1
|
Ručilová V, Świerczek A, Vanda D, Funk P, Lemrová B, Gawalska A, Bucki A, Nowak B, Zadrożna M, Pociecha K, Soural M, Wyska E, Pawłowski M, Chłoń-Rzepa G, Zajdel P. New imidazopyridines with phosphodiesterase 4 and 7 inhibitory activity and their efficacy in animal models of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 209:112854. [PMID: 33022582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the rapid synthesis of a focused library of trisubstituted imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines and imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines from 2,4-dichloro-3-nitropyridine using the combination of solution-phase/solid-phase chemistry as new potential anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Structure-activity relationship studies, followed by the structure optimization, provided hit compounds (17 and 28) which inhibited phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) with IC50 values comparable to rolipram and displayed different inhibitory potency against phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7). Among them, compound 17 showed a beneficial effect in all the studied animal models of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (concanavalin A-induced hepatitis, lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia, collagen-induced arthritis, and MOG35-55-induced encephalomyelitis). In addition, compound 17 showed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile after intraperitoneal administration; it was characterized by a fast absorption from the peritoneal cavity and a relatively long terminal half-life in rats. It was found to penetrate brain barrier in mice. The performed experiments sheds light on the impact of PDE7A inhibition for the efficacy of PDE4 inhibitors in these disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Ručilová
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Artur Świerczek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - David Vanda
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Funk
- Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Lemrová
- Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alicja Gawalska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Nowak
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacobiology, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Zadrożna
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacobiology, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pociecha
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Miroslav Soural
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Elżbieta Wyska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Pawłowski
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grażyna Chłoń-Rzepa
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Zajdel
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Macek TA, Suzuki K, Asin K, Kimura H. Translational Development Strategies for TAK-063, a Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibitor. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:524-532. [PMID: 32598478 PMCID: PMC7689203 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TAK-063 is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A), an enzyme highly expressed in medium spiny neurons of the striatum. PDE10A hydrolyzes both cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate and modulates dopamine signaling downstream of receptor activation in both direct and indirect pathways of the striatum. TAK-063 exhibited antipsychotic-like effects in animal models; however, the translatability of these models to the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia and the meaningfulness for new targets such as PDE10A has not been established. METHODS The TAK-063 phase 1 program included a comprehensive translational development strategy with the main objective of determining whether the antipsychotic-like pharmacodynamic effects seen in nonclinical models would translate to human subjects. To evaluate this objective, we conducted a single-rising dose study (84 healthy subjects), a positron emission tomography (PET) study (12 healthy subjects), a functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) study (27 healthy subjects), and a multiple-rising dose study that included people with schizophrenia (30 healthy Japanese subjects and 47 subjects with stable schizophrenia). In addition, assessments of cognition and electroencephalography (27 healthy subjects and 47 subjects with stable schizophrenia) were included. RESULTS PDE10A engagement by TAK-063 was verified with a novel PET radiotracer for use in primates and humans. TAK-063 showed favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles in humans, and TAK-063 reduced ketamine-induced changes in electroencephalography and BOLD signaling in animal models and healthy human subjects. In addition, analogous effects on cognition were observed in animal models and human subjects. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the phase 1 results showed some consistent evidence of antipsychotic activity. This translational strategy may be valuable for the future development of novel therapeutic approaches, even when relevant nonclinical models are not available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen Asin
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Deerfield, IL
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kummari E, Gibbs A, Riggs C, Fellman C, Stokes J, Thomason J, Wills R, Mackin A, Archer T. Effects of pentoxifylline on whole blood IL-2 and IFN-gamma gene expression in normal dogs. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:19-24. [PMID: 31621209 PMCID: PMC7036308 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is used as a hemorrheologic and anti-inflammatory agent in veterinary and human medicine. In human studies, PTX has been shown to decrease T-cell production of cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN-γ. A RT-qPCR assay to measure activated T-cell gene expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ has been validated in dogs. