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Jin J, Mazzacuva F, Crocetti L, Giovannoni MP, Cilibrizzi A. PDE4 Inhibitors: Profiling Hits through the Multitude of Structural Classes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11518. [PMID: 37511275 PMCID: PMC10380597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases 4 (PDE4) are a family of enzymes which specifically promote the hydrolysis and degradation of cAMP. The inhibition of PDE4 enzymes has been widely investigated as a possible alternative strategy for the treatment of a variety of respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, as well as psoriasis and other autoimmune disorders. In this context, the identification of new molecules as PDE4 inhibitors continues to be an active field of investigation within drug discovery. This review summarizes the medicinal chemistry journey in the design and development of effective PDE4 inhibitors, analyzed through chemical classes and taking into consideration structural aspects and binding properties, as well as inhibitory efficacy, PDE4 selectivity and the potential as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Francesca Mazzacuva
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Letizia Crocetti
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Giovannoni
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Agostino Cilibrizzi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Lugnier C. The Complexity and Multiplicity of the Specific cAMP Phosphodiesterase Family: PDE4, Open New Adapted Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810616. [PMID: 36142518 PMCID: PMC9502408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) play a major role in normal and pathologic signaling. Beyond receptors, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases; (PDEs) rapidly convert the cyclic nucleotide in its respective 5′-nucleotide to control intracellular cAMP and/or cGMP levels to maintain a normal physiological state. However, in many pathologies, dysregulations of various PDEs (PDE1-PDE11) contribute mainly to organs and tissue failures related to uncontrolled phosphorylation cascade. Among these, PDE4 represents the greatest family, since it is constituted by 4 genes with multiple variants differently distributed at tissue, cellular and subcellular levels, allowing different fine-tuned regulations. Since the 1980s, pharmaceutical companies have developed PDE4 inhibitors (PDE4-I) to overcome cardiovascular diseases. Since, they have encountered many undesired problems, (emesis), they focused their research on other PDEs. Today, increases in the knowledge of complex PDE4 regulations in various tissues and pathologies, and the evolution in drug design, resulted in a renewal of PDE4-I development. The present review describes the recent PDE4-I development targeting cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn’s disease, malignancies, fatty liver disease, osteoporosis, depression, as well as COVID-19. Today, the direct therapeutic approach of PDE4 is extended by developing allosteric inhibitors and protein/protein interactions allowing to act on the PDE interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lugnier
- Section de Structures Biologiques, Pharmacologie et Enzymologie, CNRS/Unistra, CRBS, UR 3072, CEDEX, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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Crocetti L, Floresta G, Cilibrizzi A, Giovannoni MP. An Overview of PDE4 Inhibitors in Clinical Trials: 2010 to Early 2022. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154964. [PMID: 35956914 PMCID: PMC9370432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) has been an attractive target for the treatment of inflammation-based diseases. Several scientific advancements, by both academia and pharmaceutical companies, have enabled the identification of many synthetic ligands for this target, along with the acquisition of precise information on biological requirements and linked therapeutic opportunities. The transition from pre-clinical to clinical phase was not easy for the majority of these compounds, mainly due to their significant side effects, and it took almost thirty years for a PDE4 inhibitor to become a drug i.e., Roflumilast, used in the clinics for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Since then, three additional compounds have reached the market a few years later: Crisaborole for atopic dermatitis, Apremilast for psoriatic arthritis and Ibudilast for Krabbe disease. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the compounds that have reached clinical trials in the last ten years, with a focus on those most recently developed for respiratory, skin and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Crocetti
- NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Floresta
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Cilibrizzi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Maria Paola Giovannoni
- NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-457-3682
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Jiang LL, Hu SJ, Xu Q, Zheng H, Wei WT. Radical Cyclization of 1,n-Enynes and 1,n-Dienes for the Synthesis of 2-Pyrrolidone. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3068-3081. [PMID: 34423568 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
2-Pyrrolidones have aroused enormous interest as a useful structural moiety in drug discovery; however, not only does their syntheses suffer from low selectivity and yield, but also it requires high catalyst loadings. The radical cyclization of 1,n-enynes and 1,n-dienes has demonstrated to be an attractive method for the synthesis of 2-pyrrolidones due to its mild reaction conditions, fewer steps, higher atom economy, excellent functional group compatibility, and high regioselectivity. Furthermore, radical receptors with unsaturated bonds (i. e. 1,n-enynes and 1,n-dienes) play a crucial role in realizing radical cyclization because of the ability to selectively introduce one or more radical sources. In this review, we discuss representative examples of methods involving the radical cyclization of 1,n-enynes and 1,n-dienes published in the last five years and discuss each prominent reaction design and mechanism, providing favorable tools for the synthesis of valuable 2-pyrrolidone for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Lin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Sen-Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Hongxing Zheng
- Institution of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
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Weidner LD, Wakabayashi Y, Stolz LA, Collins MT, Guthrie L, Victorino M, Chung J, Miller W, Zoghbi SS, Pike VW, Fujita M, Innis RB, Boyce AM. PET Imaging of Phosphodiesterase-4 Identifies Affected Dysplastic Bone in McCune-Albright Syndrome, a Genetic Mosaic Disorder. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1672-1677. [PMID: 32284396 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.241976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a mosaic disorder arising from gain-of-function mutations in the GNAS gene, which encodes the 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway-associated G-protein, Gsα. Clinical manifestations of MAS in a given individual, including fibrous dysplasia, are determined by the timing and location of the GNAS mutation during embryogenesis, the tissues involved, and the role of Gsα in the affected tissues. The Gsα mutation results in dysregulation of the cAMP signaling cascade, leading to upregulation of phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of cAMP. Increased cAMP levels have been found in vitro in both animal models of fibrous dysplasia and in cultured cells from individuals with MAS but not in humans with fibrous dysplasia. PET imaging of PDE4 with 11C-(R)-rolipram has been used successfully to study the in vivo activity of the cAMP cascade. To date, it remains unknown whether fibrous dysplasia and other symptoms of MAS, including neuropsychiatric impairments, are associated with increased PDE4 activity in humans. Methods: 11C-(R)-rolipram whole-body and brain PET scans were performed on 6 individuals with MAS (3 for brain scans and 6 for whole-body scans) and 9 healthy controls (7 for brain scans and 6 for whole-body scans). Results: 11C-(R)-rolipram binding correlated with known locations of fibrous dysplasia in the periphery of individuals with MAS; no uptake was observed in the bones of healthy controls. In peripheral organs and the brain, no difference in 11C-(R)-rolipram uptake was noted between participants with MAS and healthy controls. Conclusion: This study is the first to find evidence for increased cAMP activity in areas of fibrous dysplasia in vivo. No differences in brain uptake between MAS participants and controls were detected-a finding that could be due to several reasons, including the limited anatomic resolution of PET. Nevertheless, the results confirm the usefulness of PET scans with 11C-(R)-rolipram to indirectly measure increased cAMP pathway activation in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora D Weidner
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yuichi Wakabayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Louise A Stolz
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Lori Guthrie
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Milalynn Victorino
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joyce Chung
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William Miller
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alison M Boyce
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
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Memory enhancing effects of BPN14770, an allosteric inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4D, in wild-type and humanized mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2299-2309. [PMID: 30131563 PMCID: PMC6135860 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) have beneficial effects on memory in preclinical and clinical studies. Development of these drugs has stalled due to dose-limiting side effects of nausea and emesis. While use of subtype-selective inhibitors (i.e., for PDE4A, B, or D) could overcome this issue, conservation of the catalytic region, to which classical inhibitors bind, limits this approach. The present study examined the effects of BPN14770, an allosteric inhibitor of PDE4D, which binds to a primate-specific, N-terminal region. In mice engineered to express PDE4D with this primate-specific sequence, BPN14770 was 100-fold more potent for improving memory than in wild-type mice; meanwhile, it exhibited low potency in a mouse surrogate model for emesis. BPN14770 also antagonized the amnesic effects of scopolamine, increased cAMP signaling in brain, and increased BDNF and markers of neuronal plasticity associated with memory. These data establish a relationship between PDE4D target engagement and effects on memory for BPN14770 and suggest clinical potential for PDE4D-selective inhibitors.
