA receptor has not yet been identified, but it is known to be linked functionally to a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. G beta gamma appears to be the major effector of the 1-MA receptor, since injection of G beta gamma, but not activated G alpha i, leads to the activation of MPF, entry into meiosis, and oocyte maturation. The components that connect G beta gamma to MPF and MAP kinase activation in oocytes are unknown. In mammalian cells, a novel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI-3 kinase-gamma, links G beta gamma to the MAP kinase activation pathway. Here we show that PI-3 kinase is required for starfish oocyte maturation. LY294002 and wortmannin, inhibitors of PI-3 kinase, block MPF and MAP kinase activation and entry into meiosis. Inhibition by LY294002 is reversible and limited to the hormone-dependent period. Neither inhibitor, however, blocks the earliest hormone-induced event, formation of actin spikes at the cell membrane. By contrast, pertussis toxin blocks both actin spiking and later events, arguing that PI-3 kinase functions downstream of G beta gamma. Finally, we show that unlike the well-studied case in Xenopus oocytes, where MAP kinase is an essential component of the MPF activation pathway, MAP kinase is not required for either MPF activation or subsequent oocyte maturation in starfish. Instead, its major role appears to be suppression of DNA synthesis in unfertilized, haploid eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Sadler
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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37
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Chiba K, Hoshi M. G-protein-mediated signal transduction for meiosis reinitiation in starfish oocyte. PROGRESS IN CELL CYCLE RESEARCH 1998; 1:255-63. [PMID: 9552368 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1809-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Starfish oocyte maturation is induced by 1-methyladenine. There were apparently two forms of 1-methyladenine receptor affected by GTP gamma S. Pertussis toxin ADP-ribosylated the 39-kDa alpha subunit of a G protein and inhibited maturation. Also, the G protein was ADP-ribosylated by cholera toxin only when 1-methyladenine was added. The purified G protein had an heterotrimeric structure consisting of 39 kDa alpha, 37 kDa beta, and 8 kDa gamma subunits. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA of starfish G alpha was 89% identical to mammalian Gi-1 alpha. The purified starfish beta gamma-subunits induced maturation when they were microinjected into oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chiba
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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38
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Santella L, Kyozuka K. Association of calmodulin with nuclear structures in starfish oocytes and its role in the resumption of meiosis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 246:602-10. [PMID: 9219515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-1-00602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The resumption of meiosis in prophase-arrested starfish oocytes is induced by the hormone 1-methyladenine, which has been shown previously to induce a calcium transient in the nucleus which at this stage is called the germinal vesicle. This transient precedes the breakdown of the germinal vesicle (GVBD). Experiments were performed to establish whether nuclear calmodulin (CaM) was involved in the progression of the meiotic cycle. CaM antagonists, antibodies, and an inhibitory peptide corresponding to the CaM-binding domain of myosin-light-chain kinase have been injected into the nucleus of prophase-arrested starfish oocytes. The antagonists failed to affect the final response to 1-methyladenine, i.e. GVBD, although two antagonists delayed it, whereas the peptide inhibitor and the antibodies completely inhibited it. The antibodies suppressed the nuclear Ca2+ spikes that were shown by previous work to be induced by the photoreleasing of caged adenosine 3',5'-(cyclic)diphosphate ribose in the germinal vesicle. Immunofluorescence staining of isolated starfish oocyte nuclei with CaM antibodies showed CaM in the envelope and in the nucleolus. Immunogold labelling of oocytes revealed aggregates of CaM and of a 36-kDa protein, of the heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles (hnRNP), in electron-dense hnRNP in the nuclear matrix. 1-Methyladenine induced the disappearance of these hnRNP from the nucleoplasm and the translocation of CaM and the 36-kDa protein previously associated with them to the cytoplasm, prior to the breakdown of the nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Santella
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy.
