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Castillo Cabrera J, Dang H, Graves A, Zhang Z, Torres-Castillo J, Li K, King Z, Liu P, Aubé J, Bear JE, Damania B, Hagan RS, Baldwin AS. AGC kinase inhibitors regulate STING signaling through SGK-dependent and SGK-independent mechanisms. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1601-1616.e6. [PMID: 37939709 PMCID: PMC10842197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 IFN expression is critical in the innate immune response, but aberrant expression is associated with autoimmunity and cancer. Here, we identify N-[4-(1H46 pyrazolo[3,4-b] pyrazin-6-yl)-phenyl]-sulfonamide (Sanofi-14h), a compound with preference for inhibition of the AGC family kinase SGK3, as an inhibitor of Ifnb1 gene expression in response to STING stimulation of macrophages. Sanofi-14h abrogated SGK activity and also impaired activation of the critical TBK1/IRF3 pathway downstream of STING activation, blocking interaction of STING with TBK1. Deletion of SGK1/3 in a macrophage cell line did not block TBK1/IRF3 activation but decreased expression of transcription factors, such as IRF7 and STAT1, required for the innate immune response. Other AGC kinase inhibitors blocked TBK1 and IRF3 activation suggesting common action on a critical regulatory node in the STING pathway. These studies reveal both SGK-dependent and SGK-independent mechanisms in the innate immune response and indicate an approach to block aberrant Ifnb1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Castillo Cabrera
- Pathobiology and Translational Sciences Graduate Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hong Dang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Marsico Lung Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam Graves
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jose Torres-Castillo
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Marsico Lung Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zayna King
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeff Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James E Bear
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert S Hagan
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Marsico Lung Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Albert S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Sommer RA, DeWitt JT, Tan R, Kellogg DR. Growth-dependent signals drive an increase in early G1 cyclin concentration to link cell cycle entry with cell growth. eLife 2021; 10:64364. [PMID: 34713806 PMCID: PMC8592568 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Entry into the cell cycle occurs only when sufficient growth has occurred. In budding yeast, the cyclin Cln3 is thought to initiate cell cycle entry by inactivating a transcriptional repressor called Whi5. Growth-dependent changes in the concentrations of Cln3 or Whi5 have been proposed to link cell cycle entry to cell growth. However, there are conflicting reports regarding the behavior and roles of Cln3 and Whi5. Here, we found no evidence that changes in the concentration of Whi5 play a major role in controlling cell cycle entry. Rather, the data suggest that cell growth triggers cell cycle entry by driving an increase in the concentration of Cln3. We further found that accumulation of Cln3 is dependent upon homologs of mammalian SGK kinases that control cell growth and size. Together, the data are consistent with models in which Cln3 is a crucial link between cell growth and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Sommer
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, United States
| | - Jerry T DeWitt
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, United States
| | - Raymond Tan
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, United States
| | - Douglas R Kellogg
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, United States
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Zhou B, Zhang Y, Li S, Wu L, Fejes-Toth G, Naray-Fejes-Toth A, Soukas AA. Serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase drives hepatic insulin resistance by directly inhibiting AMP-activated protein kinase. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109785. [PMID: 34610303 PMCID: PMC8576737 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is hepatic resistance to insulin's glucose-lowering effects. The serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated family of protein kinases (SGK) is activated downstream of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) in response to insulin in parallel to AKT. Surprisingly, despite an identical substrate recognition motif to AKT, which drives insulin sensitivity, pathological accumulation of SGK1 drives insulin resistance. Liver-specific Sgk1-knockout (Sgk1Lko) mice display improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and are protected from hepatic steatosis when fed a high-fat diet. Sgk1 promotes insulin resistance by inactivating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) via phosphorylation on inhibitory site AMPKαSer485/491. We demonstrate that SGK1 is dominant among SGK family kinases in regulation of insulin sensitivity, as Sgk1, Sgk2, and Sgk3 triple-knockout mice have similar increases in hepatic insulin sensitivity. In aggregate, these data suggest that targeting hepatic SGK1 may have therapeutic potential in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sainan Li
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lianfeng Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Geza Fejes-Toth
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Aniko Naray-Fejes-Toth
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Alexander A Soukas