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Jindal A, Mahesh R, Bhatt S, Pandey D. Molecular modifications by regulating cAMP signaling and oxidant-antioxidant defence mechanisms, produce antidepressant-like effect: A possible mechanism of etazolate aftermaths of impact accelerated traumatic brain injury in rat model. Neurochem Int 2017; 111:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Motte E, Le Stunff C, Briet C, Dumaz N, Silve C. Modulation of signaling through GPCR-cAMP-PKA pathways by PDE4 depends on stimulus intensity: Possible implications for the pathogenesis of acrodysostosis without hormone resistance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 442:1-11. [PMID: 27908835 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In acrodysostosis without hormone resistance, a disease caused by phosphodiesterase (PDE)-4D mutations, increased PDE activity leads to bone developmental defects but with normal renal responses to PTH. To identify potential mechanisms for these disparate responses, we compared the effect of PDE activity on hormone signaling through the GPCR-Gsα-cAMP-PKA pathway in cells from two lineages, HEK-293 cells stably overexpressing PTH1R (HEKpthr) and human dermal fibroblasts, including studies evaluating cAMP levels using an Epac-based BRET-sensor for cAMP (CAMYEL). For ligand-induced responses inducing strong cAMP accumulation, the inhibition of PDE4 activity resulted in relatively small further increases. In contrast, when ligand-induced cAMP accumulation was of lesser intensity, the inhibition of PDE4 had a more pronounced effect. Similar results were obtained evaluating downstream events (cellular CREB phosphorylation and CRE-luciferase activity). Thus, the ability of PDE4 to modulate signaling through GPCR-cAMP-PKA pathways can depend on the cell type and stimulus intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Motte
- INSERM U1169, Université Paris Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Catherine Le Stunff
- INSERM U1169, Université Paris Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Claire Briet
- INSERM U1169, Université Paris Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Nicolas Dumaz
- INSERM U976, Institut de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Silve
- INSERM U1169, Université Paris Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Métabolisme du Phosphore et du Calcium, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Service de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaires, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.
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Martin N, Reid PT. The potential role of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the management of asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5:207-17. [PMID: 16696590 DOI: 10.2165/00151829-200605030-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition characterised by reversible airflow obstruction and airway hyperreactivity. The course of the illness may be punctuated by exacerbations resulting in deterioration in quality of life and, in some cases, days lost from school or work. That asthma is common and increasingly prevalent magnifies the importance of any potential economic costs, and promoting asthma control represents an important public health agenda. While lifestyle changes represent a valuable contribution in some patients, the majority of asthmatic patients require therapeutic intervention. The recognition of the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of asthma has led to an emphasis on regular anti-inflammatory therapy, of which inhaled corticosteroid treatment remains the most superior. In selected patients, further improvements in asthma control may be gained by the addition of regular inhaled long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists or oral leukotriene receptor antagonists to inhaled corticosteroid therapy. However, a significant minority of patients with asthma remain poorly controlled despite appropriate treatment, suggesting that additional corticosteroid nonresponsive inflammatory pathways may be operative. Furthermore, some patients with asthma display an accelerated decline in lung function, suggesting that active airway re-modeling is occurring. Such observations have focused attention on the potential to develop new therapies which complement existing treatments by targeting additional inflammatory pathways. The central role of phosphodiesterase (PDE), and in particular the PDE4 enzyme, in the regulation of key inflammatory cells believed to be important in asthma - including eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils and airway smooth muscle - suggests that drugs designed to target this enzyme will have the potential to deliver both bronchodilation and modulate the asthmatic inflammatory response. In vivo studies on individual inflammatory cells suggest that the effects are likely to be favorable in asthma, and animal study models have provided proof of concept; however, first-generation PDE inhibitors have been poorly tolerated due to adverse effects. The development of second-generation agents such as cilomilast and roflumilast heralds a further opportunity to test the potential of these agents, although to date only a limited amount of data from human studies has been published, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Martin
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Montoya-Balbás IJ, Valentín-Guevara B, López-Mendoza E, Linzaga-Elizalde I, Ordoñez M, Román-Bravo P. Efficient Synthesis of β-Aryl-γ-lactams and Their Resolution with (S)-Naproxen: Preparation of (R)- and (S)-Baclofen. Molecules 2015; 20:22028-43. [PMID: 26690390 PMCID: PMC6332160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of enantiomerically-pure β-aryl-γ-lactams is described. The principal feature of this synthesis is the practical resolution of β-aryl-γ-lactams with (S)-Naproxen. The procedure is based on the Michael addition of nitromethane to benzylidenemalonates, which was easily obtained, followed by the reduction of the γ-nitroester in the presence of Raney nickel and the subsequent saponification/decarboxylation reaction. The utility of this methodology was highlighted by the preparation of enantiomerically-pure (R)- and (S)-Baclofen hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris J Montoya-Balbás
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas CIQ-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Berenice Valentín-Guevara
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas CIQ-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Estefanía López-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas CIQ-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Irma Linzaga-Elizalde
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas CIQ-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Mario Ordoñez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas CIQ-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Perla Román-Bravo
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas CIQ-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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PDE4D phosphorylation: A coincidence detector integrating multiple signaling pathways. Cell Signal 2015; 28:719-24. [PMID: 26562185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In Eukaryotes, more than 100 different phosphodiesterase (PDE) proteins serve to fine-tune cyclic nucleotide (cAMP and cGMP) signals and contribute to specificity of signaling. In mammals, PDEs are divided into 11 families, of which PDE4 represents the largest family. Four genes (pde4a, pde4b, pde4c and pde4d) encode for this class of enzymes in mammals and give rise to more than 20 variants. Within this family of genes, PDE4D was discovered on the basis of its regulatory properties and its induction by hormones and cAMP. PDE4D has often been used as the prototype PDE4 and large body of work has been generated on the biochemical, pharmacological, and physiological properties of this enzyme. This review covers the regulation of PDE4D by phosphorylation, the impact of this regulation in the context of the structure of this protein, and the functional consequences of this complex pattern of posttranslational modifications.