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to utilize this assay to investigate the effects of PTX on in vitro cytokine gene expression in canine whole blood. METHODS Whole blood from seven healthy dogs was collected and incubated with various concentrations of PTX for 1 hr before activation. PTX concentrations spanned and exceeded blood concentrations achieved when administered at clinically relevant dosages (1, 2, 10, 50 and 200 μg/ml). Cyclosporine was used at a concentration of 500 ng/ml as a positive control. All blood samples, including untreated activated baseline samples, were then activated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin for 5 hrs. RESULTS Analysis of activated whole blood by RT-qPCR revealed that there was not a significant suppression of IL-2 or IFN-γ gene expression at any concentration of PTX when evaluating ΔCt values. All samples exposed to cyclosporine showed significant changes from untreated activated baseline samples, demonstrating marked suppression as the positive control. Cytokine expression, presented as a percentage of untreated activated baseline samples, was also evaluated. After exposure to the highest concentration of PTX (200 μg/ml), median percentage cytokine expression was suppressed to just below 50% of baseline values. This concentration, however, is much higher than blood concentrations reported to be achieved at standardly used pentoxifylline doses. CONCLUSIONS PTX does not appear to significantly suppress T-cell cytokine production in samples from most dogs at clinically relevant drug concentrations. Further testing is needed to establish the full effects of PTX on the immune system in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangel Kummari
- Department of Basic SciencesMississippi State University College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi StateMSUSA
| | - Andres Gibbs
- Department of Clinical SciencesMississippi State University College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi StateMSUSA
- Present address:
Randall Veterinary HospitalByramMSUSA
| | - Caitlin Riggs
- Department of Clinical SciencesMississippi State University College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi StateMSUSA
| | - Claire Fellman
- Department of Clinical SciencesMississippi State University College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi StateMSUSA
- Present address:
Department of Clinical SciencesTufts University200 Westboro RoadNorth GraftonMA01536USA
| | - John Stokes
- Department of Basic SciencesMississippi State University College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi StateMSUSA
| | - John Thomason
- Department of Clinical SciencesMississippi State University College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi StateMSUSA
| | - Robert Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population MedicineMississippi State University College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi StateMSUSA
| | - Andrew Mackin
- Department of Clinical SciencesMississippi State University College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi StateMSUSA
| | - Todd Archer
- Department of Clinical SciencesMississippi State University College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi StateMSUSA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Charnigo RJ, Beidler D, Rybin D, Pittman DD, Tan B, Howard J, Michelson AD, Frelinger AL, Clarke N. PF-04447943, a Phosphodiesterase 9A Inhibitor, in Stable Sickle Cell Disease Patients: A Phase Ib Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Clin Transl Sci 2019; 12:180-188. [PMID: 30597771 PMCID: PMC6440678 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This phase Ib study randomized patients with stable sickle cell disease (SCD) aged 18-65 years to twice-daily PF-04447943 (a phosphodiesterase 9A inhibitor; 5 or 25 mg) or placebo, with/without hydroxyurea coadministration, for up to 29 days. Blood samples were collected at baseline and various posttreatment time points for assessments of PF-04447943 pharmacokinetics (PKs)/pharmacodynamics (PDs). Change from baseline in potential SCD-related biomarkers was evaluated. Of 30 patients, 15 received hydroxyurea and 28 completed the study. PF-04447943, with/without hydroxyurea, was generally well tolerated, with no treatment-related serious adverse events. Plasma PF-04447943 exposure was dose proportional. Twice-daily PF-04447943 25 mg significantly reduced the number and size of circulating monocyte-platelet and neutrophil-platelet aggregates and levels of circulating soluble E-selectin at day 29 vs. baseline (adjusted P < 0.15). PF-04447943 demonstrated PK/PD effects suggestive of inhibiting pathways that may contribute to vaso-occlusion. This study also provides guidance regarding biomarkers for future SCD studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jo Howard
- Guy's and St. Thomas’ HospitalGreat Maze PondLondonUK
| | - Alan D. Michelson
- Center for Platelet Research StudiesDana‐Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrew L. Frelinger
- Center for Platelet Research StudiesDana‐Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salman S, Hibbert J, Page-Sharp M, Manning L, Simmer K, Doherty DA, Patole S, Batty KT, Strunk T. Effects of maturation and size on population pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline and its metabolites in very preterm infants with suspected late-onset sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis: a pilot study incorporating clinical outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 85:147-159. [PMID: 30281170 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Infection-induced inflammation is associated with adverse long-term outcomes in preterm infants. Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a candidate for adjunct immunomodulatory therapy in preterm infants with late-onset sepsis (LOS) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), but pharmacokinetic data in this population are extremely limited. This study aims to characterize the pharmacokinetic properties of intravenous PTX and its metabolites in preterm infants. METHOD An open label pilot clinical study of intravenous PTX as an adjunct therapy in preterm infants (gestation <32 weeks) with suspected LOS or NEC was undertaken. PTX was infused for 12 h for two days (60 mg kg-1 per 12 h), and in infants with confirmed diagnosis of LOS or NEC, for 6 h for another 4 days (30 mg kg-1 per 6 h). Plasma concentrations of PTX and its principal metabolites from collected blood samples were measured using a validated LCMS assay. NONMEM was used to analyse the data using population pharmacokinetic modelling. RESULTS The preterm infants (n = 26) had a median (range) gestation of 24.8 weeks (23.3-30.4) and birthweight of 689 g (370-1285). PTX was well tolerated and without treatment-limiting adverse effects. Changes in size (weight) and maturation were successfully modelled for PTX and metabolites. After allometric scaling, clearance increased with postmenstrual age, increasing by approximately 30% per week for PTX and M1 (lisofylline) and simulations of current dosing demonstrated a six-fold difference in exposure between 24 and 35 weeks postmenstrual age. CONCLUSIONS The developed model can be used to explore dosing strategies based on size and maturation for preterm infants.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Intravenous