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39
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KRANTIC SLAVICA, RIVAILLER PIERRE. Meiosis reinitiation in molluscan oocytes: a model to study the transduction of extracellular signals. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1996.9672532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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HILLE MERRILLB, XU ZHE, DHOLAKIA JAYDEVN. The signal cascade for the activation of protein synthesis during the maturation of starfish oocytes: a role for protein kinase C and homologies with maturation inXenopusand mammatian oocytes. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1996.9672534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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SHILLING FRASERM, CARROLL DAVIDJ. Signal transduction during fertilization: Studies with proteases and heterologous receptors. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1996.9672536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Gallo CJ, Hand AR, Jones TL, Jaffe LA. Stimulation of Xenopus oocyte maturation by inhibition of the G-protein alpha S subunit, a component of the plasma membrane and yolk platelet membranes. J Cell Biol 1995; 130:275-84. [PMID: 7615631 PMCID: PMC2199928 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.130.2.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oocytes of Xenopus laevis undergo maturation when injected with an affinity-purified antibody against the COOH-terminal decapeptide of the alpha subunit of the G-protein Gs, an antibody that inhibits Gs activity. Germinal vesicle breakdown, chromosome condensation, and polar body formation occur, with a time course similar to that for oocytes treated with progesterone. The alpha S antibody-injected oocytes also acquire the ability to be activated by sperm. Coinjection of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, or incubation with cycloheximide, inhibits maturation in response to injection of the alpha S antibody; these experiments show that the alpha S antibody acts at an early point in the pathway leading to oocyte maturation, before formation of maturation promoting factor, and like progesterone, its action requires protein synthesis. Immunogold electron microscopy shows that alpha S is present in the yolk platelet membranes as well as the plasma membrane. These results support the hypothesis that progesterone acts by inhibiting alpha S, and suggest that the target of progesterone could include yolk platelet membranes as well as the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gallo
- Department of Physiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06032, USA
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44
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Chiba K, Kontani K, Tadenuma H, Katada T, Hoshi M. Induction of starfish oocyte maturation by the beta gamma subunit of starfish G protein and possible existence of the subsequent effector in cytoplasm. Mol Biol Cell 1993; 4:1027-34. [PMID: 8298189 PMCID: PMC275736 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.4.10.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
beta gamma subunits of G proteins were purified from starfish oocytes, and their role in the induction of oocyte maturation by 1-methyladenine was investigated. When injected into starfish oocytes, the purified beta gamma subunit of the starfish G protein induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) faster than that of bovine brain G protein. Injection of the starfish beta gamma into cytoplasm near the germinal vesicle (GV) induced GVBD earlier than when injected into the GV or the cytoplasm near the plasma membrane. Fluorescent-labeled beta gamma was retained in the injected area even after GVBD. Injected beta gamma also induced the formation of maturation-promoting factor as well as an increase of histone H1 kinase activity. These results suggest that beta gamma dissociates from alpha-subunit by the stimulation of 1-methyladenine and interacts with a cytoplasmic effector, which results in formation of active cdc2 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chiba
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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45
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Jaffe LA, Gallo CJ, Lee RH, Ho YK, Jones TL. Oocyte maturation in starfish is mediated by the beta gamma-subunit complex of a G-protein. J Cell Biol 1993; 121:775-83. [PMID: 8491771 PMCID: PMC2119795 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.121.4.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The stimulation of meiotic maturation of starfish oocytes by the hormone 1-methyladenine is mimicked by injection of beta gamma subunits of G-proteins from either retina or brain. Conversely, the hormone response is inhibited by injection of the GDP-bound forms of alpha i1 or alpha t subunits, or by injection of phosducin; all of these proteins should bind free beta gamma. alpha-subunit forms with reduced affinity for beta gamma (alpha i1 or alpha t bound to hydrolysis-resistant GTP analogs, or alpha i1-GMPPCP treated with trypsin to remove the amino terminus of the protein) are less effective inhibitors of 1-methyladenine action. These results indicate that the beta gamma subunit of a G-protein mediates 1-methyladenine stimulation of oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Jaffe
- Physiology Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06032
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46