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Hatano M, Nishimura T. Hydroxoiridium/Chiral Diene Complexes as Effective Catalysts for Asymmetric Annulation of α-Oxo- and Iminocarboxamides with 1,3-Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Hatano M, Nishimura T. Hydroxoiridium/Chiral Diene Complexes as Effective Catalysts for Asymmetric Annulation of α-Oxo- and Iminocarboxamides with 1,3-Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Brenna E, Crotti M, Gatti FG, Monti D, Parmeggiani F, Powell RW, Santangelo S, Stewart JD. Opposite Enantioselectivity in the Bioreduction of (Z
)-β-Aryl-β-cyanoacrylates Mediated by the Tryptophan 116 Mutants of Old Yellow Enzyme 1: Synthetic Approach to (R
)- and (S
)-β-Aryl-γ-lactams. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Kasten CR, Boehm SL. Intra-nucleus accumbens shell injections of R(+)- and S(-)-baclofen bidirectionally alter binge-like ethanol, but not saccharin, intake in C57Bl/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:238-47. [PMID: 25026094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The GABAB agonist baclofen has been widely researched clinically and preclinically as a treatment of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). However, the efficacy of baclofen remains uncertain. The clinically used racemic compound can be separated into separate enantiomers. These enantiomers have produced different profiles in behavioral assays, with the S- compound often being ineffective compared to the R- compound, or the S- compound antagonizing the effects of the R- compound. We have previously demonstrated that the R(+)-baclofen enantiomer decreases binge-like ethanol intake in the Drinking-in-the-Dark (DID) paradigm, whereas the S(-)-baclofen enantiomer increases ethanol intake. One area implicated in drug abuse is the nucleus accumbens shell (NACsh).The current study sought to define the role of the NACsh in the enantioselective effects of baclofen on binge-like ethanol consumption by directly microinjecting each enantiomer into the structure. Following bilateral cannulation of the NACsh, C57Bl/6J mice were given 5 days of access to ethanol or saccharin for 2h, 3h into the dark cycle. On Day 5 mice were given an injection of aCSF, 0.02 R(+)-, 0.04R(+)-, 0.08 S(-)-, or 0.16 S(-)-baclofen (μg/side dissolved in 200nl of aCSF). It was found that the R(+)-baclofen dose-dependently decreased ethanol consumption, whereas the high S(-)-baclofen dose increased ethanol consumption, compared to the aCSF group. Saccharin consumption was not affected. These results further confirm that GABAB receptors and the NACsh shell are integral in mediating ethanol intake. They also demonstrate that baclofen displays bidirectional, enantioselective effects which are important when considering therapeutic uses of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R Kasten
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St LD 124 Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Stephen L Boehm
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St LD 124 Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Alcohol Research Center, 545 Barnhill Drive EH 317 Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Blednov YA, Benavidez JM, Black M, Harris RA. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 reduces ethanol intake and preference in C57BL/6J mice. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:129. [PMID: 24904269 PMCID: PMC4034339 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some anti-inflammatory medications reduce alcohol consumption in rodent models. Inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDE) increases cAMP and reduces inflammatory signaling. Rolipram, an inhibitor of PDE4, markedly reduced ethanol intake and preference in mice and reduced ethanol seeking and consumption in alcohol-preferring fawn-hooded rats (Hu et al., 2011; Wen et al., 2012). To determine if these effects were specific for PDE4, we compared nine PDE inhibitors with different subtype selectivity: propentofylline (nonspecific), vinpocetine (PDE1), olprinone, milrinone (PDE3), zaprinast (PDE5), rolipram, mesopram, piclamilast, and CDP840 (PDE4). Alcohol intake was measured in C57BL/6J male mice using 24-h two-bottle choice and two-bottle choice with limited (3-h) access to alcohol. Only the selective PDE4 inhibitors reduced ethanol intake and preference in the 24-h two-bottle choice test. For rolipram, piclamilast, and CDP840, this effect was observed after the first 6 h but not after the next 18 h. Mesopram, however, produced a long-lasting reduction of ethanol intake and preference. In the limited access test, rolipram, piclamilast, and mesopram reduced ethanol consumption and total fluid intake and did not change preference for ethanol, whereas CDP840 reduced both consumption and preference without altering total fluid intake. Our results provide novel evidence for a selective role of PDE4 in regulating ethanol drinking in mice. We suggest that inhibition of PDE4 may be an unexplored target for medication development to reduce excessive alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jillian M Benavidez
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mendy Black
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA
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Joie C, Deckers K, Enders D. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Functionalized 1,3,5-Triarylpyrrolidin-2-ones via an Aza-Michael/Aldol Domino Reaction. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2014; 46:799-808. [PMID: 25278634 PMCID: PMC4178285 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1340565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of functionalized 1,3,5-triarylpyrrolidin-2-ones bearing three contiguous stereocenters through an aza-Michael/aldol domino reaction of α-ketoamides with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes is described. The domino products were further derivatized by aldehyde olefination under one-pot conditions. The reaction proceeds with excellent diastereoselectivities (>20:1) and good to excellent enantioselectivities (60-96% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Joie
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dieter Enders
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Hsu HT, Wang WH, Han CY, Chen CN, Chen CM, Ko WC. Inhibitory effects of hesperetin derivatives on guinea pig phosphodiesterases and their ratios between high- and low-affinity rolipram binding. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2120-7. [PMID: 23666855 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase (PDE)4 molecule exists as two distinct conformers, PDE4H and PDE4L , which have high and low affinities, respectively, for the selective PDE4 inhibitor, rolipram. The inhibition of PDE4H and PDE4L is associated with adverse responses, such as nausea, vomiting, and gastric hypersecretion, and with anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects, respectively. We determined the therapeutic (PDE4H/PDE4L) ratios of hesperetin-7-O-methylether, hesperetin-5,7,3'-O-trimethylether (HTME), hesperetin-7-O-acetate, hesperetin-7,3'-O-diacetate, hesperetin-5,7,3'-O-triacetate (HTA), hesperetin-5,7,3'-O-tripropionate, hesperetin-5,7,3'-O-tributyrate, hesperetin-5,7,3'-O-triisobutyrate, and hesperetin-5,7,3'-O-tripivatate, and compared these ratios to those of hesperetin, hesperetin-7,3'-O-dimethylether, hesperidin, and hesperidin-3'-O-methylether to identify derivatives with therapeutic ratios and to characterize the structure-activity relationships among these compounds. The activities of PDE isozymes 1 through 5 were measured using a two-step procedure using [(3)H]adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate or [(3)H]guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate as substrates. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) for 50% of PDE4 inhibition and effective concentration (EC50) for replacing 50% of [(3)H]rolipram binding on high-affinity rolipram-binding sites was taken as the PDE4L and PDE4H value, respectively. The HTME and the HTA dually inhibited PDE3 and PDE4, and displayed PDE4H/PDE4L ratios of 18.3 and 20.8, respectively, suggesting that they may be candidate drugs for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) because the combined inhibition of PDE3 and PDE4 has synergistically anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Te Hsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei