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Machado RAC, Stojevski D, De Landtsheer S, Lucarelli P, Baron A, Sauter T, Schaffner-Reckinger E. L-plastin Ser5 phosphorylation is modulated by the PI3K/ SGK pathway and promotes breast cancer cell invasiveness. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:22. [PMID: 33618712 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis is the predominant cause for cancer morbidity and mortality accounting for approximatively 90% of cancer deaths. The actin-bundling protein L-plastin has been proposed as a metastatic marker and phosphorylation on its residue Ser5 is known to increase its actin-bundling activity. We recently showed that activation of the ERK/MAPK signalling pathway leads to L-plastin Ser5 phosphorylation and that the downstream kinases RSK1 and RSK2 are able to directly phosphorylate Ser5. Here we investigate the involvement of the PI3K pathway in L-plastin Ser5 phosphorylation and the functional effect of this phosphorylation event in breast cancer cells. Methods To unravel the signal transduction network upstream of L-plastin Ser5 phosphorylation, we performed computational modelling based on immunoblot analysis data, followed by experimental validation through inhibition/overexpression studies and in vitro kinase assays. To assess the functional impact of L-plastin expression/Ser5 phosphorylation in breast cancer cells, we either silenced L-plastin in cell lines initially expressing endogenous L-plastin or neoexpressed L-plastin wild type and phosphovariants in cell lines devoid of endogenous L-plastin. The established cell lines were used for cell biology experiments and confocal microscopy analysis. Results Our modelling approach revealed that, in addition to the ERK/MAPK pathway and depending on the cellular context, the PI3K pathway contributes to L-plastin Ser5 phosphorylation through its downstream kinase SGK3. The results of the transwell invasion/migration assays showed that shRNA-mediated knockdown of L-plastin in BT-20 or HCC38 cells significantly reduced cell invasion, whereas stable expression of the phosphomimetic L-plastin Ser5Glu variant led to increased migration and invasion of BT-549 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, confocal image analysis combined with zymography experiments and gelatin degradation assays provided evidence that L-plastin Ser5 phosphorylation promotes L-plastin recruitment to invadopodia, MMP-9 activity and concomitant extracellular matrix degradation. Conclusion Altogether, our results demonstrate that L-plastin Ser5 phosphorylation increases breast cancer cell invasiveness. Being a downstream molecule of both ERK/MAPK and PI3K/SGK pathways, L-plastin is proposed here as a potential target for therapeutic approaches that are aimed at blocking dysregulated signalling outcome of both pathways and, thus, at impairing cancer cell invasion and metastasis formation. Video abstract
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Abstract
Oocyte maturation is a process that occurs in the ovaries, where an immature oocyte resumes meiosis to attain competence for normal fertilization after ovulation/spawning. In starfish, the hormone 1-methyladenine binds to an unidentified receptor on the plasma membrane of oocytes, inducing a conformational change in the heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein α-subunit (Gα), so that the α-subunit binds GTP in exchange of GDP on the plasma membrane. The GTP-binding protein βγ-subunit (Gβγ) is released from Gα, and the released Gβγ activates phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), followed by the target of rapamycin kinase complex2 (TORC2) and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1)-dependent phosphorylation of serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK) of ovarian oocytes. Thereafter, SGK activates Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) to increase the intracellular pH (pHi) from ~6.7 to ~6.9. Moreover, SGK phosphorylates Cdc25 and Myt1, thereby inducing the de-phosphorylation and activation of cyclin B–Cdk1, causing germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Both pHi increase and GVBD are required for spindle assembly at metaphase I, followed by MI arrest at pHi 6.9 until spawning. Due to MI arrest or SGK-dependent pHi control, spawned oocytes can be fertilized normally
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Chiba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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6
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Gleason CE, Oses-Prieto JA, Li KH, Saha B, Situ G, Burlingame AL, Pearce D. Phosphorylation at distinct subcellular locations underlies specificity in mTORC2-mediated activation of SGK1 and Akt. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224931. [PMID: 30837283 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
mTORC2 lies at the intersection of signaling pathways that control metabolism and ion transport through phosphorylation of the AGC-family kinases, the Akt and SGK1 proteins. How mTORC2 targets these functionally distinct downstream effectors in a context-specific manner is not known. Here, we show that the salt- and blood pressure-regulatory hormone, angiotensin II (AngII) stimulates selective mTORC2-dependent phosphorylation of SGK1 (S422) but not Akt (S473 and equivalent sites). Conventional PKC (cPKC), a critical mediator of the angiotensin type I receptor (AT1R, also known as AGTR1) signaling, regulates the subcellular localization of SIN1 (also known as MAPKAP1) and SGK1. Inhibition of cPKC catalytic activity disturbs SIN1 and SGK1 subcellular localization, re-localizing them from the nucleus and a perinuclear compartment to the plasma membrane in advance of hormonal stimulation. Surprisingly, pre-targeting of SIN1 and SGK1 to the plasma membrane prevents SGK1 S422 but not Akt S473 phosphorylation. Additionally, we identify three sites on SIN1 (S128, S315 and S356) that are phosphorylated in response to cPKC activation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that SGK1 activation occurs at a distinct subcellular compartment from that of Akt and suggests a mechanism for the selective activation of these functionally distinct mTORC2 targets through subcellular partitioning of mTORC2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Gleason