- Body Weight/physiology
- Drug Therapy, Combination/methods
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/blood
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/drug therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Extremely Premature/blood
- Infant, Extremely Premature/physiology
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/blood
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/drug therapy
- Infant, Very Low Birth Weight/blood
- Infant, Very Low Birth Weight/physiology
- Male
- Metabolic Clearance Rate/physiology
- Models, Biological
- Pentoxifylline/administration & dosage
- Pentoxifylline/pharmacokinetics
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Pilot Projects
- Sepsis/blood
- Sepsis/drug therapy
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Salman
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Julie Hibbert
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Madhu Page-Sharp
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Laurens Manning
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Karen Simmer
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Neonatal Directorate, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Dorota A Doherty
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Sanjay Patole
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Neonatal Directorate, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin T Batty
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Tobias Strunk
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Neonatal Directorate, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thomson CG, Le Grand D, Dowling M, Brocklehurst CE, Chinn C, Elphick L, Faller M, Freeman M, Furminger V, Gasser C, Hamadi A, Hardaker E, Head V, Hill JC, Janus DI, Pearce D, Poulaud AS, Stanley E, Sviridenko L. Development of autotaxin inhibitors: A series of zinc binding triazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2279-2284. [PMID: 29798825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of inhibitors of Autotaxin (ATX) has been developed using the binding mode of known inhibitor, PF-8380, as a template. Replacement of the benzoxazolone with a triazole zinc-binding motif reduced crystallinity and improved solubility relative to PF-8380. Modification of the linker region removed hERG activity and led to compound 12 - a selective, high affinity, orally-bioavailable inhibitor of ATX. Compound 12 concentration-dependently inhibits autotaxin and formation of LPA in vivo, as shown in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Thomson
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK.
| | - Darren Le Grand
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Mark Dowling
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Cara E Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Fabrikstrasse, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Colin Chinn
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Profiling, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Lucy Elphick
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Michael Faller
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Fabrikstrasse, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Freeman
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Vikki Furminger
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Cornelia Gasser
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Fabrikstrasse, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Hamadi
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Elizabeth Hardaker
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Victoria Head
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Johan C Hill
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Diana I Janus
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - David Pearce
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Anne-Sophie Poulaud
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Emily Stanley
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Lilya Sviridenko
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zengin K, Ede H, Tanik S, Albayrak S, Sarikaya S, Erbay A, Imamoğlu MA, Gürdal M. Cardiac factors affecting the success of vardenafil in erectile dysfunction. Turk J Med Sci 2015; 45:751-7. [PMID: 26422841 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1407-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To evaluate the predictability of vardenafil success in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) by using cardiological tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients diagnosed with ED who did not benefit from lifestyle changes (n = 68) were evaluated with an abridged 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). The pretreatment and posttreatment IIEF-5 scores were compared with pretreatment data obtained from cardiological examinations. RESULTS When pretreatment scores were compared with test parameters, mitral flow E/A ratio and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) E'/ A', exercise test duration, exercise capacity in MET, and percentage of maximum heart rate were found to be statistically significant. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between mitral flow E/A ratio, TDI E'/A', exercise test duration, exercise capacity in MET, and the difference in post- and pretreatment IIEF-5 scores. CONCLUSION As a diastolic function indicator, TDI E'/A' positively correlates with pretreatment IIEF-5 scores and negatively correlates with the beneficial effect of vardenafil treatment. As a result, the cardiological status of the patient correlates with individual IIEF-5 scores, and it seems to be useful in predicting vardenafil success.