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Hesperidin-3'-o-methylether is more potent than hesperidin in phosphodiesterase inhibition and suppression of ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:908562. [PMID: 23082087 PMCID: PMC3469158 DOI: 10.1155/2012/908562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hesperidin is present in the traditional Chinese medicine, "Chen Pi," and recently was reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, we were interested in comparing the effects of hesperidin and hesperidin-3'-O-methylether on phosphodiesterase inhibition and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a murine model of asthma. In the present results, hesperidin-3'-O-methylether, but not hesperidin, at 30 μmol/kg (p.o.) significantly attenuated the enhanced pause (P(enh)) value, suppressed the increases in numbers of total inflammatory cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils, suppressed total and OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels in the serum and BALF, and enhanced the level of total IgG(2a) in the serum of sensitized and challenged mice, suggesting that hesperidin-3'-O-methylether is more potent than hesperidin in suppression of AHR and immunoregulation. The different potency between them may be due to their aglycons, because these two flavanone glycosides should be hydrolyzed by β-glucosidase after oral administration. Neither influenced xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia, suggesting that they may have few or no adverse effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and gastric hypersecretion. In conclusion, hesperidin-3'-O-methylether is more potent in phosphodiesterase inhibition and suppression of AHR and has higher therapeutic (PDE4(H)/PDE4(L)) ratio than hesperidin. Thus, hesperidin-3'-O-methylether may have more potential for use in treating allergic asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Keravis T, Lugnier C. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozymes as targets of the intracellular signalling network: benefits of PDE inhibitors in various diseases and perspectives for future therapeutic developments. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1288-305. [PMID: 22014080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that specifically inactivate the intracellular messengers cAMP and cGMP in a compartmentalized manner represent an important enzyme class constituted by 11 gene-related families of isozymes (PDE1 to PDE11). Downstream receptors, PDEs play a major role in controlling the signalosome at various levels of phosphorylations and protein/protein interactions. Due to the multiplicity of isozymes, their various intracellular regulations and their different cellular and subcellular distributions, PDEs represent interesting targets in intracellular pathways. Therefore, the investigation of PDE isozyme alterations related to various pathologies and the design of specific PDE inhibitors might lead to the development of new specific therapeutic strategies in numerous pathologies. This manuscript (i) overviews the different PDEs including their endogenous regulations and their specific inhibitors; (ii) analyses the intracellular implications of PDEs in regulating signalling cascades in pathogenesis, exemplified by two diseases affecting cell cycle and proliferation; and (iii) discusses perspectives for future therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Keravis
- CNRS UMR 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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21
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Jindal A, Mahesh R, Gautam B, Bhatt S, Pandey D. Antidepressant-like effect of etazolate, a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor—an approach using rodent behavioral antidepressant tests battery. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 689:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wen L, Tang F, Ge C, Wang X, Han Z, Wu J. Practical Large-Scale Preparation of (R)-Rolipram Using Chiral Nickel Catalyst. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2011.580880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wen
- a College of Biology and Chemical Engineering , Jiaxing University , Jiaxing , China
- b School of Petrochemical Engineering , Changzhou University , Changzhou , China
| | - Feiyu Tang
- a College of Biology and Chemical Engineering , Jiaxing University , Jiaxing , China
- c Jiaxing Epochem Pharmtech Co. Ltd. , Jiaxing , China
| | - Chengsheng Ge
- a College of Biology and Chemical Engineering , Jiaxing University , Jiaxing , China
- c Jiaxing Epochem Pharmtech Co. Ltd. , Jiaxing , China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- c Jiaxing Epochem Pharmtech Co. Ltd. , Jiaxing , China
| | - Zhi Han
- c Jiaxing Epochem Pharmtech Co. Ltd. , Jiaxing , China
| | - Jianyi Wu
- a College of Biology and Chemical Engineering , Jiaxing University , Jiaxing , China
- b School of Petrochemical Engineering , Changzhou University , Changzhou , China
- d Key Laboratory of Clean Chemical Process of Jiaxing , Zhejiang , China
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23
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Atkins CM, Kang Y, Furones C, Truettner JS, Alonso OF, Dietrich WD. Postinjury treatment with rolipram increases hemorrhage after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1861-71. [PMID: 22535545 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathology caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) is exacerbated by the inflammatory response of the injured brain. Two proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to inflammation after TBI are tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). From previous studies using the parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury model, we reported that the anti-inflammatory drug rolipram, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, reduced TNF-α and IL-1β levels and improved histopathological outcome when administered 30 min prior to injury. We now report that treatment with (±)-rolipram given 30 min after injury significantly reduced TNF-α levels in the cortex and hippocampus. However, postinjury administration of (±)-rolipram significantly increased cortical contusion volume and increased atrophy of the cortex compared with vehicle-treated animals at 10 days postinjury. Thus, despite the reduction in proinflammatory cytokine levels, histopathological outcome was worsened with post-TBI (±)-rolipram treatment. Further histological analysis of (±)-rolipram-treated TBI animals revealed significant hemorrhage in the contused brain. Given the well-known role of (±)-rolipram of increasing vasodilation, it is likely that (±)-rolipram worsened outcome after fluid-percussion brain injury by causing increased bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Atkins
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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Discovery of a novel orally active PDE-4 inhibitor effective in an ovalbumin-induced asthma murine model. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 685:141-8. [PMID: 22554769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) is responsible for metabolizing adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate that reduces the activation of a wide range of inflammatory cells including eosinophils. PDE-4 inhibitors are under development for the treatment of respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Herein, we report a novel PDE-4 inhibitor, PDE-423 (3-[1-(3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxybenzyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid), which shows good in vitro and in vivo oral activities. PDE-423 exhibited in vitro IC(50)s of 140 nM and 550 nM in enzyme assay and cell-based assay, respectively. In vivo study using ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice revealed that PDE-423 reduced methacholine-stimulated airway hyperreactivity in a dose-dependent manner by once daily oral administration (ED(50)=18.3 mg/kg), in parallel with decreased eosinophil peroxidase activity and improved lung histology. In addition, PDE-423 was effective in diminishing lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophilia in vivo as well as in vitro. Oral administration of PDE-423 (100 mg/kg) had no effect on the duration of xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia and did not induce vomiting incidence in ferrets up to the dose of 1000 mg/kg. The present study indicates that a novel PDE-4 inhibitor, PDE-423, has good pharmacological profiles implicating this as a potential candidate for the development of a new anti-asthmatic drug.
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Hesperetin, a Selective Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor, Effectively Suppresses Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness without Influencing Xylazine/Ketamine-Induced Anesthesia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:472897. [PMID: 22454667 PMCID: PMC3290907 DOI: 10.1155/2012/472897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hesperetin, a selective phosphodiesterase (PDE)4 inhibitor, is present in the traditional Chinese medicine, “Chen Pi.” Therefore, we were interested in investigating its effects on ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced airway hyperresponsiveness, and clarifying its rationale for ameliorating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Hesperetin was revealed to have a therapeutic (PDE4H/PDE4L) ratio of >11. Hesperetin (10 ~ 30 μmol/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) dose-dependently and significantly attenuated the airway hyperresponsiveness induced by methacholine. It also significantly suppressed the increases in total inflammatory cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils, and levels of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). It dose-dependently and significantly suppressed total and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E levels in the BALF and serum. However, hesperetin did not influence xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia, suggesting that hesperetin has few or no emetic effects. In conclusion, the rationales for ameliorating allergic asthma and COPD by hesperetin are anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, and bronchodilation.