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- Departments of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kathy H Li
- Departments of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bidisha Saha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gavin Situ
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Departments of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David Pearce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Zhou B, Kreuzer J, Kumsta C, Wu L, Kamer KJ, Cedillo L, Zhang Y, Li S, Kacergis MC, Webster CM, Fejes-Toth G, Naray-Fejes-Toth A, Das S, Hansen M, Haas W, Soukas AA. Mitochondrial Permeability Uncouples Elevated Autophagy and Lifespan Extension. Cell 2019; 177:299-314.e16. [PMID: 30929899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is required in diverse paradigms of lifespan extension, leading to the prevailing notion that autophagy is beneficial for longevity. However, why autophagy is harmful in certain contexts remains unexplained. Here, we show that mitochondrial permeability defines the impact of autophagy on aging. Elevated autophagy unexpectedly shortens lifespan in C. elegans lacking serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase-1 (sgk-1) because of increased mitochondrial permeability. In sgk-1 mutants, reducing levels of autophagy or mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening restores normal lifespan. Remarkably, low mitochondrial permeability is required across all paradigms examined of autophagy-dependent lifespan extension. Genetically induced mPTP opening blocks autophagy-dependent lifespan extension resulting from caloric restriction or loss of germline stem cells. Mitochondrial permeability similarly transforms autophagy into a destructive force in mammals, as liver-specific Sgk knockout mice demonstrate marked enhancement of hepatocyte autophagy, mPTP opening, and death with ischemia/reperfusion injury. Targeting mitochondrial permeability may maximize benefits of autophagy in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Johannes Kreuzer
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Caroline Kumsta
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lianfeng Wu
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kimberli J Kamer
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lucydalila Cedillo
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sainan Li
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael C Kacergis
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Christopher M Webster
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Geza Fejes-Toth
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Aniko Naray-Fejes-Toth
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Sudeshna Das
- MGH Biomedical Informatics Core and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Malene Hansen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alexander A Soukas
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Williams TD, Peak-Chew SY, Paschke P, Kay RR. Akt and SGK protein kinases are required for efficient feeding by macropinocytosis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224998. [PMID: 30617109 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is an actin-driven process of large-scale and non-specific fluid uptake used for feeding by some cancer cells and the macropinocytosis model organism Dictyostelium discoideum In Dictyostelium, macropinocytic cups are organized by 'macropinocytic patches' in the plasma membrane. These contain activated Ras, Rac and phospholipid PIP3, and direct actin polymerization to their periphery. We show that a Dictyostelium Akt (PkbA) and an SGK (PkbR1) protein kinase act downstream of PIP3 and, together, are nearly essential for fluid uptake. This pathway enables the formation of larger macropinocytic patches and macropinosomes, thereby dramatically increasing fluid uptake. Through phosphoproteomics, we identify a RhoGAP, GacG, as a PkbA and PkbR1 target, and show that it is required for efficient macropinocytosis and expansion of macropinocytic patches. The function of Akt and SGK in cell feeding through control of macropinosome size has implications for cancer cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peggy Paschke
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Robert R Kay
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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Picco ME, Castro MV, Quezada MJ, Barbero G, Villanueva MB, Fernández NB, Kim H, Lopez-Bergami P. STAT3 enhances the constitutive activity of AGC kinases in melanoma by transactivating PDK1. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:3. [PMID: 30622697 PMCID: PMC6317239 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The PI3K/Akt and the STAT3 pathways are functionally associated in many tumor types. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that either biochemical or genetic manipulation of the STAT3 pathway activity induce changes in the same direction in Akt activity. However, the implicated mechanism has been poorly characterized. Our goal was to characterize the precise mechanism linking STAT3 with the activity of Akt and other AGC kinases in cancer using melanoma cells as a model. Results We show that active STAT3 is constitutively bound to the PDK1 promoter and positively regulate PDK1 transcription through two STAT3 responsive elements. Transduction of WM9 and UACC903 melanoma cells with STAT3-small hairpin RNA decreased both PDK1 mRNA and protein levels. STAT3 knockdown also induced a decrease of the phosphorylation of AGC kinases Akt, PKC, and SGK. The inhibitory effect of STAT3 silencing on Akt phosphorylation was restored by HA-PDK1. Along this line, HA-PDK1 expression significantly blocked the cell death induced by dacarbazine plus STAT3 knockdown. This effect might be mediated by Bcl2 proteins since HA-PDK1 rescued Bcl2, Bcl-XL, and Mcl1 levels that were down-regulated upon STAT3 silencing. Conclusions We show that PDK1 is a transcriptional target of STAT3, linking STAT3 pathway with AGC kinases activity in melanoma. These data provide further rationale for the ongoing effort to therapeutically target STAT3 and PDK1 in melanoma and, possibly, other malignancies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13578-018-0265-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Picco