Collapse
|
8
|
Schröder S, Wenzel B, Deuther-Conrad W, Teodoro R, Egerland U, Kranz M, Scheunemann M, Höfgen N, Steinbach J, Brust P. Synthesis, 18F-Radiolabelling and Biological Characterization of Novel Fluoroalkylated Triazine Derivatives for in Vivo Imaging of Phosphodiesterase 2A in Brain via Positron Emission Tomography. Molecules 2015; 20:9591-615. [PMID: 26016549 PMCID: PMC6272448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20069591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) is highly and specifically expressed in particular brain regions that are affected by neurological disorders and in certain tumors. Development of a specific PDE2A radioligand would enable molecular imaging of the PDE2A protein via positron emission tomography (PET). Herein we report on the syntheses of three novel fluoroalkylated triazine derivatives (TA2–4) and on the evaluation of their effect on the enzymatic activity of human PDE2A. The most potent PDE2A inhibitors were 18F-radiolabelled ([18F]TA3 and [18F]TA4) and investigated regarding their potential as PET radioligands for imaging of PDE2A in mouse brain. In vitro autoradiography on rat brain displayed region-specific distribution of [18F]TA3 and [18F]TA4, which is consistent with the expression pattern of PDE2A protein. Metabolism studies of both [18F]TA3 and [18F]TA4 in mice showed a significant accumulation of two major radiometabolites of each radioligand in brain as investigated by micellar radio-chromatography. Small-animal PET/MR studies in mice using [18F]TA3 revealed a constantly increasing uptake of activity in the non-target region cerebellum, which may be caused by the accumulation of brain penetrating radiometabolites. Hence, [18F]TA3 and [18F]TA4 are exclusively suitable for in vitro investigation of PDE2A. Nevertheless, further structural modification of these promising radioligands might result in metabolically stable derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Schröder
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
| | - Barbara Wenzel
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
| | - Rodrigo Teodoro
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
| | - Ute Egerland
- BioCrea GmbH, Meissner Str. 191, Radebeul 01445, Germany.
| | - Mathias Kranz
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
| | - Matthias Scheunemann
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
| | - Norbert Höfgen
- BioCrea GmbH, Meissner Str. 191, Radebeul 01445, Germany.
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
| | - Peter Brust
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brullo C, Massa M, Villa C, Ricciarelli R, Rivera D, Pronzato MA, Fedele E, Barocelli E, Bertoni S, Flammini L, Bruno O. Synthesis, biological activities and pharmacokinetic properties of new fluorinated derivatives of selective PDE4D inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3426-35. [PMID: 25936260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A new series of selective PDE4D inhibitors has been designed and synthesized by replacing 3-methoxy group with 3-difluoromethoxy isoster moiety in our previously reported cathecolic structures. All compounds showed a good PDE4D3 inhibitory activity, most of them being inactive toward other PDE4 isoforms (PDE4A4, PDE4B2 and PDE4C2). Compound 3b, chosen among the synthesized compounds as the most promising in terms of inhibitory activity, selectivity and safety, showed an improved pharmacokinetic profile compared to its non fluorinated analogue. Spontaneous locomotor activity, assessed in an open field apparatus, showed that, differently from rolipram and diazepam, selective PDE4D inhibitors, such as compounds 3b, 5b and 7b, did not affect locomotion, whereas compound 1b showed a tendency to reduce the distance traveled and to prolong the immobility period, possibly due to a poor selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Massa
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carla Villa
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Ricciarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Via LB Alberti, 2, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Rivera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Via LB Alberti, 2, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Adelaide Pronzato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Via LB Alberti, 2, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ernesto Fedele
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 4, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barocelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Lisa Flammini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Olga Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang ZQ, Li J, Zhai QQ. Evaluation on activity of cytochrome p450 enzymes in turbot via a probe drug cocktail. J Aquat Anim Health 2014; 26:272-277. [PMID: 25369285 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2014.938868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are the main catalytic enzymes for metabolism by a variety of endogenous and exogenous substrates in mammals, fish, insects, etc. We evaluated the application of a multidrug cocktail on changes in CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 activity in Turbot Scophthalmus maximus. The probe drugs were a combination of caffeine (5 mg/kg body weight), dapsone (5 mg/kg), and chlorzoxazone (10 mg/kg). After a single intraperitoneal injection of the cocktail, the concentration of all three probe drugs in the plasma increased quickly to a peak and then decreased gradually over 24 h. Pharmacokinetic profiles of the three probe drugs were determined using a noncompartmental analysis, and the typical parameters were calculated. In the assay for CYP induction, pretreatment with rifampicin significantly reduced the typical pharmacokinetic metrics for caffeine and chlorzoxazone, but not dapsone, indicating that the activity of CYP1 and CYP2 in turbot were induced by rifampicin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Chang