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Keravis T, Monneaux F, Yougbaré I, Gazi L, Bourguignon JJ, Muller S, Lugnier C. Disease progression in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice is reduced by NCS 613, a specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28899. [PMID: 22247763 PMCID: PMC3256138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a polymorphic and multigenic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) modulates inflammation and the inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4), which specifically hydrolyzes cAMP, inhibits TNFα secretion. This study was aimed at investigating the evolution of PDE activity and expression levels during the course of the disease in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice, and to evaluate in these mice the biological and clinical effects of treatments with pentoxifylline, denbufylline and NCS 613 PDE inhibitors. This study reveals that compared to CBA/J control mice, kidney PDE4 activity of MRL/lpr mice increases with the disease progression. Furthermore, it showed that the most potent and selective PDE4 inhibitor NCS 613 is also the most effective molecule in decreasing proteinuria and increasing survival rate of MRL/lpr mice. NCS 613 is a potent inhibitor, which is more selective for the PDE4C subtype (IC50 = 1.4 nM) than the other subtypes (PDE4A, IC50 = 44 nM; PDE4B, IC50 = 48 nM; and PDE4D, IC50 = 14 nM). Interestingly, its affinity for the High Affinity Rolipram Binding Site is relatively low (Ki = 148 nM) in comparison to rolipram (Ki = 3 nM). Finally, as also observed using MRL/lpr peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), NCS 613 inhibits basal and LPS-induced TNFα secretion from PBLs of lupus patients, suggesting a therapeutic potential of NCS 613 in systemic lupus. This study reveals that PDE4 represent a potential therapeutic target in lupus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Keravis
- CNRS, Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Fanny Monneaux
- CNRS, Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Issaka Yougbaré
- CNRS, Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Lucien Gazi
- CNRS, Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Bourguignon
- CNRS, Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS, Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claire Lugnier
- CNRS, Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail:
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Design, synthesis, and biological activity of certain quinazolinedione derivatives as potent phosphodiestrase4 inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9892-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Yang YL, Hsu HT, Wang KH, Han CY, Chen CM, Chen CM, Ko WC. Hesperetin-7,3'-O-dimethylether selectively inhibits phosphodiesterase 4 and effectively suppresses ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness with a high therapeutic ratio. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:84. [PMID: 22074248 PMCID: PMC3225327 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hesperetin was reported to selectively inhibit phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). While hesperetin-7,3'-O-dimethylether (HDME) is a synthetic liposoluble hesperetin. Therefore, we were interested in investigating its selectivity on PDE4 and binding ability on high-affinity rolipram-binding sites (HARBs) in vitro, and its effects on ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in vivo, and clarifying its potential for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods PDE1~5 activities were measured using a two-step procedure. The binding of HDME on high-affinity rolipram-binding sites was determined by replacing 2 nM [3H]-rolipram. AHR was assessed using the FlexiVent system and barometric plethysmography. Inflammatory cells were counted using a hemocytometer. Cytokines were determined using mouse T helper (Th)1/Th2 cytokine CBA kits, and total immunoglobulin (Ig)E or IgG2a levels were done using ELISA method. Xylazine (10 mg/kg)/ketamine (70 mg/kg)-induced anesthesia was performed. Results HDME revealed selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibition with a therapeutic (PDE4H/PDE4L) ratio of 35.5 in vitro. In vivo, HDME (3~30 μmol/kg, orally (p.o.)) dose-dependently and significantly attenuated the airway resistance (RL) and increased lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn), and decreased enhanced pause (Penh) values induced by methacholine in sensitized and challenged mice. It also significantly suppressed the increases in the numbers of total inflammatory cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils, and levels of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of these mice. In addition, HDME (3~30 μmol/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently and significantly suppressed total and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels in the BALF and serum, and enhanced IgG2a level in the serum of these mice. Conclusions HDME exerted anti-inflammatory effects, including suppression of AHR, and reduced expressions of inflammatory cells and cytokines in this murine model, which appears to be suitable for studying the effects of drugs on atypical asthma and COPD, and for screening those on typical asthma. However, HDME did not influnce xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia. Thus HDME may have the potential for use in treating typical and atypical asthma, and COPD.
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Schudt C, Hatzelmann A, Beume R, Tenor H. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: history of pharmacology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:1-46. [PMID: 21695634 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-17969-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The first pharmacological investigations of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors were developed with the clinical efficacies of drugs isolated from coffee, cacao and tea but only later their relevant ingredients were identified as xanthines that act as PDE. With its diuretic, inotropic and bronchodilating clinical efficacy, use of theophylline anticipated the clinical goals, which were later approached with the first-generation of weakly selective PDE inhibitors in the period from 1980 to 1990. Pharmacological and clinical research with these early compounds provided a vast pool of information regarding desired and adverse actions - although most of these new drugs had to be discontinued due to severe adverse effects. The pharmacological models for cardiac, vascular and respiratory indications were analysed for their PDE isoenzyme profiles, and when biochemical and molecular biological approaches expanded our knowledge of the PDE superfamily, the purified isoenzymes that were now available opened the door for more systematic studies of inhibitors and for generation of highly selective isoenzyme-specific drugs. The development of simple screening models and clinically relevant indication models reflecting the growing knowledge about pathomechanisms of disease are summarised here for today's successful application of highly selective PDE3, PDE4 and PDE5 inhibitors. The interplay of serendipitous discoveries, the establishment of intelligent pharmacological models and the knowledge gain by research results with new substances is reviewed. The broad efficacies of new substances in vitro, the enormous biodiversity of the PDE isoenzyme family and the sophisticated biochemical pharmacology enabled Viagra to be the first success story in the field of PDE inhibitor drug development, but probably more success stories will follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schudt
- Department of Biologics, Nycomed GmbH, 78467, Konstanz, Germany.
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Biochanin a, a phytoestrogenic isoflavone with selective inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4, suppresses ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:635058. [PMID: 21437195 PMCID: PMC3062156 DOI: 10.1155/2011/635058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential of biochanin A, a phytoestrogenic
isoflavone of red clover (Triflolium pratense), for use in treating asthma or chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Biochanin A (100 μmol/kg, orally (p.o.))
significantly attenuated airway resistance (RL), enhanced pause (Penh), and increased lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn) values induced by methacholine (MCh) in sensitized and challenged mice. It also significantly suppressed an increase in the number of total inflammatory cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils, and levels of cytokines,
including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the mice. However, it did not influence
interferon (IFN)-γ levels. Biochanin A (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) also significantly
suppressed the total and ovalbumin (OVA)-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in
the serum and BALF, and enhanced the total IgG2a level in the serum of these mice.
The PDE4H/PDE4L value of biochanin A was calculated as >35. Biochanin A did not influence xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia. Biochanin A (10~30 μM) significantly reduced cumulative OVA (10~100 μg/mL)-induced contractions in the isolated guinea pig trachealis, suggesting that it inhibits degranulation of mast cells.
In conclusion, red clover containing biochanin A has the potential for treating allergic asthma and COPD.