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HOSHI MOTONORI, CHIBA KAZUYOSHI, MATSUMOTO MIDORI, TADENUMA HIROHIKO, TAKAHASHI KATSUNOBU, KATADA TOSHIAKI. Pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein participating in starfish oocyte maturation induced by 1-methyladenine. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1992.9672250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Chiba K, Tadenuma H, Matsumoto M, Takahashi K, Katada T, Hoshi M. The primary structure of the alpha subunit of a starfish guanosine-nucleotide-binding regulatory protein involved in 1-methyladenine-induced oocyte maturation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 207:833-8. [PMID: 1499560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Starfish-oocyte maturation induced by 1-methyladenine (MeAde) was inhibited by microinjection of pertussis toxin (PTX). The inhibition appeared to result from PTX-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of a 39-kDa guanosine-nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G protein) in the oocyte. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the MeAde-induced signals operate via a membrane receptor and are carried by the PTX-sensitive G protein. When PTX-injected oocytes were treated with dithiothreitol, 85% of them reinitiated meiosis, suggesting that dithiothreitol did not act on the MeAde receptor. We constructed a cDNA library from the immature ovary of starfish, Asterina pectinifera, and screened it with the cDNA of the alpha subunit of an inhibitory rat G protein (Gi-2). A positive cDNA clone contained an open reading frame of 1062 bases which had 74% identity with the rat Gi-2 cDNA. The deduced amino acid sequence was 85% and 89% identical to rat Gi-2 and rat Gi-1, respectively. The alpha subunit of the G protein purified from cortices of starfish oocytes was digested by trypsin and the resulting four peptides were microsequenced. Comparison of these amino acid sequences with the predicted one indicated that the isolated cDNA clone encoded the alpha subunit of the PTX-sensitive G protein in oocytes. The C-terminal sequence, KNNLKDCGLF, was identical to that of Gi, suggesting that the cysteine residue is the site of ADP-ribosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chiba
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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48
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Tadenuma H, Takahashi K, Chiba K, Hoshi M, Katada T. Properties of 1-methyladenine receptors in starfish oocyte membranes: involvement of pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein in the receptor-mediated signal transduction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 186:114-21. [PMID: 1632762 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80782-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In response to a meiosis-inducing hormone, 1-methyladenine (1-MA), starfish oocytes undergo reinitiation of meiosis with germinal vesicle breakdown. The 1-MA-initiated signal is, however, inhibited by prior microinjection of pertussis toxin into the oocytes, suggesting that a guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) serving as the substrate of pertussis toxin is involved in the 1-MA receptor-mediated signal. We thus investigated properties of 1-MA receptors by means of binding of the radiolabeled ligand to the oocyte membranes. There were apparently two forms of 1-MA receptors with high and low affinities in the membranes. The high-affinity form was converted into the low-affinity one in the presence of a non-hydrolyzable analogue of GTP. A 39-kDa protein, which had been identified as the alpha-subunit of the major substrate G protein for pertussis toxin, was also ADP-ribosylated by cholera toxin only when 1-MA was added to the membranes. The ADP-ribosylated 39-kDa alpha-subunit could be immunoprecipitated with antibodies raised against the carboxy-terminal site of mammalian inhibitory G-alpha. These results indicate that 1-MA receptors are functionally coupled with the 39-kDa pertussis toxin-substrate G protein in starfish oocyte membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tadenuma
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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49
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Tadenuma H, Chiba K, Takahashi K, Hoshi M, Katada T. Purification and characterization of a GTP-binding protein serving as pertussis toxin substrate in starfish oocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 290:411-7. [PMID: 1929409 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In response to a meiosis-inducing hormone, 1-methyladenine (1-MA), starfish oocytes undergo reinitiation of meiosis with germinal vesicle breakdown. The 1-MA-initiated signal is, however, inhibited by prior microinjection of pertussis toxin into the oocytes (Shilling, F., Chiba, K., Hoshi, M., Kishimoto, T., and Jaffe, L.A. (1989) Dev. Biol. 133, 605-608), suggesting that a pertussis-toxin-sensitive guanine-nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) is involved in the 1-MA-induced signal transduction. Based on these findings, we purified a G protein serving as the substrate of pertussis toxin from the plasma membranes of starfish oocytes. The purified G protein had an alpha beta gamma-trimeric structure consisting of 39-kDa alpha, 37-kDa beta, and 8-kDa gamma subunits. The 39-kDa alpha subunit contained a site for ADP-ribosylation catalyzed by pertussis toxin. The alpha subunit was also recognized by antibodies specific for a common GTP-binding site of many mammalian alpha subunits or a carboxy-terminal ADP-ribosylation site of mammalian inhibitory G-alpha. An antibody raised against mammalian 36-/35-kDa beta subunits strongly reacted with the 37-kDa beta subunit of starfish G protein. The purified starfish G protein had a GTP-binding activity with a high affinity and displayed a low GTPase activity. The activity of the G protein serving as the substrate for pertussis-toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation was inhibited by its association with a non-hydrolyzable GTP analogue. Thus, the starfish G protein appeared to be similar to mammalian G proteins at least in terms of its structure and properties of nucleotide binding and the pertussis toxin substrate. A possible role of the starfish G protein is also discussed in the signal transduction between 1-MA receptors and reinitiation of meiosis with germinal vesicle breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tadenuma
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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50
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Moody WJ, Simoncini L, Coombs JL, Spruce AE, Villaz M. Development of ion channels in early embryos. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1991; 22:674-84. [PMID: 1722507 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480220703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W J Moody
- Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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