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Ravi Sundar Jose Geetha A, Fischer K, Babadei O, Smesnik G, Vogt A, Platanitis E, Müller M, Farlik M, Decker T. Dynamic control of gene expression by ISGF3 and IRF1 during IFNβ and IFNγ signaling. EMBO J 2024:10.1038/s44318-024-00092-7. [PMID: 38658796 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I, including IFNβ) and IFNγ produce overlapping, yet clearly distinct immunological activities. Recent data show that the distinctness of global transcriptional responses to the two IFN types is not apparent when comparing their immediate effects. By analyzing nascent transcripts induced by IFN-I or IFNγ over a period of 48 h, we now show that the distinctiveness of the transcriptomes emerges over time and is based on differential employment of the ISGF3 complex as well as of the second-tier transcription factor IRF1. The distinct transcriptional properties of ISGF3 and IRF1 correspond with a largely diverse nuclear protein interactome. Mechanistically, we describe the specific input of ISGF3 and IRF1 into enhancer activation and the regulation of chromatin accessibility at interferon-stimulated genes (ISG). We further report differences between the IFN types in altering RNA polymerase II pausing at ISG 5' ends. Our data provide insight how transcriptional regulators create immunological identities of IFN-I and IFNγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarathy Ravi Sundar Jose Geetha
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
- University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Katrin Fischer
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
- University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Olga Babadei
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
- University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Georg Smesnik
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
- University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | | | - Ekaterini Platanitis
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
- University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria.
- University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Vienna, 1030, Austria.
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Tanaka A, Hata M, Tsuchikawa M, Ueda-Arakawa NUA, Tamura H, Miyata M, Takahashi A, Kido A, Muraoka Y, Miyake M, Ooto S, Tsujikawa A. Short-Term Outcomes of 3 Monthly intravitreal Faricimab On Different Subtypes of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Clin Ophthalmol 2024; 18:507-516. [PMID: 38405104 PMCID: PMC10893793 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s448507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of faricimab injections for treatment-naïve neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD) patients, including subtypes and pachychoroid phenotypes, and identify predictive factors for visual outcomes. Methods nvAMD patients were prospectively recruited, receiving three monthly faricimab (6 mg) injections. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) two months after the last injection (month 4) was compared between subtypes, and between pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) and non-PNV eyes. Regression analysis determined factors influencing month 4 BCVA. Results The study involved 23 patients (12 typical AMD [tAMD], 10 polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy [PCV], 1 retinal angiomatous proliferation [RAP]). Eleven exhibited PNV phenotype. Significant BCVA (P = 4.9 × 10-4) and central retinal thickness (CRT) (P = 1.3 × 10-5) improvements were observed post-faricimab treatment. The therapy demonstrated favourable results for both tAMD and PCV eyes, and non-PNV and PNV eyes. Faricimab achieved dry macula in 77.3% of eyes, with subretinal fluid resolution in most cases, although intraretinal fluid (IRF) often persisted. Multivariable analysis identified external limiting membrane (ELM) presence and IRF as BCVA contributors at month 4. Conclusion Faricimab demonstrated significant effectiveness and safety in treatment-naïve nvAMD patients, particularly for PCV and PNV eyes. ELM presence and IRF is predictive of visual outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hata
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Memiri Tsuchikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Tamura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Miyata
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayako Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ai Kido
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Muraoka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miyake
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sotaro Ooto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Kuhlman KR, Cole SW, Tan EN, Swanson JA, Rao U. Childhood Maltreatment and Immune Cell Gene Regulation during Adolescence: Transcriptomics Highlight Non-Classical Monocytes. Biomolecules 2024; 14:220. [PMID: 38397457 PMCID: PMC10886995 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment has been repeatedly linked to a higher incidence of health conditions with an underlying proinflammatory component, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease. Childhood maltreatment has also been linked to elevated systemic inflammation prior to the onset of disease. However, childhood maltreatment is highly comorbid with other risk factors which have also been linked to inflammation, namely major depression. The present analysis addresses this issue by assessing the association of maltreatment with genome-wide transcriptional profiling of immune cells collected from four orthogonal groups of adolescents (aged 13-17): maltreated and not maltreated in childhood, with and without major depressive disorder. Maltreatment and psychiatric history were determined using semi-structured clinical interviews and cross-validated using self-report questionnaires. Dried whole blood spots were collected from each participant (n = 133) and assayed to determine the extent to which maltreatment in childhood was associated with a higher prevalence of transcriptional activity among differentially expressed genes, specific immune cell subtypes, and up- or down-regulation of genes involved in immune function after accounting for current major depression. Maltreatment was associated with increased interferon regulatory factor (IRF) transcriptional activity (p = 0.03), as well as nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 1 (NRF1; p = 0.002) and MAF (p = 0.01) among up-regulated genes, and increased activity of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) among down-regulated genes (p = 0.01). Non-classical CD16+ monocytes were implicated in both the up- and down-regulated genes among maltreated adolescents. These data provide convergent evidence supporting the role of maltreatment in altering intracellular and molecular markers of immune function, as well as implicate monocyte/macrophage functions as mechanisms through which childhood maltreatment may shape lifelong immune development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate R. Kuhlman
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California Irvine, 4546 Social & Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steve W. Cole
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ece N. Tan
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - James A. Swanson
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Uma Rao
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California Irvine, 4546 Social & Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Orange Country (CHOC), Orange, CA 92868, USA
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Mariotti C, Mangoni L, Iorio S, Lombardo V, Fruttini D, Rizzo C, Chhablani J, Midena E, Lupidi M. Novel Artificial Intelligence-Based Assessment of Imaging Biomarkers in Full-Thickness Macular Holes: Preliminary Data from a Pivotal Trial. J Clin Med 2024; 13:628. [PMID: 38276134 PMCID: PMC10816123 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI)- and deep learning (DL)-based systems have shown significant progress in the field of macular disorders, demonstrating high performance in detecting retinal fluid and assessing anatomical changes during disease progression. This study aimed to validate an AI algorithm for identifying and quantifying prognostic factors in visual recovery after macular hole (MH) surgery by analyzing major optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarkers. This study included 20 patients who underwent vitrectomy for a full-thickness macular hole (FTMH). The mean diameter of the FTMH was measured at 285.36 ± 97.4 μm. The preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.76 ± 0.06 logMAR, improving to 0.38 ± 0.16 postoperatively, with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.001). AI software was utilized to assess biomarkers, such as intraretinal fluid (IRF) and subretinal fluid (SRF) volume, external limiting membrane (ELM) and ellipsoid zone (EZ) integrity, and retinal hyperreflective foci (HRF). The AI analysis showed a significant decrease in IRF volume, from 0.08 ± 0.12 mm3 preoperatively to 0.01 ± 0.01 mm3 postoperatively. ELM interruption improved from 79% ± 18% to 34% ± 37% after surgery (p = 0.006), whereas EZ interruption improved from 80% ± 22% to 40% ± 36% (p = 0.007) postoperatively. Additionally, the study revealed a negative correlation between preoperative IRF volume and postoperative BCVA recovery, suggesting that greater preoperative fluid volumes may hinder visual improvement. The integrity of the ELM and EZ was found to be essential for postoperative visual acuity improvement, with their disruption negatively impacting visual recovery. The study highlights the potential of AI in quantifying OCT biomarkers for managing MHs and improving patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Mariotti
- Eye Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy (S.I.)
| | - Lorenzo Mangoni
- Eye Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy (S.I.)
| | - Silvia Iorio
- Eye Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy (S.I.)
| | - Veronica Lombardo
- Eye Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy (S.I.)
| | - Daniela Fruttini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Clara Rizzo
- Ophthalmic Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Jay Chhablani
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Edoardo Midena
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
- IRCCS—Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Lupidi
- Eye Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy (S.I.)