- 1Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Castro
- 2Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, CONICET, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Josefina Quezada
- 2Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, CONICET, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gastón Barbero
- 2Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, CONICET, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Villanueva
- 2Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, CONICET, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Brenda Fernández
- 1Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hyungsoo Kim
- 3Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- 2Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, CONICET, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Basnet R, Gong GQ, Li C, Wang MW. Serum and glucocorticoid inducible protein kinases ( SGKs): a potential target for cancer intervention. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:767-71. [PMID: 30245963 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The serum and glucocorticoid inducible protein kinase (SGK) family members share similar structure, substrate specificity and function with AKT and signal downstream of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling pathway. They regulate a range of fundamental cellular processes such as cell proliferation and survival, thereby playing an important role in cancer development. This perspective intends to give an overview on the involvement of SGKs (particularly SGK3) in cancer progression, and compares the actions of SGK3 and AKT in cell cycle regulation, oncogenic signalling, and the potential as a therapeutic target for cancer.
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11
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Abstract
The protein N-myc down-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) represses tumour metastasis. It is phosphorylated at several sites by serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1). Here we show that NDRG1 is also regulated by the oncogenic MAP kinase-interacting kinase (MNK) pathway, a target for cancer therapy.Inhibiting MNKs increases the expression of NDRG1 protein and mRNA in breast cancer cells. MNK inhibition also decreases the phosphorylation of NDRG1. Phosphorylation of NDRG1 is reduced in cells lacking MNK1, but not MNK2-knockout cells, indicating that NDRG1 phosphorylation is a specific target for MNK1. However, MNK1 cannot directly phosphorylate NDRG1 in vitro, indicating that additional signalling connections are involved. Taken together, our data indicate that MNK signaling regulates NDRG1 at transcriptional and post-translational levels.We show that SGK1 phosphorylates MNK1 at a conserved site, which represses its activity. NDRG1, SGK1 and the MNKs are implicated in cell migration and metastasis. As expected, knocking-down NDRG1 promoted cell migration. However, whereas MNK inhibition impairs these processes irrespective of NDRG1 levels, SGK inhibition only did so in NDRG1-depleted cells. Thus, MNKs and SGK affect migration/invasion through distinct mechanisms.Our data reveal several novel connections between signalling pathways important for tumour biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuye Tian
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide SA5000, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA5005, Australia
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide SA5000, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA5005, Australia
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide SA5000, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA5005, Australia
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12
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Zhang D, Gu D, He J, Hixson JE, Rao DC, Li C, He H, Chen J, Huang J, Chen J, Rice TK, Chen S, Kelly TN. Associations of the Serum/Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase Genes With BP Changes and Hypertension Incidence: The Gensalt Study. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:95-101. [PMID: 27664953 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-marker and novel gene-based methods were employed to examine the associations of the serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinases (SGK) gene family with longitudinal blood pressure (BP) changes and hypertension incidence in a family-based cohort study. METHODS Totally, 1,768 Chinese participants from the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt Sensitivity (GenSalt) follow-up study were included in the current analyses. Nine BP measures were obtained at each of 3 visits during the GenSalt follow-up study. Mixed-model and Gene-based analyses were used to examine the associations of the SGK gene family with longitudinal BP phenotypes. Bonferroni correction was applied to account for multiple testing. RESULTS After an average 7.2-year follow-up, 32.2% (513) of participants free of hypertension at baseline developed hypertension. Four novel SNPs in the SGK1 gene were predictive of the longitudinal BP phenotypes. The major alleles of SGK1 rs1763498 and rs114414980 conferred 2.9- and 2.5-fold increased risks of hypertension development, respectively (P = 1.0×10-4 and 6.0×10-4, respectively). In addition, the major allele of SGK1 rs229133 was significantly associated with 0.4mm Hg larger annual increases in systolic BP (P = 4.2×10-4), while the major allele of rs6924468 was significantly associated with 0.2mm Hg smaller annual increases in diastolic BP (P = 4.2×10-4). Gene-based analyses revealed an association of the SGK1 gene with risk of hypertension development (P = 7.4×10-3). No evidence for the SGK2 and SGK3 genes was found. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study suggest that the SGK1 gene may play a role in long-term BP regulation and hypertension incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingding Zhang
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - James E Hixson
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dabeeru C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Changwei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hua He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jichun Chen
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Treva K Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shufeng Chen
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tanika N Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA;
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Frodl T, Amico F. Is there an association between peripheral immune markers and structural/functional neuroimaging findings? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48:295-303. [PMID: 23313563 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is mounting evidence that inflammatory processes play a key role in emotional as well as cognitive dysfunctions. In this context, research employing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MR spectroscopy) suggests a possible link between structural/functional anomalies in the brain and an increase of circulating inflammation markers. The present paper reviews this research, with particular focus on major depressive disorder (MDD), cognitive impairment in older adults, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. RESULTS In MDD, cognitive impairment and AD, inflammatory processes have been found to be associated with both structural and functional anomalies, perhaps under the influence of environmental stress. Not enough research can suggest similar considerations in schizophrenia, although studies in mice and non-human primates support the belief that inflammatory responses generated during pregnancy can affect brain development and contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS The present review suggests a link between inflammatory processes and MRI detected anomalies in the brain of individuals with MDD, older adults with cognitive impairment as well as of individuals with AD and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Adelaide and Meath incorporating the National's Children Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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14
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Fang BA, Kovačević Ž, Park KC, Kalinowski DS, Jansson PJ, Lane DJR, Sahni S, Richardson DR. Molecular functions of the iron-regulated metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, and its potential as a molecular target for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1845:1-19. [PMID: 24269900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-myc down-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a known metastasis suppressor in multiple cancers, being also involved in embryogenesis and development, cell growth and differentiation, lipid biosynthesis and myelination, stress responses and immunity. In addition to its primary role as a metastasis suppressor, NDRG1 can also influence other stages of carcinogenesis, namely angiogenesis and primary tumour growth. NDRG1 is regulated by multiple effectors in normal and neoplastic cells, including N-myc, histone acetylation, hypoxia, cellular iron levels and intracellular calcium. Further, studies have found that NDRG1 is up-regulated in neoplastic cells after treatment with novel iron chelators, which are a promising therapy for effective cancer management. Although the pathways by which NDRG1 exerts its functions in cancers have been documented, the relationship between the molecular structure of this protein and its functions remains unclear. In fact, recent studies suggest that, in certain cancers, NDRG1 is post-translationally modified, possibly by the activity of endogenous trypsins, leading to a subsequent alteration in its metastasis suppressor activity. This review describes the role of this important metastasis suppressor and discusses interesting unresolved issues regarding this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A Fang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Žaklina Kovačević
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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15