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Shih CH, Huang TJ, Chen CM, Lin YL, Ko WC. S-Petasin, the Main Sesquiterpene of Petasites formosanus, Inhibits Phosphodiesterase Activity and Suppresses Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:132374. [PMID: 19641087 PMCID: PMC3094704 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
S-Petasin is the main sesquiterpene of Petasites formosanus, a traditional folk medicine used to treat hypertension, tumors and asthma in Taiwan. The aim of the present study was to investigate its inhibitory effects on phosphodiesterase (PDE) 1–5, and on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a murine model of allergic asthma. S-Petasin concentration-dependently inhibited PDE3 and PDE4 activities with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 25.5, and 17.5 μM, respectively. According to the Lineweaver-Burk analysis, S-petasin competitively inhibited PDE3 and PDE4 activities with respective dissociation constants for inhibitor binding (Ki) of 25.3 and 18.1 μM, respectively. Both IC50 and Ki values for PDE3 were significantly greater than those for PDE4. S-Petasin (10–30 μmol/kg, administered subcutaneously (s.c.)) dose-dependently and significantly attenuated the enhanced pause (Penh) value induced by methacholine (MCh) in sensitized and challenged mice. It also significantly suppressed the increases in total inflammatory cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and levels of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and IL-5, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of these mice. In addition, S-petasin (10–30 μmol/kg, s.c.) dose-dependently and significantly attenuated total and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in the serum and BALF, and enhanced the IgG2a level in serum of these mice. The PDE4H value of S-petasin was >300 μM; therefore, its PDE4H/PDE4L value was calculated to be >17. In conclusion, the present results for S-petasin at least partially explain why Petasites formosanus is used as a folk medicine to treat asthma in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hung Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
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Thomas AJ, DaSilva JN, Lortie M, Renaud JM, Kenk M, Beanlands RS, deKemp RA. PET of (R)-11C-Rolipram Binding to Phosphodiesterase-4 Is Reproducible and Sensitive to Increased Norepinephrine in the Rat Heart. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:263-9. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.082701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Giovannoni MP, Graziano A, Matucci R, Nesi M, Cesari N, Vergelli C, Biancalani C, Crocetti L, Cilibrizzi A, Dal Piaz V. Synthesis and evaluation as PDE4 inhibitors of pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives. Drug Dev Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The human area postrema and other nuclei related to the emetic reflex express cAMP phosphodiesterases 4B and 4D. J Chem Neuroanat 2010; 40:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Shih CH, Lin LH, Lai YH, Lai CY, Han CY, Chen CM, Ko WC. Genistein, a competitive PDE1-4 inhibitor, may bind on high-affinity rolipram binding sites of brain cell membranes and then induce gastrointestinal adverse effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 643:113-20. [PMID: 20599919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The affinities of genistein on phosphodiesterase (PDE)1-4 and cause of gastrointestinal adverse effects of genistein remain unclear. Female BALB/c mice were actively sensitized by intraperitoneal injections of ovalbumin and challenged by aerosolized ovalbumin (1%). After secondary challenge, aerosolized methacholine (6.25-50mg/ml) induced increases of enhanced pause (P(enh)) values in conscious mice in a concentration-dependent manner. Genistein (30-100 micromol/kg, i.p.) markedly inhibited methacholine (12.5-50mg/ml)-induced increase of P(enh) value in the sensitized and challenged mice. In addition, genistein significantly reduced total inflammatory cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, with the exception that lymphocytes and neutrophils were not significantly inhibited by genistein at the lowest dose (10 micromol/kg). Genistein also markedly attenuated the release of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Genistein competitively inhibited PDE1-4, with a K(i) value ranging from 4.3 to 13.7 microM. Genistein (3-300 microM) concentration-dependently displaced 2nM [(3)H]-rolipram bound on high-affinity rolipram binding sites of brain cell membranes. The therapeutic ratio of genistein was calculated to be 7.9. Genistein (100 micromol/kg, s.c.) significantly shortened xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia, suggesting that genistein administered at a higher dose may have gastrointestinal adverse effects. In conclusion, owing to the low therapeutic ratio of genistein, the gastrointestinal adverse effects may be induced via the binding of genistein on high-affinity rolipram binding sites of brain cell membranes, when it is used for a long term or at higher doses for treating allergies, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hong Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Luteolin, a non-selective competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterases 1-5, displaced [3H]-rolipram from high-affinity rolipram binding sites and reversed xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 627:269-75. [PMID: 19853596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the mode of action of luteolin on phisphodiesterase (PDE) 1-5, and the possible adverse effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and gastric hypersecretion, determined by replacing [(3)H]-rolipram binding and reversing xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia. The reversing effect was reported to occur through a presynaptic alpha(2)-adrenoceptor inhibition and trigger vomiting in ferrets. In contrast, clonidine, an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, prevented emesis induced by PDE4 inhibitors in ferrets. According to the Lineweaver-Burk analysis, luteolin (3-30 microM) competitively inhibited PDE1-5 activities, with K(i) values of 15.0, 6.4, 13.9, 11.1, and 9.5 microM, respectively, which did not significantly differ from each other. The equilibrium dissociation constant (K(d)) and maximal density (B(max)) for [(3)H]-rolipram binding at high-affinity rolipram binding sites of guinea pig brain cell membranes were 10.1 nM and 3.7 p mol/g of tissue, respectively. The EC(50) (PDE4(H)) values of luteolin and Ro 20-1724, a selective PDE4 inhibitor, for displacing 2 nM [(3)H]-rolipram binding were 11.2 microM and 45.6 nM, respectively. The therapeutic (PDE4(H)/PDE4(L)) ratios of luteolin and Ro 20-1724 were calculated to be 0.6, and 0.004, respectively. Both luteolin (10-30 micromol/kg, s.c.) and Ro 20-1724 (0.1-1 micromol/kg, s.c.) significantly reversed the xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in mice. Although luteolin non-selectively and competitively inhibited PDE1-5, only PDE4 inhibition contributed to a reversing effect. In conclusion, because of the low therapeutic (PDE4(H)/PDE4(L)) ratio of luteolin, the gastrointestinal adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting and gastric hypersecretion should be carefully monitored, whenever luteolin is used for treating allergies, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Guo Q, Brady M, Gunn RN. A Biomathematical Modeling Approach to Central Nervous System Radioligand Discovery and Development. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:1715-23. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.063800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kagayama K, Morimoto T, Nagata S, Katoh F, Zhang X, Inoue N, Hashino A, Kageyama K, Shikaura J, Niwa T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel phthalazinone derivatives as topically active phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6959-70. [PMID: 19744860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) are an important class of anti-inflammatory drug that act by inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). We have synthesized and evaluated a series of 2-substituted phthalazinone derivatives as PDE4 inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of benzylamine-substituted phthalazinones as potent PDE4 inhibitors that also suppressed TNF-alpha production by whole rat blood cells. The most potent of these, when topically administered, were effective in a mouse model of dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kagayama
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, 14 Nishinosho-Monguchi-cho, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8550, Japan.