- Fondazione per la Macula Onlus, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili (DINOGMI), University Eye Clinic, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Ma J, Chen J, Cui J, Liu W, Qu Y, Lu X, Wang A, Huang B, Wang X. A molluscan IRF interacts with IKKα/β family protein and modulates NF-κB and MAPK activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128319. [PMID: 38000607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family proteins are key transcription factors involved in vital physiological processes such as immune defense. However, the function of IRF in invertebrates, especially in marine shellfish is not clear. In this study, a new IRF gene (CfIRF2) was identified in the Zhikong scallop, Chlamys farreri, and its immune function was analyzed. CfIRF2 has an open reading frame of 1107 bp encoding 368 amino acids. The N-terminus of CfIRF2 consists of a typical IRF domain, with conserved amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis suggested close evolutionary relationship with shellfish IRF1 subfamily proteins. Expression pattern analysis showed that CfIRF2 mRNA was expressed in all tissues, with the highest expression in the hepatopancreas and gills. CfIRF2 gene expression was substantially enhanced by a pathogenic virus (such as acute viral necrosis virus) and poly(I:C) challenge. Co-immunoprecipitation assay identified CfIRF2 interaction with the IKKα/β family protein CfIKK1 of C. farreri, demonstrating a unique signal transduction mechanism in marine mollusks. Moreover, CfIRF2 interacted with itself to form homologous dimers. Overexpression of CfIRF2 in HEK293T cells activated reporter genes containing interferon stimulated response elements and NF-κB genes in a dose-dependent manner and promoted the phosphorylation of protein kinases (JNK, Erk1/2, and P38). Our results provide insights into the functions of IRF in mollusks innate immunity and also provide valuable information for enriching comparative immunological theory for the prevention of diseases in scallop farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilv Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jiwen Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jie Cui
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yifan Qu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiuqi Lu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Anhao Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Baoyu Huang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
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Castillo Cabrera J, Dang H, Graves A, Zhang Z, Torres-Castillo J, Li K, King Z, Liu P, Aubé J, Bear JE, Damania B, Hagan RS, Baldwin AS. AGC kinase inhibitors regulate STING signaling through SGK-dependent and SGK-independent mechanisms. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1601-1616.e6. [PMID: 37939709 PMCID: PMC10842197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 IFN expression is critical in the innate immune response, but aberrant expression is associated with autoimmunity and cancer. Here, we identify N-[4-(1H46 pyrazolo[3,4-b] pyrazin-6-yl)-phenyl]-sulfonamide (Sanofi-14h), a compound with preference for inhibition of the AGC family kinase SGK3, as an inhibitor of Ifnb1 gene expression in response to STING stimulation of macrophages. Sanofi-14h abrogated SGK activity and also impaired activation of the critical TBK1/IRF3 pathway downstream of STING activation, blocking interaction of STING with TBK1. Deletion of SGK1/3 in a macrophage cell line did not block TBK1/IRF3 activation but decreased expression of transcription factors, such as IRF7 and STAT1, required for the innate immune response. Other AGC kinase inhibitors blocked TBK1 and IRF3 activation suggesting common action on a critical regulatory node in the STING pathway. These studies reveal both SGK-dependent and SGK-independent mechanisms in the innate immune response and indicate an approach to block aberrant Ifnb1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Castillo Cabrera
- Pathobiology and Translational Sciences Graduate Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hong Dang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Marsico Lung Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam Graves
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jose Torres-Castillo
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Marsico Lung Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zayna King
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeff Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James E Bear
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert S Hagan
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Marsico Lung Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Albert S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Wang R, Liu X, Han Q, Wang X. Characterisation, evolution and expression analysis of the interferon regulatory factor ( IRF) family from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in response to Edwardsiella tarda infection and temperature stress. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 142:109115. [PMID: 37758096 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family involves in the transcriptional regulation of type I Interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and plays a critical role in cytokine signaling and immune response. However, systematic identification of the IRF gene family in teleost has been rarely reported. In this study, twelve IRF members, named PoIRF1, PoIRF2, PoIRF3, PoIRF4a, PoIRF4b, PoIRF5, PoIRF6, PoIRF7, PoIRF8, PoIRF9, PoIRF10 and PoIRF11, were identified from genome-wide data of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PoIRFs could be classified into four clades, including IRF1 subfamily (PoIRF1, PoIRF11), IRF3 subfamily (PoIRF3, PoIRF7), IRF4 subfamily (PoIRF4a, PoIRF8, PoIRF9, PoIRF10) and IRF5 subfamily (PoIRF5, PoIRF6). They were evolutionarily related to their counterparts in other fish. Gene structure and motif analysis showed that PoIRFs protein sequences were highly conserved. Under normal physiological conditions, all PoIRFs were generally expressed in multiple developmental stages and healthy tissues. After E. tarda attack and temperature stress, twelve PoIRFs showed significant and different changes in mRNA levels. The expression of PoIRF1, PoIRF3, PoIRF4a, PoIRF5, PoIRF7, PoIRF8, PoIRF9, PoIRF10 and PoIRF11 could be markedly induced by E. tarda, indicating that they played a key role in the process of antibacterial immunity. Besides, temperature stress could significantly stimulate the expression of PoIRF3, PoIRF5, PoIRF6 and PoIRF7, indicating that they could transmit signals rapidly when the temperature changes. In conclusion, this study reported the molecular properties and expression analysis of PoIRFs, and explored their role in immune response, which laid a favorable foundation for further studies on the evolution and functional characteristics of the IRF family in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiumei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| | - Qingxi Han
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xubo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Green Mariculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Ningbo University, China.
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Bakr S, Yousief E, Ezzat EM, Elsary AY, Elamir AM, Gamal M. Screening of subclinical functional hemoglobin and red blood cell abnormalities among blood donors of Fayoum University Hospital in Egypt: Are RET-He, and IRF useful screening tools? Transfus Apher Sci 2023; 62:103781. [PMID: 37524581 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2023.103781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of red cell transfusion in a given blood unit that relied on both quantity and quality of donated cells undoubtedly affects prognostic outcomes. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the frequency of subclinical functional hemoglobin and red cell abnormalities in donated blood of Fayoum University Hospital in Egypt. Additionally, to assess the usefulness of reticulocyte mean hemoglobin content (RET-He) and immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) as screening measures for such abnormalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 200 volunteer blood donors who met the national standard criterion of blood donation. Complete blood count with reticulocyte parameters, serum ferritin, sickling test, G6PD assay, Mentzer index, and naked-eye single tube red cell osmotic fragility test were carried out. RESULTS Functional red cell abnormalities represented 44 % of this cohort. Out of them, 4.5 % had iron deficiency, 11 % had a positive sickling test, 19 % had G6PD deficiency, and 9.5 % had suspicious thalassemia. The sensitivity and specificity test for RET-He in selective identification of functional hemoglobin abnormalities in donated blood were 83.3 % and 61.2 %, respectively at a cutoff value of 26.9. Though there was no statistically significant effect of RET-He on the selective detection of G6PD deficiency, IRF had a statistically significant high level with a p-value of 0.04. CONCLUSION Subclinical functional red cell abnormalities seem to be prevalent among blood donors. Reticulocyte/ erythrocyte indices could be useful screening tools for red cell abnormalities. Further studies are required for assessing the impact of transfusing such abnormalities to neonates and other critical recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Bakr
- Department of Clinical Pathology/Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
| | - Eman Yousief
- Department of Clinical Pathology/Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Eman Mahmoud Ezzat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Younis Elsary
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Azza M Elamir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mona Gamal
- Department of Clinical Pathology/Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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Xue Y, Pan L, Vlahopoulos S, Wang K, Zheng X, Radak Z, Bacsi A, Tanner L, Brasier AR, Ba X, Boldogh I. Epigenetic control of type III interferon expression by 8-oxoguanine and its reader 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase1. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161160. [PMID: 37600772 PMCID: PMC10436556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are secreted cytokines with the ability to activate expression of IFN stimulated genes that increase resistance of cells to virus infections. Activated transcription factors in conjunction with chromatin remodelers induce epigenetic changes that reprogram IFN responses. Unexpectedly, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase1 (Ogg1) knockout mice show enhanced stimuli-driven IFN expression that confers increased resistance to viral and bacterial infections and allergen challenges. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the DNA repair protein OGG1 recognizes 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoGua) in promoters modulating IFN expression. We found that functional inhibition, genetic ablation, and inactivation by post-translational modification of OGG1 significantly augment IFN-λ expression in epithelial cells infected by human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Mechanistically, OGG1 bound to 8-oxoGua in proximity to interferon response elements, which inhibits the IRF3/IRF7 and NF-κB/RelA DNA occupancy, while promoting the suppressor NF-κB1/p50-p50 homodimer binding to the IFN-λ2/3 promoter. In a mouse model of bronchiolitis induced by RSV infection, functional ablation of OGG1 by a small molecule inhibitor (TH5487) enhances IFN-λ production, decreases immunopathology, neutrophilia, and confers antiviral protection. These findings suggest that the ROS-generated epigenetic mark 8-oxoGua via its reader OGG1 serves as a homeostatic thresholding factor in IFN-λ expression. Pharmaceutical targeting of OGG1 activity may have clinical utility in modulating antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lang Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Spiros Vlahopoulos
- Horemeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Molecular Exercise Science, University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bacsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lloyd Tanner
- Respiratory Medicine, Allergology & Palliative Medicine, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Xueqing Ba
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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10
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Yin B, Wang H, Weng S, Li S, He J, Li C. A simple sequence repeats marker of disease resistance in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its application in selective breeding. Front Genet 2023; 14:1144361. [PMID: 37576558 PMCID: PMC10415038 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1144361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymorphism of the simple sequence repeat (SSR) in the 5' untranslated coding region (5'-UTR) of the antiviral gene IRF (LvIRF) has been shown to be implicated in the resistance to viral pathogens in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei). In this study, we explored the potential of this (CT)n-SSR marker in disease resistance breeding and the hereditary property of disease resistance traits in offspring. From 2018 to 2021, eight populations were generated through crossbreeding by selecting individuals according to microsatellite genotyping. Our results demonstrated that shrimp with the shorter (CT)n repeat exhibited higher resistance to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1); meanwhile, these resistance traits could be inherited in offspring. Interestingly, we observed that the longer (CT)n repeats were associated with bacterial resistance traits. Accordingly, shrimp with longer (CT)n repeats exhibited higher tolerance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Taken together, these results indicate that the single (CT)n-SSR marker could be used to selective breeding for both resistance to virus and bacteria in shrimps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangzhou, China
- China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Marine Aquaculture Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangzhou, China
- China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Marine Aquaculture Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangzhou, China
- China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Marine Aquaculture Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sedong Li
- Guangdong Evergreen Feed Industry Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangzhou, China
- China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Marine Aquaculture Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Chaozheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangzhou, China
- China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Marine Aquaculture Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
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11