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Russo A, Schmid E, Nurbaeva MK, Yang W, Yan J, Bhandaru M, Faggio C, Shumilina E, Lang F. PKB/ SGK-dependent GSK3-phosphorylation in the regulation of LPS-induced Ca2+ increase in mouse dendritic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:336-41. [PMID: 23817039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The function of dendritic cells (DCs) is modified by glycogen synthase kinase GSK3 and GSK3 inhibitors have been shown to protect against inflammatory disease. Regulators of GSK3 include the phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) pathway leading to activation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase (SGK) isoforms, which in turn phosphorylate and thus inhibit GSK3. The present study explored, whether PKB/SGK-dependent inhibition of GSK3 contributes to the regulation of cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration following stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). To this end DCs from mutant mice, in which PKB/SGK-dependent GSK3α,β regulation was disrupted by replacement of the serine residues in the respective SGK/PKB-phosphorylation consensus sequence by alanine (gsk3(KI)), were compared to DCs from respective wild type mice (gsk3(WT)). According to Western blotting, GSK3 phosphorylation was indeed absent in gsk3(KI) DCs. According to flow cytometry, expression of antigen-presenting molecule major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) and costimulatory molecule CD86, was similar in unstimulated and LPS (1μg/ml, 24h)-stimulated gsk3(WT) and gsk3(KI) DCs. Moreover, production of cytokines IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and TNFα was not significantly different in gsk3(KI) and gsk3(WT) DCs. In gsk3(WT) DCs, stimulation with LPS (1μg/ml) within 10min led to transient phosphorylation of GSK3. According to Fura2 fluorescence, LPS (1μg/ml) increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, an effect significantly more pronounced in gsk3(KI) DCs than in gsk3(WT) DCs. Conversely, GSK3 inhibitor SB216763 (3-[2,4-Dichlorophenyl]-4-[1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, 10μM, 30min) significantly blunted the increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration following LPS exposure. In conclusion, PKB/SGK-dependent GSK3α,β activity participates in the regulation of Ca(2+) signaling in dendritic cells.
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Wu X, Mao H, Liu J, Xu J, Cao J, Gu X, Cui G. Dynamic change of SGK expression and its role in neuron apoptosis after traumatic brain injury. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6:1282-1293. [PMID: 23826409 PMCID: PMC3693193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Activation of specific signaling pathways in response to mechanical trauma causes delayed neuronal apoptosis; GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling plays a critical role in the apoptosis of neurons in CNS diseases, SGK was discovered as a regulator of GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway, The goal of this study was to determine if the mechanism of cell death or survival mediated by the SGK/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway is involved in a rat model of TBI. MAIN METHODS Here, an acute traumatic brain injury model was applied to investigate the expression change and possible roles of SGK, Expression of SGK, and total-GSK-3β, phospho-GSK3β on ser-9, beta-catenin, and caspase-3 were examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Double immunofluorescent staining was used to observe the SGK localizations. Si-RNA was performed to identify whether SGK regulates neuron apoptosis via GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway, ultimately inhibit caspase-3 activation. KEY FINDINGS Temporally, SGK expression showed an increase pattern after TBI and reached a peak at day 3. Spatially, SGK was widely expressed in the neuron, rarely in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes; in addition, the expression patterns of active caspase-3 and phospho-GSK3β were parallel with that of SGK, at the same time, the expression of β-catenin shows similarity with SGK. In vitro, to further investigate the function of SGK, a neuronal cell line PC12 was employed to establish an apoptosis model. We analyzed the association of SGK with apoptosis on PC12 cells by western blot, immunofluorescent labeling and siRNA. SIGNIFICANCE the results implied that SGK plays an important role in neuron apoptosis via the regulation of GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway; ultimately inhibit caspase-3 activation. Taken together, we inferred traumatic brain injury induced an upregulation of SGK in the central nervous system, which show a protective role in neuron apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Xu
- Affiliated mental health centers of Nantong UniversityNantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Cao
- Affiliated mental health centers of Nantong UniversityNantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingxing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Nantong UniversityNantong 226001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
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Timmermans W, Xiong H, Hoogenraad CC, Krugers HJ. Stress and excitatory synapses: from health to disease. Neuroscience 2013; 248:626-36. [PMID: 23727506 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Individuals are exposed to stressful events in their daily life. The effects of stress on brain function ranges from highly adaptive to increasing the risk to develop psychopathology. For example, stressful experiences are remembered well which can be seen as a highly appropriate behavioral adaptation. On the other hand, stress is an important risk factor, in susceptible individuals, for depression and anxiety. An important question that remains to be addressed is how stress regulates brain function and what determines the threshold between adaptive and maladaptive responses. Excitatory synapses play a crucial role in synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity and behavioral adaptation. In this review we discuss how brief and prolonged exposure to stress, in adulthood and early life, regulate the function of these synapses, and how these effects may contribute to behavioral adaptation and psychopathology.
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