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Itoh T, Abe K, Zoghbi SS, Inoue O, Hong J, Imaizumi M, Pike VW, Innis RB, Fujita M. PET measurement of the in vivo affinity of 11C-(R)-rolipram and the density of its target, phosphodiesterase-4, in the brains of conscious and anesthetized rats. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:749-56. [PMID: 19372471 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.058305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A variety of phosphodiesterases hydrolyze and terminate the effects of the intracellular second messenger 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Phosphodiesterase subtype 4 (PDE4) is particularly abundant in the brain and has been imaged with (11)C-(R)-rolipram, a selective inhibitor of PDE4. We sought to measure in vivo both the binding site density (B(max)) and the radioligand affinity (1/K(D)) of (11)C-(R)-rolipram in the rat brain. We also studied 2 critical factors in small-animal PET scans: the influence of anesthesia and the difference in binding under in vivo and in vitro conditions. METHODS In vivo, B(max) and K(D) were measured in PET saturation experiments by the administration of (11)C-(R)-rolipram and various doses of carrier (R)-rolipram in conscious and isoflurane-anesthetized rats. The metabolite-corrected arterial input function was measured in each scan. To image conscious rats, the head of the rat was fixed in a holder and the animals were trained to comply with this apparatus. Bound and free (R)-rolipram levels were calculated under transient equilibrium conditions (i.e., at the time of peak specific binding). RESULTS The B(max) and K(D) of conscious rats were significantly greater than those of anesthetized rats, by 29% and 59%, respectively. In addition, the in vitro K(D) was 3-7 times greater than was the in vivo K(D), although the B(max) was similar in both conditions. CONCLUSION The in vivo B(max) and K(D) of (R)-rolipram were successfully measured in both conscious and anesthetized rats. K(D) was affected to a greater extent than was B(max) by the 2 conditions. That is, K(D) was increased in the conscious rat, compared with in the anesthetized rat, and K(D) was increased in vitro, compared with in vivo. The current study shows that the rat, a readily available species for research, can be used to measure in vivo both affinity and density of radioligand targets, which can later be directly assessed with standard in vitro techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Itoh
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kowalczyk P, Kinjo T, Kowalczyk M, Walaszek Z, Hanausek M, Slaga TJ. Effect of phosphodiesterase antagonists on glucocorticoid mediated growth inhibition in murine skin cell lines. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 610:29-36. [PMID: 19306867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors on proliferation of cell lines representing different stages of mouse skin tumorigenesis were studied. Skin papillomas and carcinomas become resistant to the growth inhibition by glucocorticoids. Their control of cellular functions is mediated by a well-known transcription factor, glucocorticoid receptor. The primary aim of the present study was to determine whether the PDE4 inhibitors, that raise intracellular cAMP levels, can increase the sensitivity of mouse skin papillomas and carcinomas to the glucocorticoids. We sought to establish the effect of cAMP signaling on the glucocorticoid receptor function using well-known model representing non-tumorigenic keratinocyte cell line (3PC), papilloma (MT1/2) and squamous cell carcinoma cell line (Ca3/7). These cells were treated with the glucocorticoid fluocinolone acetonide (FA) alone or in concert with PDE4 inhibitors--rolipram or YM976. Results of our study revealed that both PDE4 inhibitors may increase the sensitivity of transformed cell lines to the growth inhibitory effect of FA. In the transformed cell lines, changes in the viability of cells were accompanied by an increase in mRNA level of two negative regulators of the cell cycle--p21 and p27 proteins. Co-treatment with PDE4 inhibitors and FA caused inhibition of an endogenous glucocorticoid-responsive gene (MT-1) expression. Thus, the PDE4 inhibitors exerted a differential effect on non-transformed and transformed keratinocytes and on glucocorticoid receptor signal transduction. These findings warrant further studies to clarify the mechanism by which PDE4 inhibitors modulate glucocorticoid receptor signal transduction in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Kodimuthali A, Jabaris SSL, Pal M. Recent advances on phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5471-89. [PMID: 18686943 DOI: 10.1021/jm800582j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Kodimuthali
- New Drug Discovery, R & D Center, Matrix Laboratories Limited, Anrich Industrial Estate, Bollaram, Jinnaram Mandal, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, 502 325, India
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Gonçalves C, Carpes M, Correia C, Santana C. Purification of n-boc-Rolipram racemate on chiral stationary phase using simulated moving bed chromatography under linear conditions. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kenk M, Greene M, Lortie M, deKemp RA, Beanlands RS, DaSilva JN. Use of a column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography method to assess the presence of specific binding of (R)- and (S)-[11C]rolipram and their labeled metabolites to the phosphodiesterase-4 enzyme in rat plasma and tissues. Nucl Med Biol 2008; 35:515-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hirose R, Manabe H, Yanagawa K, Ohshima E, Ichimura M. Differential effects of PDE4 inhibitors on cortical neurons and T-lymphocytes. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 106:310-7. [PMID: 18277053 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of PDE4 (cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase) induce side effects, including nausea and emesis, that limit their therapeutic potential. We investigated the function of two catalytically active conformations of PDE4 (a low-affinity conformer detected by conventional cAMP hydrolytic activity and a high-affinity conformer detected by [(3)H]rolipram binding) in neuronal cells. We assessed enhancement of beta-adrenoceptor-mediated cAMP accumulation in cortical neurons in vitro by eleven PDE4 inhibitors with diverse biochemical profiles. The compounds tested have a wide inhibition range of PDE4 catalytic activity and [(3)H]rolipram binding. Inhibition potency for PDE4 catalytic activity and [(3)H]rolipram binding for each compound was different. Potency in augmentation of cAMP correlated significantly with the inhibitory effect on [(3)H]rolipram binding, but not with that against PDE4 catalytic activity. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect on proliferation of T-lymphocytes of the same PDE4 inhibitors correlated both with inhibition of PDE4 catalytic activity and with inhibition of [(3)H]rolipram binding. These findings indicate that the high affinity PDE4 conformer exists at a high level in cortical neurons and is important in the regulation of cAMP. Furthermore, the relative contributions of the two PDE4 conformers in cell function may cause different PDE4 inhibitor effects on cortical neurons and T-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hirose
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Nagaizumi-cho, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Chan ALF, Huang HL, Chien HC, Chen CM, Lin CN, Ko WC. Inhibitory effects of quercetin derivatives on phosphodiesterase isozymes and high-affinity [(3) H]-rolipram binding in guinea pig tissues. Invest New Drugs 2008; 26:417-24. [PMID: 18264679 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-008-9114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rolipram has high (PDE4(H)) and low (PDE4(L)) affinities for phosphodiesterase (PDE)-4, respectively. In general, it is believed that inhibitions by PDE4(H) and PDE4(L) are respectively associated with an adverse response and with anti-inflammatory and bronchodilating effects. This has provided a rational basis for designing new compounds with high PDE4(H)/PDE4(L) ratios. In the present study, we attempted to determine the PDE4(H)/PDE4(L) ratios of quercetin (1), qercetin-3-O-methylether (3-MQ, 2), quercetin-3,7,4'-O-trimethylether (ayanin, 3), quercetin-3,7,3',4'-O- tetramethylether (QTME, 4), quercetin-3,5,7,3',4'-O-petamethylether (QPME, 5), quercetin-3,5,7,3',4'-O-pentaacetate (QPA, 6), and quercetin-3-O-methyl-5,7,3',4'-O-tetraacetate (QMTA, 7). The activities of PDE1 approximately 5, which were partially separated from homogenates of guinea pig lungs and hearts, were measured by a two-step procedure using adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) with [(3) H]-cAMP or guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) with [(3) H]-cGMP as substrates. The IC(50) values of all of these compounds except quercetin (1), 3-MQ (2), and QMTA (7) on PDE1 approximately 5 inhibition were determined. The anti-inflammatory effects of PDE4 inhibitors were reported to be associated with inhibition of PDE4 catalytic activity. Therefore, these IC(50) values for PDE4 inhibition were taken as the PDE4(L) values. The effective concentration (EC(50)), at which one half of the [(3) H]-rolipram bound to high-affinity rolipram binding sites (HARBSs) of brain cell membranes was replaced, was defined as the PDE4(H) value. In the present results, the PDE4(H)/PDE4(L) ratios of quercetin (1), ayanin (3), and QPME (5) were >30, >19, and 11, respectively (Table 1), which are higher than or equal to that of AWD12-281, the selective PDE4 inhibitor with the greatest potential currently undergoing clinical trials for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes L-F Chan
- Pharmacy Department, Chi Mei Medical Center, 901 Chung-Hwa Road, Tainan, 710, Taiwan
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Hirose R, Manabe H, Nonaka H, Yanagawa K, Akuta K, Sato S, Ohshima E, Ichimura M. Correlation between emetic effect of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and their occupation of the high-affinity rolipram binding site in Suncus murinus brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 573:93-9. [PMID: 17658510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We employed an ex vivo [(3)H]rolipram binding experiment to elucidate the mechanism of emetic activity of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. In Suncus murinus (an insectivore used for evaluation of emesis), emetic potential as well as ability to occupy the high-affinity rolipram binding site in brain membrane fraction in vivo were determined for phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. In vitro, [(3)H]rolipram bound to the membrane fraction of S. murinus brain with high affinity and its value was comparable to that for rat brain (K(d)=3.6 nM and 3.5 nM, respectively). The test compounds included denbufylline, rolipram, piclamilast, CDP840 and KF19514, each of which possessed similar affinities for the rolipram binding sites in both S. murinus and rat brain. In S. murinus, these compounds induced emesis via intraperitoneal administration. Their ED(50) values were as follows: denbufylline (1.4 mg/kg), rolipram (0.16 mg/kg), piclamilast (1.8 mg/kg), CDP840 (20 mg/kg), and KF19514 (0.030 mg/kg). In addition, these compounds occupied the high-affinity rolipram binding site in vivo as detected by dose-dependent reduction in capacity of ex vivo [(3)H]rolipram binding in brain membrane fractions. A clear correlation was observed between dose required to induce emesis and that to occupy the high-affinity rolipram binding site for individual phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. We conclude that the emetic effect of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors is caused at least in part via binding to the high-affinity rolipram binding site in brain in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hirose
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka, 411-8731, Japan
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Giovannoni MP, Cesari N, Graziano A, Vergelli C, Biancalani C, Biagini P, Dal Piaz V. Synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazinones as potent, subtype selective PDE4 inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2007; 22:309-18. [PMID: 17674813 DOI: 10.1080/14756360601114700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of pyrrolo [2,3-d]pyridazinones was synthesized and tested for their inhibitory activity on PDE4 subtypes A, B and D and selectivity toward Rolipram high affinity binding site (HARBS). New agents with interesting profile were reported; in particular compound 9e showed a good PDE4 subtype selectivity, being 8 times more potent (IC50 = 0.32 microM) for PDE4B (anti-inflammatory) than for PDE4D (IC50 = 2.5 microM), generally considered the subtype responsible for emesis. Moreover the ratio HARBS/PDE4B was particularly favourable for 9e (147), suggesting that the best arranged groups around the pyrrolopyridazinone core are an isopropyl at position-1, an ethoxycarbonyl at position-2, together with an ethyl group at position-6. For compounds 8 and 15a the ability to inhibit TNFalpha production in PBMC was evaluated and the results are consistent with their PDE4 inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Giovannoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Firenze, Italy.