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van der Wal YA, Nordli H, Akandwanaho A, Greiner-Tollersrud L, Kool J, Jørgensen JB. CRISPR-Cas- induced IRF3 and MAVS knockouts in a salmonid cell line disrupt PRR signaling and affect viral replication. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1214912. [PMID: 37588594 PMCID: PMC10425769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1214912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon (IFN) responses are critical in the resolution of viral infections and are actively targeted by many viruses. They also play a role in inducing protective responses after vaccination and have been successfully tested as vaccine adjuvants. IFN responses are well conserved and function very similar in teleosts and mammals. Like in mammals, IFN responses in piscine cells are initiated by intracellular detection of the viral infection by different pattern recognition receptors. Upon the recognition of viral components, IFN responses are rapidly induced to combat the infection. However, many viruses may still replicate and be able to inhibit or circumvent the IFN response by different means. Methods By employing CRISPR Cas9 technology, we have disrupted proteins that are central for IFN signaling in the salmonid cell line CHSE-214. We successfully generated KO clones for the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein MAVS, the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7-1, as well as a double KO for IRF7-1/3 using an optimized protocol for delivery of CRISPR-Cas ribonucleoproteins through nucleofection. Results We found that MAVS and IRF3 KOs inhibited IFN and IFN-stimulated gene induction after intracellular poly I:C stimulation as determined through gene expression and promoter activation assays. In contrast, the IRF7-1 KO had no clear effect. This shows that MAVS and IRF3 are essential for initiation of intracellular RNA-induced IFN responses in CHSE-214 cells. To elucidate viral interference with IFN induction pathways, the KOs were infected with Salmon alphavirus 3 (SAV3) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). SAV3 infection in control and IRF7-1 KO cells yielded similar titers and no cytopathic effect, while IRF3 and MAVS KOs presented with severe cytopathic effect and increased titers 6 days after SAV 3 infection. In contrast, IPNV yields were reduced in IRF3 and MAVS KOs, suggesting a dependency on interactions between viral proteins and pattern recognition receptor signaling components during viral replication. Conclusion Aside from more insight in this signaling in salmonids, our results indicate a possible method to increase viral titers in salmonid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorick A. van der Wal
- Vaxxinova Research & Development GmbH, Münster, Germany
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Henriette Nordli
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Linn Greiner-Tollersrud
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jaap Kool
- Vaxxinova Research & Development GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Jorunn B. Jørgensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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12
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Ngwa C, Al Mamun A, Qi S, Sharmeen R, Conesa MPB, Ganesh BP, Manwani B, Liu F. Central IRF4/5 Signaling Are Critical for Microglial Activation and Impact on Stroke Outcomes. Transl Stroke Res 2023:10.1007/s12975-023-01172-2. [PMID: 37432594 PMCID: PMC10782817 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and monocytes play a critical role in immune responses to cerebral ischemia. Previous studies have demonstrated that interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and IRF5 direct microglial polarization after stroke and impact outcomes. However, IRF4/5 are expressed by both microglia and monocytes, and it is not clear if it is the microglial (central) or monocytic (peripheral) IRF4-IRF5 regulatory axis that functions in stroke. In this work, young (8-12 weeks) male pep boy (PB), IRF4 or IRF5 flox, and IRF4 or IRF5 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were used to generate 8 types of bone marrow chimeras, to differentiate the role of central (PB-to-IRF CKO) vs. peripheral (IRF CKO-to-PB) phagocytic IRF4-IRF5 axis in stroke. Chimeras generated from PB and flox mice were used as controls. All chimeras were subjected to 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Three days after the stroke, outcomes and inflammatory responses were analyzed. We found that PB-to-IRF4 CKO chimeras had more robust microglial pro-inflammatory responses than IRF4 CKO-to-PB chimeras, while ameliorated microglial response was seen in PB-to-IRF5 CKO vs. IRF5 CKO-to-PB chimeras. PB-to-IRF4 or IRF5 CKO chimeras had worse or better stroke outcomes respectively than their controls, whereas IRF4 or 5 CKO-to-PB chimeras had similar outcomes compared to controls. We conclude that the central IRF4/5 signaling is responsible for microglial activation and mediates stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria P Blasco Conesa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bhanu P Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bharti Manwani
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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13
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Espada CE, Sari L, Cahill MP, Yang H, Phillips S, Martinez N, Kenney AD, Yount JS, Xiong Y, Lin MM, Wu L. SAMHD1 impairs type I interferon induction through the MAVS, IKKε, and IRF7 signaling axis during viral infection. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104925. [PMID: 37328105 PMCID: PMC10404699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by reducing the intracellular dNTP pool. We have shown that SAMHD1 suppresses nuclear factor kappa-B activation and type I interferon (IFN-I) induction by viral infection and inflammatory stimuli. However, the mechanism by which SAMHD1 inhibits IFN-I remains unclear. Here, we show that SAMHD1 inhibits IFN-I activation induced by the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS). SAMHD1 interacted with MAVS and suppressed MAVS aggregation in response to Sendai virus infection in human monocytic THP-1 cells. This resulted in increased phosphorylation of TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase epsilon (IKKε), and IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). SAMHD1 suppressed IFN-I activation induced by IKKε and prevented IRF7 binding to the kinase domain of IKKε. We found that SAMHD1 interaction with the inhibitory domain (ID) of IRF7 (IRF7-ID) was necessary and sufficient for SAMHD1 suppression of IRF7-mediated IFN-I activation in HEK293T cells. Computational docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed possible binding sites between IRF7-ID and full-length SAMHD1. Individual substitution of F411, E416, or V460 in IRF7-ID significantly reduced IRF7 transactivation activity and SAMHD1 binding. Furthermore, we investigated the role of SAMHD1 inhibition of IRF7-mediated IFN-I induction during HIV-1 infection. We found that THP-1 cells lacking IRF7 expression had reduced HIV-1 infection and viral transcription compared to control cells, indicating a positive role of IRF7 in HIV-1 infection. Our findings suggest that SAMHD1 suppresses IFN-I induction through the MAVS, IKKε, and IRF7 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza E Espada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Levent Sari
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael P Cahill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Stacia Phillips
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Nicholas Martinez
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Milo M Lin
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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14
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Lu X, Hu Z, Huang H, Yi M, Jia K. Molecular characterization, transcriptional regulation of sea perch Moloney leukemia virus 10 and its antiviral function against VHSV. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023:108874. [PMID: 37271323 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Moloney leukemia virus 10 (MOV10) is a conserved RNA helicase and has multiple biological functions in mammals, but its role remains poorly understood in bony fish. Here, we cloned a MOV10 homolog from sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicus), which contained 23 exons and 22 introns, with an open reading frame of 3000 bp encoding 1000 amino acids. Tissue distribution analysis showed that MOV10 was high expressed in blood of sea perch. Promoter analysis revealed several putative multiple transcription factors binding sites, including upstream transcription factor 1, GATA-box, transcription initiation factor IIB, activator protein 1 and two interferon (IFN) stimulated response elements. Further analysis found that IFNc, IFNh, and IFNγ could not only activate IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 1 expression which in turn led to the induction of MOV10, but also prompted the expression of IRF10 to hinder excessive MOV10 expression. Moreover, IRF2 also suppressed MOV10 expression that was initiated by IRF1. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection upregulated MOV10 expression in vivo and in vitro, which in turn, enhanced IFNh expression and exhibited strong antiviral activity against VHSV proliferation. This study provides a basis to investigate the immune escape of VHSV by affecting the biological function of transcription factors in the signaling pathways associated with antiviral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering Guangdong, China
| | - Meisheng Yi
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering Guangdong, China.
| | - Kuntong Jia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering Guangdong, China.
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15
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Drury S, Claussen G, Zetterman A, Moriyama H, Moriyama EN, Zhang L. Evolution and emergence of primate-specific interferon regulatory factor 9. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28521. [PMID: 36691924 PMCID: PMC10107944 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The binding of interferon (IFN) to its receptors leads to formation of IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex that activates the transcription of cellular IFN-regulated genes. IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF9, also called ISGF3γ or p48) is a key component of ISGF3. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the molecular evolution of IRF9 among vertebrates. In this study, we have identified the existence of the IRF9 gene in cartilaginous fish (sharks). Among primates, several isoforms unique to old world moneys and great apes are identified. These IRF9 isoforms are named as primate-specific IRF9 (PS-IRF9) to distinguish from canonical IRF9. PS-IRF9 originates from a unique exon usage and differential splicing in the IRF9 gene. Although the N-terminus are identical for all IRF9s, the C-terminal regions of the PS-IRF9 are completely different from canonical IRF9. In humans, two PS-IRF9s are identified and their RNA transcripts were detected in human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, human PS-IRF9 proteins were detected in human cell lines. Sharing the N-terminal exons with the canonical IRF9 proteins, PS-IRF9 is predicted to bind to the same DNA sequences as the canonical IRF9 proteins. As the C-terminal regions of IRFs are the determinants of IRF functions, PS-IRF9 may offer unique biological functions and represent a novel signaling molecule involved in the regulation of the IFN pathway in a primate-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Drury
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Grace Claussen
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Allison Zetterman
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Hideaki Moriyama
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Etsuko N. Moriyama
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Luwen Zhang
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
- Nebraska Center for VirologyUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
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16
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Ringoringo HP. Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia and Reference Range of Complete Blood Count, Reticulocyte Parameters in Infants Aged 9-11 Months. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:8017-8024. [PMID: 36348977 PMCID: PMC9637362 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s383055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is still a major global health problem. Determination of reference ranges for complete blood count (CBC), reticulocyte hemoglobin content (Ret-He), immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF), and reticulocyte production index (RPI) are essential to help diagnose a disease. PURPOSE The study aims to know the prevalence of IDA, risk factors that influence it, and set a reference range for CBC and reticulocyte parameters in infants aged 9-11 months in Indonesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was conducted prospectively at 10 Community Health Centers in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, from August 2020 to August 2021. RESULTS This study recruited 100 healthy infants (47% boys, 53% girls) aged 9-11 months. The prevalence of IDA was 32%. There is no association between IDA prevalence with the mother's education and occupation, maternal parity, family income, and infant nutritional status (p > 0.05). The reference range for hemoglobin (Hb) at P2.5-P97.5, P3-P97, P5-P95 and mean ± 2SD was 11.06 to 14.34 g/dL, 11.10 to 14.31 g/dL, 11.13 to 13.90 g/dL and 10.57 to 13.65 g/dL, respectively. This study also defined the reference ranges for reticulocyte parameters. CONCLUSION The reference range of CBC, Ret-He, IRF, and RPI for healthy infants aged 9-11 months in this study can be used as a benchmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harapan Parlindungan Ringoringo
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University – RSD Idaman Banjarbaru, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia,Correspondence: Harapan Parlindungan Ringoringo, Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University – RSD Idaman Banjarbaru, Jalan Citra Megah Raya III No. 14 RT 007/RW 002, Kelurahan Loktabat Utara, Kecamatan Banjarbaru Utara, Banjarbaru, Kalimantan Selatan, 70712, Indonesia, Tel +6282130877777, Email
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Kusiak A, Brady G. Bifurcation of signalling in human innate immune pathways to NF-kB and IRF family activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115246. [PMID: 36088989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human innate immune response can be activated through a wide range of stimuli. This multi-faceted system can be triggered by a range of immunostimulants including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These stimuli drive intracellular signalling pathways that branch off downstream to activate several distinct transcription factors. The two most impactful of which in innate immune outcomes are the NF-κB and the IRF family members. Both transcription factor families play defining roles in driving inflammation as well as the antiviral response. Pathways leading to their simultaneous activation share common upstream components but eventually distinct regulators which directly facilitate their activation. This review will discuss the current state of knowledge about what is known about how these pathways bifurcate to activate NF-κB and IRF family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kusiak
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James' Campus, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Gareth Brady
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James' Campus, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland.