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Sun WC, Moore JN, Hurley DJ, Vandenplas ML, Murray TF. Effects of stimulation of adenosine A2A receptors on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of reactive oxygen species by equine neutrophils. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:649-56. [PMID: 17542699 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.6.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the anti-inflammatory effects of an adenosine analogue on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated equine neutrophils. SAMPLE POPULATION Neutrophils obtained from 10 healthy horses. PROCEDURES An adenosine analogue (5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine [NECA]) was tested for its ability to inhibit production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-stimulated equine neutrophils. Selective adenosine receptor antagonists were used to identify the receptor subtype responsible for effects. To assess the mechanism of action of NECA, cAMP concentrations were measured, and effects of dibutyryl cAMP (a stable analogue of cAMP) and rolipram (a type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor) were investigated. RESULTS NECA elicited concentration-dependent inhibition of ROS production that was inhibited by ZM241385, a selective adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist; this effect of NECA was not affected by the adenosine A(2B) receptor antagonist MRS1706. Also, ZM241385 blocked NECA-induced increases in cAMP concentrations, whereas MRS1706 did not alter this effect of NECA. Rolipram potentiated NECA-induced inhibition of ROS production, and dibutyryl cAMP also inhibited ROS production. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Activation of adenosine A(2A) receptors inhibited ROS production by LPS-stimulated equine neutrophils in a cAMP-dependent manner. These results suggest that stable adenosine A(2A) receptor agonists may be developed as suitable anti-inflammatory drugs in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-chun Sun
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Blount MA, Zoraghi R, Bessay EP, Beasley A, Francis SH, Corbin JD. Conversion of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) catalytic site to higher affinity by PDE5 inhibitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 323:730-7. [PMID: 17690252 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.126540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) specifically hydrolyzes cGMP, thereby contributing to modulation of intracellular levels of this nucleotide. In the present study, preincubation with cGMP increased PDE5 catalytic activity for cGMP degradation, and it converted the PDE5 catalytic site to a form that was more potently inhibited by each of the three PDE5 catalytic site-specific inhibitors: sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil. These results implied that elevated cGMP initiates a physiological negative feedback on the cGMP pathway by increasing the affinity of the PDE5 catalytic site for cGMP. This increase in catalytic site activity or affinity for inhibitors could be caused by binding of cGMP to either the PDE5 allosteric sites, catalytic site, or both. Whether occupation of the catalytic site alone could mediate the effect was examined using radiolabeled PDE5 inhibitors in the absence of cGMP. Exchange-dissociation of [(3)H]sildenafil (Viagra), [(3)H]vardenafil (Levitra), or [(3)H]tadalafil (Cialis) from full-length PDE5 or isolated catalytic domain revealed two kinetic components (slow and fast). Extended preincubation of full-length PDE5, but not isolated catalytic domain, with (3)H inhibitors converted the biphasic pattern to a single slow (high-affinity) component. Studies of amino-terminally truncated PDE5 established that full-length mammalian GAF-B (cGMP-binding phosphodiesterase, Anabaena adenylyl cyclases, Escherichia coli FhlA) subdomain conjoined with the catalytic domain was sufficient for this conversion. In conclusion, binding of substrate or substrate analogs such as PDE5 inhibitors to the catalytic site converts a fast (low-affinity) inhibitor dissociation component of the PDE5 catalytic site to a slow (high-affinity) inhibitor dissociation component. This effect is predicted to improve the substrate affinity or inhibitory potencies of these compounds in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsi A Blount
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Light Hall Room 702, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA.
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Fujita M, Imaizumi M, D'Sa C, Zoghbi SS, Crescenzo MS, Hong J, Musachio JL, Gee AD, Seidel J, Green MV, Pike VW, Duman RS, Innis RB. In vivo and in vitro measurement of brain phosphodiesterase 4 in rats after antidepressant administration. Synapse 2007; 61:78-86. [PMID: 17117418 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Based largely on in vitro measurements, the mechanism of several antidepressant treatments is thought to involve upregulation of 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signal transduction cascade and a corresponding increase in phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4, the enzyme that metabolizes cAMP. To assess the in vivo status of PDE4, rats were chronically treated with imipramine and then studied with: (1) in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) measurement of (R)-[(11)C]rolipram binding, (2) in vitro measurement of [(3)H]rolipram binding in brain homogenates, and (3) Western blotting for protein levels of PDE4 isoforms. Imipramine administration caused no significant change in B(max)/K(d), for both in vivo measurements with (R)-[(11)C]rolipram and in vitro measurements with [(3)H]rolipram in frontal cortex, hippocampus, and diencephalon. None of 10 isoforms of PDE4A, B, and D measured with immunoblots of frontal cortex and hippocampus showed a significant change. In summary, using relatively large brain regions for both in vivo imaging and in vitro measures of radiolabeled ligand binding and protein levels, chronic imipramine treatment via continuous mini-pump administration caused no significant change in PDE4 levels. Most, but not all, prior in vitro studies have found increased PDE4 levels after antidepressant administration. The current results raise questions about the in vivo effects of antidepressant treatment on PDE4 and on other potentially important experimental factors (e.g., continuous infusion vs. intermittent injection of antidepressant) in large brain areas. However, the results do not deny possibility of changes in discrete areas, which were not studied in the current study applying PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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