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18
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Ngwa C, Al Mamun A, Qi S, Sharmeen R, Xu Y, Liu F. Regulation of microglial activation in stroke in aged mice: a translational study. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6047-6065. [PMID: 35963621 PMCID: PMC9417226 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous neurochemical changes occur with aging and stroke mainly affects the elderly. Our previous study has found interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and 4 (IRF4) regulate neuroinflammation in young stroke mice. However, whether the IRF5-IRF4 regulatory axis has the same effect in aged brains is not known. In this study, aged (18-20-month-old), microglial IRF5 or IRF4 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were subjected to a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Stroke outcomes were quantified at 3d after MCAO. Flow cytometry and ELISA were performed to evaluate microglial activation and immune responses. We found aged microglia express higher levels of IRF5 and lower levels of IRF4 than young microglia after stroke. IRF5 CKO aged mice had improved stroke outcomes; whereas worse outcomes were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. their flox controls. IRF5 CKO aged microglia had significantly lower levels of IL-1β and CD68 than controls; whereas significantly higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. control microglia. Plasma levels of TNF-α and MIP-1α were decreased in IRF5 CKO vs. flox aged mice, and IL-1β/IL-6 levels were increased in IRF4 CKO vs. controls. The anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4/IL-10) levels were higher in IRF5 CKO, and lower in IRF4 CKO aged mice vs. their flox controls. IRF5 and IRF4 signaling drives microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory response respectively; microglial IRF5 is detrimental and IRF4 beneficial for aged mice in stroke. IRF5-IRF4 axis is a promising target for developing new, effective therapeutic strategies for the cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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19
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Lança T, Ungerbäck J, Da Silva C, Joeris T, Ahmadi F, Vandamme J, Svensson-Frej M, Mowat AM, Kotarsky K, Sigvardsson M, Agace WW. IRF8 deficiency induces the transcriptional, functional, and epigenetic reprogramming of cDC1 into the cDC2 lineage. Immunity 2022; 55:1431-1447.e11. [PMID: 35830859 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) consist of two major functionally and phenotypically distinct subsets, cDC1 and cDC2, whose development is dependent on distinct sets of transcription factors. Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is required at multiple stages of cDC1 development, but its role in committed cDC1 remains unclear. Here, we used Xcre-cre to delete Irf8 in committed cDC1 and demonstrate that Irf8 is required for maintaining the identity of cDC1. In the absence of Irf8, committed cDC1 acquired the transcriptional, functional, and chromatin accessibility properties of cDC2. This conversion was independent of Irf4 and was associated with the decreased accessibility of putative IRF8, Batf3, and composite AP-1-IRF (AICE)-binding elements, together with increased accessibility of cDC2-associated transcription-factor-binding elements. Thus, IRF8 expression by committed cDC1 is required for preventing their conversion into cDC2-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Lança
- Mucosal Immunology group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Ungerbäck
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Clément Da Silva
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, BMC D14, 221-84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thorsten Joeris
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, BMC D14, 221-84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, BMC D14, 221-84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Julien Vandamme
- Mucosal Immunology group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marcus Svensson-Frej
- Mucosal Immunology group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Allan McI Mowat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Knut Kotarsky
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, BMC D14, 221-84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - William W Agace
- Mucosal Immunology group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, BMC D14, 221-84 Lund, Sweden.
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20
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Zhu P, Yan X, Jiang X, Li H, Chen R, Wang S, Li C. The MRE11 opposes white spot syndrome virus infection through the IRF and Dorsal mediated antiviral pathways in shrimp. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 126:347-356. [PMID: 35654385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic recombination 11 (MRE11), a key component of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex, plays important roles in damaged DNA repair and immune response. In this study, we described the molecular cloning of a new member of MRE11 from Litopenaeus vannamei named as LvMRE11. The full length of LvMRE11 was 2999 bp, including a 1947 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a putative protein of 648 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of ∼73.2 kDa LvMRE11 was universally expressed in all tested tissues and its expression in intestine was responsive to the challenge of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), poly (I: C), poly [dA:dT], CpG-ODN 2006 and IFN stimulatory DNA (ISD). The dsRNA-mediated knockdown of LvMRE11 enhanced the susceptibility of shrimps to WSSV infection, as manifested by a higher mortality and viral loads observed in LvMRE11 silenced shrimps. Besides, silencing of LvMRE11 resulted in decreased expression levels of IRF-Vago-JAK/STAT pathway components, and Dorsal but not the Relish, as well as several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In conclusion, we provided some evidences that the involvement of LvMRE11 in innate immune against virus infection probably through regulating the IRF and Dorsal mediated antiviral pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gluf University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xuheng Yan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiewu Jiang
- Guangdong Hisenor Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Hisenor Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Rongjian Chen
- Guangdong Hisenor Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Chaozheng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gluf University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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21
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Lin X, Zhang H, Liu J, Wu CL, McDavid A, Boyce BF, Xing L. Aged Callus Skeletal Stem/Progenitor Cells Contain an Inflammatory Osteogenic Population With Increased IRF and NF-κB Pathways and Reduced Osteogenic Potential. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:806528. [PMID: 35755815 PMCID: PMC9218815 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.806528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) are critical for fracture repair by providing osteo-chondro precursors in the callus, which is impaired in aging. However, the molecular signatures of callus SSPCs during aging are not known. Herein, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on 11,957 CD45-CD31-Ter119- SSPCs isolated from young and aged mouse calluses. Combining unsupervised clustering, putative makers, and DEGs/pathway analyses, major SSPC clusters were annotated as osteogenic, proliferating, and adipogenic populations. The proliferating cluster had a differentiating potential into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages by trajectory analysis. The osteoblastic/adipogenic/proliferating potential of individual clusters was further evidenced by elevated expression of genes related to osteoblasts, adipocytes, or proliferation. The osteogenic cluster was sub-clustered into house-keeping and inflammatory osteogenic populations that were decreased and increased in aged callus, respectively. The majority of master regulators for the inflammatory osteogenic population belong to IRF and NF-κB families, which was confirmed by immunostaining, RT-qPCR, and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, cells in the inflammatory osteogenic sub-cluster had reduced osteoblast differentiation capacity. In conclusion, we identified 3 major clusters in callus SSPCs, confirming their heterogeneity and, importantly, increased IRF/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory osteogenic population with decreased osteogenic potential in aged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - H. Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - J. Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - C L. Wu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - A. McDavid
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - B. F. Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - L. Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Rochester, NY, United States
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22
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Phalke S, Rivera-Correa J, Jenkins D, Flores Castro D, Giannopoulou E, Pernis AB. Molecular mechanisms controlling age-associated B cells in autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:79-100. [PMID: 35102602 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) have emerged as critical components of immune responses. Their inappropriate expansion and differentiation have increasingly been linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, aging-associated diseases, and infections. ABCs exhibit a distinctive phenotype and, in addition to classical B cell markers, often express the transcription factor T-bet and myeloid markers like CD11c; hence, these cells are also commonly known as CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells. Formation of ABCs is promoted by distinctive combinations of innate and adaptive signals. In addition to producing antibodies, these cells display antigen-presenting and proinflammatory capabilities. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that the ABC compartment exhibits a high degree of heterogeneity, plasticity, and sex-specific regulation and that ABCs can differentiate into effector progeny via several routes particularly in autoimmune settings. In this review, we will discuss the initial insights that have been obtained on the molecular machinery that controls ABCs and we will highlight some of the unique aspects of this control system that may enable ABCs to fulfill their distinctive role in immune responses. Given the expanding array of autoimmune disorders and pathophysiological settings in which ABCs are being implicated, a deeper understanding of this machinery could have important and broad therapeutic implications for the successful, albeit daunting, task of targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Phalke
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan Rivera-Correa
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Jenkins
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Danny Flores Castro
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Evgenia Giannopoulou
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alessandra B Pernis
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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23
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Musick M, Yu X. Manipulation of the tumor immuno-microenvironment via TAM-targeted expression of transcription factors. Immunol Res 2022; 70:432-440. [PMID: 35486115 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) leads to cancer growth, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Immunomodulatory immunotherapy aims to skew the immunosuppressive TME back to an immune active state. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a critical component of the TME that are actively involved in tumor-specific inflammation and immunosuppression. TAMs exhibit a diverse range of phenotypes and functions, from pro-tumor to anti-tumor. The plasticity of TAMs makes them a promising target for immunotherapy, and TAM-targeted therapies via different strategies have shown great potential. This review discusses current TAM-specific delivery targets and genes of interest for TAM-reprogramming. As phagocytic cells, TAMs have several receptors that have been used to increase TAM-targeted in vivo delivery. Furthermore, a promising approach for reprogramming TAMs is to activate or suppress specific transcription factors in the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) families. Altering TAM transcription factor expression results in a potent shift in cytokine expression and overall TAM function potentially tipping the balance from an immunosuppressive to an immune active TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Musick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, SC, 29631, Clemson, USA.
| | - Xianzhong Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, SC, 29631, Clemson, USA
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24
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Abstract
Macrophages are first responders for the immune system. In this role, they have both effector functions for neutralizing pathogens and sentinel functions for alerting other immune cells of diverse pathologic threats, thereby initiating and coordinating a multipronged immune response. Macrophages are distributed throughout the body-they circulate in the blood, line the mucosal membranes, reside within organs, and survey the connective tissue. Several reviews have summarized their diverse roles in different physiological scenarios and in the initiation or amplification of different pathologies. In this review, we propose that both the effector and the sentinel functions of healthy macrophages rely on three hallmark properties: response specificity, context dependence, and stimulus memory. When these hallmark properties are diminished, the macrophage's biological functions are impaired, which in turn results in increased risk for immune dysregulation, manifested by immune deficiency or autoimmunity. We review the evidence and the molecular mechanisms supporting these functional hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Sheu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;
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25
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Li L, Liu W, Fan N, Li F, Huang B, Liu Q, Wang X, Zheng Y, Sang X, Dong J, Wang X, Wei L, Liu Y, Zhang M, Ma J, Chen J, Qi Y, Wang X. Scallop IKK1 Responds to Bacterial and Virus-Related Pathogen Stimulation and Interacts With MyD88 Adaptor of Toll-Like Receptor Pathway Signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869845. [PMID: 35422814 PMCID: PMC9002017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IKK proteins are key signaling molecules in the innate immune system of animals, and act downstream of pattern recognition receptors. However, research on IKKs in invertebrates, especially marine mollusks, remains scarce. In this study, we cloned CfIKK1 gene from the Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) and studied its function and the signaling it mediates. The open reading frame of CfIKK1 was 2190 bp and encoded 729 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CfIKK1 belonged to the invertebrate IKKα/IKKβ family. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed the ubiquitous expression of CfIKK1 mRNA in all scallop tissues and challenge with lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, or poly(I:C) significantly upregulated the expression of CfIKK1. Co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction of CfIKK1 with scallop MyD88 (Myeloid differentiation actor 88, the key adaptor of the TLR signaling pathway) via its N-terminal kinase domain. Additionally, CfIKK1 protein could form homodimers and even oligomers, with N-terminal kinase domain and C-terminal scaffold dimerization domain playing key roles in this process. Finally, the results of RNAi experiments showed that when the scallop IKK1 gene was suppressed, the expression of IRF genes also decreased significantly. In conclusion, CfIKK1 could respond to PAMPs challenge and interact with MyD88 protein of scallop TLR signaling, with the formation of CfIKK1 dimers or oligomers. At the same time, the results of RNAi experiments revealed the close regulatory relationship between IKK1 and IRF genes of scallop. Therefore, as a key signal transduction molecule and immune activity regulator, CfIKK1 plays important roles in the innate immune system of scallops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.,Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Nini Fan
- Changdao Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Fangshu Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Baoyu Huang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Changdao Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Yanxin Zheng
- Changdao Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Xiuxiu Sang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Juan Dong
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Meiwei Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jilv Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jiwen Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yitao Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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26
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Soponpong S, Amparyup P, Kawai T, Tassanakajon A. Penaeus monodon Interferon Regulatory Factor ( PmIRF) Activates IFNs and Antimicrobial Peptide Expression via a STING-Dependent DNA Sensing Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 12:818267. [PMID: 35082798 PMCID: PMC8784814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.818267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are transcription factors found in both vertebrates and invertebrates that were recently identified and found to play an important role in antiviral immunity in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which P. monodon IRF (PmIRF) regulates the immune-related genes downstream of the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway. Depletion of PmIRF by double-stranded RNA-mediated gene silencing significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of the IFN-like factors PmVago1, PmVago4, and PmVago5 and antilipopolysaccharide factor 6 (ALFPm6) in shrimp. In human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells transfected with PmIRF or co-transfected with DEAD-box polypeptide (PmDDX41) and simulator of IFN genes (PmSTING) expression plasmids, the promoter activity of IFN-β, nuclear factor (NF-κB), and ALFPm6 was synergistically enhanced following stimulation with the nucleic acid mimics deoxyadenylic–deoxythymidylic acid sodium salt [poly(dA:dT)] and high molecular weight (HMW) polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]. Both nucleic acid mimics also significantly induced PmSTING, PmIRF, and ALFPm6 gene expression. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that PmIRF interacted with PmSTING in cells stimulated with poly(dA:dT). PmSTING, PmIRF, and PmDDX41 were localized in the cytoplasm of unstimulated HEK293T cells and PmIRF and PmDDX41 were translocated to the nucleus upon stimulation with the nucleic acid mimics while PmSTING remained in the cytoplasm. These results indicate that PmIRF transduces the pathogen signal via the PmDDX41–PmSTING DNA sensing pathway to induce downstream production of interferon-like molecules and antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthinee Soponpong
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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27
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Deutsch A, Palmer L, Vaughan M, McMullen T, Karmarkar A, Kwon S, Ingber MJ. The Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Change in Self-Care and Change in Mobility Quality Measures: Development and Reliability and Validity Testing. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022:S0003-9993(22)00204-0. [PMID: 35143748 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the development, implementation and reliability and validity testing of the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility (IRF) "Change in Self-Care" and "Change in Mobility" quality measures. DESIGN We describe the activities involved in developing and implementing the two facility-level quality measures, including public comment opportunities. We examined facility-level reliability using split-half testing and Pearson Product-Moment Correlations, Spearman Rank Correlations, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC2,1). We examined validity by comparing facility-level quality measure scores and facility disease-specific certification status. SETTING All 1,117 IRFs in the United States with at least 20 Medicare stays that ended in 2017. PARTICIPANTS Facility-level quality measure scores were derived from data from 427,517 (self-care) and 427,956 (mobility) Medicare fee-for-service and Medicare Advantage IRF patient stays in 2017. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Facility-level Change in Self-Care and Change in Mobility quality measure scores and facility Disease-Specific Certification for Stroke Rehabilitation from The Joint Commission was used in validity analysis. RESULTS The split-half quality measure scores showed strong, positive correlations for the facility-level self-care (Pearson = 0.903, Spearman = 0.884, ICC= 0.903, p < 0.0001) and mobility (Pearson = 0.903, Spearman = 0.884, ICC= 0.903, p < 0.0001) quality measure scores providing evidence of reliability. ICCs remained strong when stratifying by provider volume . IRFs with stroke certification had slightly higher mean and median quality measure scores compared to IRFs without certification, and IRFs with the higher quality measure scores tended to have a higher percentage of certified IRFs . CONCLUSION(S) Our analyses support the reliability and validity of the Change in Self-Care and Change in Mobility quality measure scores in IRFs.
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28
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Bourdonnay E, Henry T. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Gasdermins. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167253. [PMID: 34537234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gasdermins (GSDM) are a family of six homologous proteins (GSDMA to E and Pejvakin) in humans. GSDMA-E are pore-forming proteins targeting the plasma membrane to trigger a rapid cell death termed pyroptosis or bacterial membranes to promote antibacterial immune defenses. Activation of GSDM relies on a proteolytic cleavage but is highly dependent on GSDM expression levels. The different GSDM genes have tissue-specific expression pattern although metabolic, environmental signals, cell stress and numerous cytokines modulate their expression levels in tissues. Furthermore, expression of GSDM genes can be modulated by polymorphisms and have been associated with susceptibility to asthma, inflammatory bowel diseases and rhinovirus wheezing illness. Finally, the expression level of GSDMs controls the balance between apoptosis and pyroptosis affecting both the response and the toxicity to chemotactic drugs and antitumoral treatments. Numerous cancer demonstrate positive or negative modulation of GSDM expression levels correlating with distinct tumor-specific prognosis. In this review, we present the transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms controlling GSDM levels and their functional consequences in asthma, infection, cancers and inflammatory bowel disease to highlight how this first layer of regulations has key consequences on disease susceptibility and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bourdonnay
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
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Qi S, Al Mamun A, Ngwa C, Romana S, Ritzel R, Arnold AP, McCullough LD, Liu F. X chromosome escapee genes are involved in ischemic sexual dimorphism through epigenetic modification of inflammatory signals. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:70. [PMID: 33712031 PMCID: PMC7953638 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a sexually dimorphic disease. Previous studies have found that young females are protected against ischemia compared to males, partially due to the protective effect of ovarian hormones, particularly estrogen (E2). However, there are also genetic and epigenetic effects of X chromosome dosage that contribute to stroke sensitivity and neuroinflammation after injury, especially in the aged. Genes that escape from X chromosome inactivation (XCI) contribute to sex-specific phenotypes in many disorders. Kdm5c and kdm6a are X escapee genes that demethylate H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, respectively. We hypothesized that the two demethylases play critical roles in mediating the stroke sensitivity. METHODS To identify the X escapee genes involved in stroke, we performed RNA-seq in flow-sorted microglia from aged male and female wild type (WT) mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The expression of these genes (kdm5c/kdm6a) were confirmed in four core genotypes (FCG) mice and in post-mortem human stroke brains by immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blot, and RT-PCR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were conducted to detect DNA levels of inflammatory interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 4/5 precipitated by histone H3K4 and H3K27 antibodies. Manipulation of kdm5c/kdm6a expression with siRNA or lentivirus was performed in microglial culture, to determine downstream pathways and examine the regulatory roles in inflammatory cytokine production. RESULTS Kdm5c and kdm6a mRNA levels were significantly higher in aged WT female vs. male microglia, and the sex difference also existed in ischemic brains from FCG mice and human stroke patients. The ChIP assay showed the IRF 4/5 had higher binding levels to demethylated H3K4 or H3K27, respectively, in female vs. male ischemic microglia. Knockdown or over expression of kdm5c/kdm6a with siRNA or lentivirus altered the methylation of H3K4 or H3K27 at the IRF4/5 genes, which in turn, impacted the production of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS The KDM-Histone-IRF pathways are suggested to mediate sex differences in cerebral ischemia. Epigenetic modification of stroke-related genes constitutes an important mechanism underlying the ischemic sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sharmeen Romana
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rodney Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, 610 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Michalet X. An overview of continuous and discrete phasor analysis of binned or time-gated periodic decays. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2021; 11648:116480E. [PMID: 33854272 PMCID: PMC8041354 DOI: 10.1117/12.2577747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved analysis of periodically excited luminescence decays by the phasor method in the presence of time-gating or binning is revisited. Analytical expressions for discrete configurations of square gates are derived and the locus of the phasors of such modified periodic single-exponential decays is compared to the canonical universal semicircle. The effects of IRF offset, decay truncation and gate shape are also discussed. Finally, modified expressions for the phase and modulus lifetimes are provided for some simple cases. A discussion of a modified phasor calibration approach is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Michalet
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 607 Charles E. Young Drive E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Irving AT, Zhang Q, Kong PS, Luko K, Rozario P, Wen M, Zhu F, Zhou P, Ng JHJ, Sobota RM, Wang LF. Interferon Regulatory Factors IRF1 and IRF7 Directly Regulate Gene Expression in Bats in Response to Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108345. [PMID: 33147460 PMCID: PMC8755441 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bat cells and tissue have elevated basal expression levels of antiviral genes commonly associated with interferon alpha (IFNα) signaling. Here, we show Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 (IRF1), 3, and 7 levels are elevated in most bat tissues and that, basally, IRFs contribute to the expression of type I IFN ligands and high expression of interferon regulated genes (IRGs). CRISPR knockout (KO) of IRF 1/3/7 in cells reveals distinct subsets of genes affected by each IRF in an IFN-ligand signaling-dependent and largely independent manner. As the master regulators of innate immunity, the IRFs control the kinetics and maintenance of the IRG response and play essential roles in response to influenza A virus (IAV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), Melaka virus/Pteropine orthoreovirus 3 Melaka (PRV3M), and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. With its differential expression in bats compared to that in humans, this highlights a critical role for basal IRF expression in viral responses and potentially immune cell development in bats with relevance for IRF function in human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Irving
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University International Campus, Haining, China; Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pui-San Kong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katarina Luko
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pritisha Rozario
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Wen
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Zhou
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Justin H J Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Radoslaw M Sobota
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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Munir D, Munro ES, Secombes CJ, Dooley H. Atlantic salmon kidney (ASK) cells are an effective model to characterise interferon (IFN) and IFN-induced gene expression following salmonid alphavirus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 106:792-795. [PMID: 32871248 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), the causative agent of pancreas disease, is a serious pathogen of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Given the economic impact of SAV outbreaks, much effort is focussed upon understanding the fish immune response following infection and the exploitation of this knowledge to reduce disease impact. Herein we examine the utility of the long-term Atlantic salmon kidney (ASK) cell line as a tool to study antiviral responses upon infection with SAV. Following infection with SAV subtype 1 (isolate V4640) we examined the kinetics and magnitude of induction of IFNa, IFN-regulatory factor (IRF) genes IRF1, IRF3, and IRF7b, as well as the antiviral effector Mx by RT-qPCR. SAV-1 non-structural protein (nsp1) transcript levels increased continuously over the experimental period, indicating viral replication, but cytopathic effect (CPE) was not observed. All the immune genes studied showed an increase in transcript levels over the 96-h study period following SAV infection, with strongest induction of Mx. Our data confirm that ASK cells are a suitable model to study the virus-associated immune responses of salmonids and may be a useful tool when assaying the effectiveness of potential prophylactic or antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Munir
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Eann S Munro
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Helen Dooley
- Dept Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, Baltimore, USA.
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Cornut M, Bourdonnay E, Henry T. Transcriptional Regulation of Inflammasomes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8087. [PMID: 33138274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multimolecular complexes with potent inflammatory activity. As such, their activity is tightly regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In this review, we present the transcriptional regulation of inflammasome genes from sensors (e.g., NLRP3) to substrates (e.g., IL-1β). Lineage-determining transcription factors shape inflammasome responses in different cell types with profound consequences on the responsiveness to inflammasome-activating stimuli. Pro-inflammatory signals (sterile or microbial) have a key transcriptional impact on inflammasome genes, which is largely mediated by NF-κB and that translates into higher antimicrobial immune responses. Furthermore, diverse intrinsic (e.g., circadian clock, metabolites) or extrinsic (e.g., xenobiotics) signals are integrated by signal-dependent transcription factors and chromatin structure changes to modulate transcriptionally inflammasome responses. Finally, anti-inflammatory signals (e.g., IL-10) counterbalance inflammasome genes induction to limit deleterious inflammation. Transcriptional regulations thus appear as the first line of inflammasome regulation to raise the defense level in front of stress and infections but also to limit excessive or chronic inflammation.
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Kim S, Bagadia P, Anderson DA, Liu TT, Huang X, Theisen DJ, O'Connor KW, Ohara RA, Iwata A, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. High Amount of Transcription Factor IRF8 Engages AP1-IRF Composite Elements in Enhancers to Direct Type 1 Conventional Dendritic Cell Identity. Immunity 2020; 53:759-774.e9. [PMID: 32795402 PMCID: PMC8193644 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Development and function of conventional dendritic cell (cDC) subsets, cDC1 and cDC2, depend on transcription factors (TFs) IRF8 and IRF4, respectively. Since IRF8 and IRF4 can each interact with TF BATF3 at AP1-IRF composite elements (AICEs) and with TF PU.1 at Ets-IRF composite elements (EICEs), it is unclear how these factors exert divergent actions. Here, we determined the basis for distinct effects of IRF8 and IRF4 in cDC development. Genes expressed commonly by cDC1 and cDC2 used EICE-dependent enhancers that were redundantly activated by low amounts of either IRF4 or IRF8. By contrast, cDC1-specific genes relied on AICE-dependent enhancers, which required high IRF concentrations, but were activated by either IRF4 or IRF8. IRF8 was specifically required only by a minority of cDC1-specific genes, such as Xcr1, which could distinguish between IRF8 and IRF4 DNA-binding domains. Thus, these results explain how BATF3-dependent Irf8 autoactivation underlies emergence of the cDC1-specific transcriptional program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyung Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Prachi Bagadia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David A Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Derek J Theisen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kevin W O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ray A Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Li H, Fu Q, Wang S, Chen R, Jiang X, Zhu P, He J, Li C. TNF-Receptor-Associated Factor 3 in Litopenaeus vannamei Restricts White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection Through the IRF-Vago Antiviral Pathway. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2110. [PMID: 33042123 PMCID: PMC7518466 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors (TRAFs) are vital signaling adaptor proteins for the innate immune response and are involved in many important pathways, such as the NF-κB- and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-activated signaling pathways. In this study, the TRAF3 ortholog from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (LvTRAF3) was cloned and characterized. LvTRAF3 has a transcript of 3,865 bp, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,002 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 333 amino acids, including a conserved TRAF-C domain. The expression of LvTRAF3 in the intestine and hemocyte was up-regulated in response to poly (I:C) challenge and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. RNAi knockdown of LvTRAF3 in vivo significantly increased WSSV gene transcription, viral loads, and mortality in WSSV-infected shrimp. Next, we found that LvTRAF3 was not able to induce the activation of the NF-κB pathway, which was crucial for synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which mediate antiviral immunity. Specifically, in dual-luciferase reporter assays, LvTRAF3 could not activate several types of promoters with NF-κB binding sites, including those from WSSV genes (wsv069, wsv056, and wsv403), Drosophila AMPs or shrimp AMPs. Accordingly, the mRNA levels of shrimp AMPs did not significantly change when TRAF3 was knocked down during WSSV infection. Instead, we found that LvTRAF3 signaled through the IRF-Vago antiviral cascade. LvTRAF3 functioned upstream of LvIRF to regulate the expression of LvVago4 and LvVago5 during WSSV infection in vivo. Taken together, these data provide experimental evidence of the participation of LvTRAF3 in the host defense to WSSV through the activation of the IRF-Vago pathway but not the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Li
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Fu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Xiewu Jiang
- Guangdong Hisenor Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gluf University, Qinzhou, China
| | - Jianguo He
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaozheng Li
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Saikh KU, Morazzani EM, Piper AE, Bakken RR, Glass PJ. A small molecule inhibitor of MyD88 exhibits broad spectrum antiviral activity by up regulation of type I interferon. Antiviral Res 2020; 181:104854. [PMID: 32621945 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight that infection with Coxsackievirus B3, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), Marburg virus, or stimulation using poly I:C (dsRNA), upregulates the signaling adaptor protein MyD88 and impairs the host antiviral type I interferon (IFN) responses. In contrast, MyD88 deficiency (MyD88-/-) increases the type I IFN and survivability of mice implying that MyD88 up regulation limits the type I IFN response. Reasoning that MyD88 inhibition in a virus-like manner may increase type I IFN responses, our studies revealed lipopolysaccharide stimulation of U937 cells or poly I:C stimulation of HEK293-TLR3, THP1 or U87 cells in the presence of a previously reported MyD88 inhibitor (compound 4210) augmented IFN-β and RANTES production. Consistent with these results, overexpression of MyD88 decreased IFN-β, whereas MyD88 inhibition rescued IFN-β production concomitant with increased IRF3 phosphorylation, suggesting IRF-mediated downstream signaling to the IFN-β response. Further, compound 4210 treatment inhibited MyD88 interaction with IRF3/IRF7 indicating that MyD88 restricts type I IFN signaling through sequestration of IRF3/IRF7. In cell based infection assays, compound 4210 treatment suppressed replication of VEEV, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Ebola virus (EBOV), Rift Valley Fever virus, Lassa virus, and Dengue virus with IC50 values ranging from 11 to 42 μM. Notably, administration of compound 4210 improved survival, weight change, and clinical disease scores in mice following challenge with VEEV TC-83 and EBOV. Collectively, these results provide evidence that viral infections responsive to MyD88 inhibition lead to activation of IRF3/IRF7 and promoted a type I IFN response, thus, raising the prospect of an approach of host-directed antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal U Saikh
- Department of Bacterial Immunology, Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Elaine M Morazzani
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ashley E Piper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Russell R Bakken
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Pamela J Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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Wang Z, Pascal LE, Chandran UR, Chaparala S, Lv S, Ding H, Qi L, Wang Z. ELL2 Is Required for the Growth and Survival of AR-Negative Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:4411-4427. [PMID: 32606936 PMCID: PMC7294050 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s248854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elongation factor for RNA polymerase II 2 (ELL2) was reported as a putative tumor suppressor in the prostate. ELL2 is frequently down-regulated in prostatic adenocarcinoma specimens, and loss of ELL2 induced murine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and enhanced AR-positive prostate cancer cell proliferation. However, the ELL2 gene appears to be amplified in AR-negative neuroendocrine prostate tumors, suggesting a potential oncogenic role for ELL2 in AR-negative prostate cancer cells. In this study, we explored the potential function of ELL2 in PC-3 and DU145, two AR-negative prostate cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods The role of ELL2 in PC-3 and DU145 cells was studied using siRNA-mediated ELL2 knockdown. Genes regulated by ELL2 knockdown in PC-3 cells were identified and analyzed using RNA-Seq and bioinformatics. The expression of representative genes was confirmed by Western blot and/or quantitative PCR. Cell growth was determined by BrdU, MTT and colony formation assays. Cell death was analyzed by 7-AAD/Annexin V staining and trypan blue exclusion staining. Cell cycle was determined by PI staining and flow cytometry. Results ELL2 knockdown inhibited the proliferation of PC-3 and DU145 cells. RNA-Seq analysis showed an enrichment in genes associated with cell death and survival following ELL2 knockdown. The interferon-γ pathway was identified as the top canonical pathway comprising of 55.6% of the genes regulated by ELL2. ELL2 knockdown induced an increase in STAT1 and IRF1 mRNA and an induction of total STAT1 and phosphorylated STAT1 protein. Inhibition of cell proliferation by ELL2 knockdown was partly abrogated by STAT1 knockdown. ELL2 knockdown inhibited colony formation and induced apoptosis in both PC-3 and DU145 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of ELL2 caused S-phase cell cycle arrest, inhibition of CDK2 phosphorylation and cyclin D1 expression, and increased expression of cyclin E. Conclusion ELL2 knockdown in PC-3 and DU145 cells induced S-phase cell cycle arrest and profound apoptosis, which was accompanied by the induction of genes associated with cell death and survival pathways. These observations suggest that ELL2 is a potential oncogenic protein required for survival and proliferation in AR-negative prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Uma R Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Srilakshmi Chaparala
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shidong Lv
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Fitzpatrick JM, Minogue E, Curham L, Tyrrell H, Gavigan P, Hind W, Downer EJ. MyD88-dependent and -independent signalling via TLR3 and TLR4 are differentially modulated by Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in human macrophages. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 343:577217. [PMID: 32244040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sensors of pathogen-associated molecules that trigger inflammatory signalling in innate immune cells including macrophages. All TLRs, with the exception of TLR3, promote intracellular signalling via recruitment of the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) adaptor, while TLR3 signals via Toll-Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon (IFN)-β (TRIF) adaptor to induce MyD88-independent signalling. Furthermore, TLR4 can activate both MyD88-dependent and -independent signalling (via TRIF). The study aim was to decipher the impact of the highly purified plant-derived (phyto) cannabinoids Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), when delivered in isolation and in combination (1:1), on MyD88-dependent and -independent signalling in macrophages. We employed the use of the viral dsRNA mimetic poly(I:C) and endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to induce viral TLR3 and bacterial TLR4 signalling in human Tamm-Horsfall protein-1 (THP-1)-derived macrophages, respectively. TLR3/TLR4 stimulation promoted the activation of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and TLR4 promoted the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling, with downstream production of the type I IFN-β, the chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL8, and cytokine TNF-α. THC and CBD (both at 10 μM) attenuated TLR3/4-induced IRF3 activation and induction of CXCL10/IFN-β, while both phytocannabinoids failed to impact TLR4-induced IκB-α degradation and TNF-α/CXCL8 expression. The role of CB1, CB2 and PPARγ receptors in mediating the effect of THC and CBD on MyD88-independent signalling was investigated. TLRs are attractive therapeutic targets given their role in inflammation and initiation of adaptive immunity, and data herein indicate that both CBD and THC preferentially modulate TLR3 and TLR4 signalling via MyD88-independent mechanisms in macrophages. This offers mechanistic insight into the role of phytocannabinoids in modulating cellular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Mark Fitzpatrick
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleanor Minogue
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lucy Curham
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Harry Tyrrell
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip Gavigan
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William Hind
- GW Research Ltd, Sovereign House, Vision Park, Histon, CB24 9BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Eric J Downer
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Li Y, Liu Y, Huang Y, Yang K, Xiao T, Xiong J, Wang K, Liu C, He T, Yu Y, Han W, Wang Y, Bi X, Zhang J, Huang Y, Zhang B, Zhao J. IRF-1 promotes renal fibrosis by downregulation of Klotho. FASEB J 2020; 34:4415-4429. [PMID: 31965641 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902446r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the key role of renal fibrosis in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is well known, the causes of renal fibrosis are not fully clarified. In this study, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), a mammalian transcription factor, was highly expressed in fibrotic kidney of CKD patients. Concordantly, the expression level of IRF-1 was significantly elevated in the kidney of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and Adriamycin nephropathy (ADR) mice. In tubular epithelial cells, overexpression of IRF-1 could induce profibrotic markers expression, which accompanied by dramatic downregulation of Klotho, an important inhibitor of renal fibrosis. Luciferase reporter analysis and ChIP assay revealed that IRF-1 repressed Klotho expression by downregulation of C/EBP-β, which regulates Klotho gene transcription via directly binding to its promoter. Further investigation showed that tumor necrosis factor-alpha may be an important inducement for the increase of IRF-1 in tubular epithelial cells after UUO and genetic deletion of IRF-1 attenuated renal fibrosis in UUO mice. Hence, these findings demonstrate that IRF-1 contributes to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis by downregulation of Klotho, and suppresses IRF-1 may be a potential therapeutic target for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yinghui Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Tangli Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiachuan Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kailong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ting He
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yanlin Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wenhao Han
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xianjin Bi
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yunjian Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Amon L, Lehmann CHK, Baranska A, Schoen J, Heger L, Dudziak D. Transcriptional control of dendritic cell development and functions. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2019; 349:55-151. [PMID: 31759434 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major regulators of adaptive immunity, as they are not only capable to induce efficient immune responses, but are also crucial to maintain peripheral tolerance and thereby inhibit autoimmune reactions. DCs bridge the innate and the adaptive immune system by presenting peptides of self and foreign antigens as peptide MHC complexes to T cells. These properties render DCs as interesting target cells for immunomodulatory therapies in cancer, but also autoimmune diseases. Several subsets of DCs with special properties and functions have been described. Recent achievements in understanding transcriptional programs on single cell level, together with the generation of new murine models targeting specific DC subsets, advanced our current understanding of DC development and function. Thus, DCs arise from precursor cells in the bone marrow with distinct progenitor cell populations splitting the monocyte populations and macrophage populations from the DC lineage, which upon lineage commitment can be separated into conventional cDC1, cDC2, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). The DC populations harbor intrinsic programs enabling them to react for specific pathogens in dependency on the DC subset, and thereby orchestrate T cell immune responses. Similarities, but also varieties, between human and murine DC subpopulations are challenging, and will require further investigation of human specimens under consideration of the influence of the tissue micromilieu and DC subset localization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian H K Lehmann
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Baranska
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Huang B, Tang X, Zhang L, Li L, Wang W, Liu M, Zhang G. IKKε-like plays an important role in the innate immune signaling of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 93:551-558. [PMID: 31362091 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
IκB-related kinase ε (IKKε) plays a crucial role in the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) by phosphorylating inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) and in the regulation of interferon (IFN) gene expression by phosphorylating IFN regulatory factors (IRFs). In this study, we cloned an IKKε homologue cDNA (designated as CgIKKε-like) from the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. The full 2896-bp cDNA sequence comprised a 2163-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 720 amino acids. CgIKKε-like is ubiquitously expressed, and its mRNA levels in hemocytes after poly I:C, V. alginolyticus, or OsHV-1 μVar challenge were analyzed by real-time PCR. Compared to that in the control, CgIKKε-like mRNA expression levels were significantly increased at 3 h and peaked at 6 h after OsHV-1 μVar challenge; no obvious changes were observed in expression levels until 24 h after either V. alginolyticus or poly I:C challenge, reaching a maximum at 24 h (p < 0.01) and then rapidly decreasing. CgIKKε-like transfection into human cell lines induced NF-κB and ISRE activation, while transfection with CgIKKε-like deletion mutants abolished NF-κB and ISRE reporter gene activation. Additionally, CgIKKε-like could interact with CgTBK1 and could form homodimers strongly, which may be critical for the immune signaling transduction. Last but not least, we found that CgIKKε-like may increase CgIκBs phosphorylation and could interact with CgIRF8. Together, these results suggest that CgIKKε-like could respond to pathogenic infection, participate in the immune signal transduction and activate NF-κB and ISRE reporter genes. Thus, CgIKKε-like could play an important role in the oyster immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xueying Tang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mingkun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Jiang Y, Liu L, Yang S, Cao Y, Song X, Xiao J, Feng H. Black carp PRMT6 inhibits TBK1- IRF3/7 signaling during the antiviral innate immune activation. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 93:108-115. [PMID: 31326582 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation is a prevalent posttranslational modification and protein arginine methyltransferases 6 (PRMT6) has been identified as a suppressor of TBK1/IRF3 in human and mammals. To explore the role of PRMT6 in teleost fish, PRMT6 homologue of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) has been cloned and characterized in this study. Black carp PRMT6 (bcPRMT6) transcription in host cells varies in response to different stimuli and bcPRMT6 migrates around 43 kDa in the immunoblot assay. Like its mammalian counterpart, bcPRMT6 has been identified to distribute majorly in the nucleus through the immunofluorescent staining assay. bcPRMT6 shows little interferon (IFN) promoter-inducing activity in the reporter assay and bcPRMT6 shows no antiviral activity against either grass carp reovirus (GCRV) or spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) in plaque assay. When co-expressed with bcPRMT6, the IFN promoter-inducing abilities of black carp TBK1 (bcTBK1) and IRF3/7 (bcIRF3/7) are fiercely attenuated. Accordingly, bcTBK1-mediated antiviral activity in EPC cells is obviously dampened by bcPRMT6. The interaction between bcPRMT6 and bcIRF3/7 has been identified by co-immunoprecipitation assay; however, no direct association between bcPRMT6 and bcTBK1 has been detected. Taken together, our data elucidates for the first time in teleost fish that PRMT6 suppresses TBK1-IRF3/7 signaling during host antiviral innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Liqun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Shisi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yingyi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xuejiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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Bakondi E, Singh SB, Hajnády Z, Nagy-Pénzes M, Regdon Z, Kovács K, Hegedűs C, Madácsy T, Maléth J, Hegyi P, Demény MÁ, Nagy T, Kéki S, Szabó É, Virág L. Spilanthol Inhibits Inflammatory Transcription Factors and iNOS Expression in Macrophages and Exerts Anti-inflammatory Effects in Dermatitis and Pancreatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4308. [PMID: 31484391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated macrophages upregulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) leading to the profuse production of nitric oxide (NO) and, eventually, tissue damage. Using macrophage NO production as a biochemical marker of inflammation, we tested different parts (flower, leaf, and stem) of the medicinal plant, Spilanthes acmella. We found that extracts prepared from all three parts, especially the flowers, suppressed NO production in RAW macrophages in response to interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide. Follow up experiments with selected bioactive molecules from the plant (α-amyrin, β-caryophylline, scopoletin, vanillic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and spilanthol) indicated that the N-alkamide, spilanthol, is responsible for the NO-suppressive effects and provides protection from NO-dependent cell death. Spilanthol reduced the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein and, as a possible underlying mechanism, inhibited the activation of several transcription factors (NFκB, ATF4, FOXO1, IRF1, ETS, and AP1) and sensitized cells to downregulation of Smad (TF array experiments). The iNOS inhibitory effect translated into an anti-inflammatory effect, as demonstrated in a phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced dermatitis and, to a smaller extent, in cerulein-induced pancreatitis. In summary, we demonstrate that spilanthol inhibits iNOS expression, NO production and suppresses inflammatory TFs. These events likely contribute to the observed anti-inflammatory actions of spilanthol in dermatitis and pancreatitis.
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Inkpen SM, Solbakken MH, Jentoft S, Eslamloo K, Rise ML. Full characterization and transcript expression profiling of the interferon regulatory factor ( IRF) gene family in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Dev Comp Immunol 2019; 98:166-180. [PMID: 30928323 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) represents a unique immune system among teleost fish, making it a species of interest for immunological studies, and especially for investigating the evolutionary history of immune gene families. The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) gene family encodes transcription factors which function in the interferon pathway, but also in areas including leukocyte differentiation, cell growth, autoimmunity, and development. We previously characterized several IRF family members in Atlantic cod (Irf4a, Irf4b, Irf7, Irf8, and two Irf10 splice variants) at the cDNA and putative amino acid levels, and in the current study we took advantage of the new and improved Atlantic cod genome assembly in combination with rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to characterize the remaining family members (i.e. Irf3, Irf5, Irf6, Irf9, and two Irf2 splice variants). Real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR) was used to investigate constitutive expression of all IRF transcripts during embryonic development, suggesting several putative maternal transcripts, and potential stage-specific roles. QPCR studies also showed 11 of 13 transcripts were responsive to stimulation with poly(I:C), while 6 of 13 transcripts were responsive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Atlantic cod head kidney macrophages, indicating roles for cod IRF family members in both antiviral and antibacterial responses. This study is the first to investigate expression of the complete IRF family in Atlantic cod, and suggests potential novel roles for several of these transcription factors within immunity as well as in early development of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Inkpen
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Monica H Solbakken
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sissel Jentoft
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Khalil Eslamloo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Lee CK, Bluyssen HAR. Editorial: STATs and IRFs in Innate Immunity: From Transcriptional Regulators to Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1829. [PMID: 31447843 PMCID: PMC6691035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Kuo Lee
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hans A R Bluyssen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Lukhele S, Boukhaled GM, Brooks DG. Type I interferon signaling, regulation and gene stimulation in chronic virus infection. Semin Immunol 2019; 43:101277. [PMID: 31155227 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN-I) mediate numerous immune interactions during viral infections, from the establishment of an antiviral state to invoking and regulating innate and adaptive immune cells that eliminate infection. While continuous IFN-I signaling plays critical roles in limiting virus replication during both acute and chronic infections, sustained IFN-I signaling also leads to chronic immune activation, inflammation and, consequently, immune exhaustion and dysfunction. Thus, an understanding of the balance between the desirable and deleterious effects of chronic IFN-I signaling will inform our quest for IFN-based therapies for chronic viral infections as well as other chronic diseases, including cancer. As such the factors involved in induction, propagation and regulation of IFN-I signaling, from the initial sensing of viral nucleotides within the cell to regulatory downstream signaling factors and resulting IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) have received significant research attention. This review summarizes recent work on IFN-I signaling in chronic infections, and provides an update on therapeutic approaches being considered to counter such infections.
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Antonczyk A, Krist B, Sajek M, Michalska A, Piaszyk-Borychowska A, Plens-Galaska M, Wesoly J, Bluyssen HAR. Direct Inhibition of IRF-Dependent Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanisms Associated With Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1176. [PMID: 31178872 PMCID: PMC6543449 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of homologous proteins that regulate the transcription of interferons (IFNs) and IFN-induced gene expression. As such they are important modulating proteins in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and IFN signaling pathways, which are vital elements of the innate immune system. IRFs have a multi-domain structure, with the N-terminal part acting as a DNA binding domain (DBD) that recognizes a DNA-binding motif similar to the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE). The C-terminal part contains the IRF-association domain (IAD), with which they can self-associate, bind to IRF family members or interact with other transcription factors. This complex formation is crucial for DNA binding and the commencing of target-gene expression. IRFs bind DNA and exert their activating potential as homo or heterodimers with other IRFs. Moreover, they can form complexes (e.g., with Signal transducers and activators of transcription, STATs) and collaborate with other co-acting transcription factors such as Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and PU.1. In time, more of these IRF co-activating mechanisms have been discovered, which may play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as acute and chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Detailed knowledge of IRFs structure and activating mechanisms predisposes IRFs as potential targets for inhibition in therapeutic strategies connected to numerous immune system-originated diseases. Until now only indirect IRF modulation has been studied in terms of antiviral response regulation and cancer treatment, using mainly antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA knockdown strategies. However, none of these approaches so far entered clinical trials. Moreover, no direct IRF-inhibitory strategies have been reported. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the different IRF-mediated transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and how they reflect the diverse functions of IRFs in homeostasis and in TLR and IFN signaling. Moreover, we present IRFs as promising inhibitory targets and propose a novel direct IRF-modulating strategy employing a pipeline approach that combines comparative in silico docking to the IRF-DBD with in vitro validation of IRF inhibition. We hypothesize that our methodology will enable the efficient identification of IRF-specific and pan-IRF inhibitors that can be used for the treatment of IRF-dependent disorders and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Antonczyk
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bart Krist
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Sajek
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Michalska
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Piaszyk-Borychowska
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Martyna Plens-Galaska
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Wesoly
- Laboratory of High Throughput Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hans A R Bluyssen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Dewi Pamungkas Putri D, Kawasaki T, Murase M, Sueyoshi T, Deguchi T, Ori D, Suetsugu S, Kawai T. PtdIns3P phosphatases MTMR3 and MTMR4 negatively regulate innate immune responses to DNA through modulating STING trafficking. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8412-8423. [PMID: 30944173 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays an essential role in initial recognition of pathogen infection by producing inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. cGAS is a cytoplasmic sensor for DNA derived from DNA viruses. cGAS binding with DNA induces the production of cGAMP, a second messenger that associates with STING in endoplasmic reticulum (ER). STING changes its cellular distribution from ER to perinuclear Golgi, where it activates the protein kinase TBK1 that catalyzes the phosphorylation of IRF3. Here we found that STING trafficking is regulated by myotubularin-related protein (MTMR) 3 and MTMR4, members of protein tyrosine phosphatases that dephosphorylate 3' position in phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and generate PtdIns5P from PtdIns3,5P2 and PtdIns from PtdIns3P. We established MTMR3 and MTMR4 double knockout (DKO) RAW264.7 macrophage cells and found that they exhibited increased type I interferon production after interferon-stimulatory DNA (ISD) stimulation and herpes simplex virus 1 infection concomitant with enhanced IRF3 phosphorylation. In DKO cells, STING rapidly trafficked from ER to Golgi after ISD stimulation. Notably, DKO cells exhibited enlarged cytosolic puncta positive for PtdIns3P and STING was aberrantly accumulated in this puncta. Taken together, these results suggest that MTMR3 and MTMR4 regulate the production of PtdIns3P, which plays a critical role in suppressing DNA-mediated innate immune responses via modulating STING trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takumi Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Motoya Murase
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takuya Sueyoshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tomoya Deguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ori
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shiro Suetsugu
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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49
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Lioznova AV, Khamis AM, Artemov AV, Besedina E, Ramensky V, Bajic VB, Kulakovskiy IV, Medvedeva YA. CpG traffic lights are markers of regulatory regions in human genome. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:102. [PMID: 30709331 PMCID: PMC6359853 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation is involved in the regulation of gene expression. Although bisulfite-sequencing based methods profile DNA methylation at a single CpG resolution, methylation levels are usually averaged over genomic regions in the downstream bioinformatic analysis. Results We demonstrate that on the genome level a single CpG methylation can serve as a more accurate predictor of gene expression than an average promoter / gene body methylation. We define CpG traffic lights (CpG TL) as CpG dinucleotides with a significant correlation between methylation and expression of a gene nearby. CpG TL are enriched in all regulatory regions. Among all promoters, CpG TL are especially enriched in poised ones, suggesting involvement of DNA methylation in their regulation. Yet, binding of only a handful of transcription factors, such as NRF1, ETS, STAT and IRF-family members, could be regulated by direct methylation of transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) or its close proximity. For the majority of TF, an alternative scenario is more likely: methylation and inactivation of the whole regulatory element indirectly represses functional TF binding with a CpG TL being a reliable marker of such inactivation. Conclusions CpG TL provide a promising insight into mechanisms of enhancer activity and gene regulation linking methylation of single CpG to gene expression. CpG TL methylation can be used as reliable markers of enhancer activity and gene expression in applications, e.g. in clinic where measuring DNA methylation is easier compared to directly measuring gene expression due to more stable nature of DNA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5387-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Lioznova
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Abdullah M Khamis
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Artem V Artemov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Besedina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vasily Ramensky
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Vladimir B Bajic
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan V Kulakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS - the Branch of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russia.,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yulia A Medvedeva
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia. .,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia. .,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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50
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Abstract
Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma, SSc) is a multifaceted disease characterized by autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and fibrosis affecting the skin and internal organs. Despite advances in the understanding and treatment of SSc in recent years, SSc continues to cause reduced quality of life and premature mortality. Type I interferons (IFNs), a family of cytokines with essential roles in the immune response to microbial infection, play a pathogenic role in certain autoimmune diseases (reviewed elsewhere in this edition). Polymorphisms in interferon-regulatory factors confer an increased risk of SSc, and IFN excess is evident in the blood and skin of a large percentage of SSc patients. Here we describe the evidence of Type I IFN dysregulation in SSc, revealed predominately by genetics and gene expression profiling. We also discuss evidence regarding mechanisms by which Type I IFN might contribute to SSc pathogenesis, mechanisms driving excess Type I IFN production in SSc, and the potential roles of Type I IFNs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Skaug
- The University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, Division of Rheumatology, 6431 Fannin, MSB 5.262, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Shervin Assassi
- The University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, Division of Rheumatology, 6431 Fannin, MSB 5.262, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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