- a Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071 , China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Differences in the clinical pharmacology of the 3 currently available oral phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors, sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil, are largely determined by their clinical pharmacokinetics as well as their PDE inhibitory activity profile. This review comparatively discusses the major characteristics of the pharmacokinetic profile of all 3 PDE5 inhibitors, including bioavailability and rate of absorption, Biopharmaceutical Classification System categorization, elimination mechanisms, and metabolic profile including active metabolites, as well as the drug-drug interaction potential and modification of pharmacokinetic properties under selected physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. The review is aimed at providing comparative clinical pharmacology data to allow for scientifically rational, evidence-based prescribing and dosing decisions regarding the clinical use of these medications for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Suite 5p, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Murdoch RD, Zussman B, Schofield JP, Webber DM. Lack of Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Cilomilast and Theophylline or Smoking in Healthy Volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 44:1046-53. [PMID: 15317832 DOI: 10.1177/0091270004266488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic profile of cilomilast (Ariflo), a selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, was investigated in three separate studies. Two of these studies explored the drug interaction potential of cilomilast with the nonselective PDE inhibitor, theophylline, and a third study compared the pharmacokinetic profile of cilomilast in smokers and nonsmokers. Repeated administration of cilomilast had no effect on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of theophylline in either a pilot dose-ranging or definitive therapeutic study. At therapeutic doses, the point estimate and 90% confidence interval for theophylline AUC(0-12) and C(max) were completely contained within the range (0.8, 1.25). Similarly, repeated administration of theophylline had little clinically relevant effect on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of cilomilast when compared to placebo, as only slight average increases in cilomilast AUC(0-12) and C(max) (6% and 3%, respectively) were observed. In addition, mean cilomilast exposure (AUC(0- infinity )) was found to be similar in both smokers and nonsmokers (8.47 +/- 2.20 microg*h/mL and 7.70 +/- 2.25 microg*h/mL, respectively). Throughout all three studies, cilomilast was well tolerated, and concomitant use of these selective and nonselective inhibitors, although unlikely in the clinic, is hypothetically feasible. Taken together, these studies clearly differentiate cilomilast from theophylline for drug-drug liability issues in a smoker and nonsmoker population, as well as highlight the potential to switch from one drug to another without undue clinical concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Murdoch
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Ave, Harlow, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Morfín Maciel BM, Castillo Morfín BM. [Theophylline, a new look to an old drug]. Rev Alerg Mex 2010; 57:112-122. [PMID: 21255523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To emphasize the safety and efficacy of theophylline in chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases. To mention its immunomodulatory effects. DATA SOURCES PubMed search using the keywords: theophylline, histone deacetylase, antiinflammatory, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), corticoresistance. RESULTS Theophylline is a methylxantine, that inhibits phosphodiesterase (PDE), induces histone deacetylase and antagonizes adenosine. Its main effect is to relax airway smooth muscle. The immunomodulatory effects of theophylline are obtained at low plasma concentrations (less than 10 mg/L). The combination of inhaled corticoesteroids and theophylline exerts a synergistic antiinflammatory effect that improves asthma control and reduces COPD exacerbations. Histones are a group of transcriptional cofactors involved in chromatin remodeling. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) suppress inflammatory gene expression. In patients with COPD and severe asthma there is a reduction in HDAC-2 secondary to the increased oxidative and nitrative stress. HDAC-2 is required by corticosteroids to switch off activated inflammatory genes, then its reduction favors corticosteroid resistance. Theophylline via HDAC-2 induction and PDE inhibition, suppresses inflammatory gene expression, and inhibits free oxygen radicals production. CONCLUSIONS Theophylline at low plasma concentrations exerts antiinflammatory effects, restoring corticosteroid sensitivity in COPD and severe asthma.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee SJ, Bae SK, Kwon JW, You M, Lee DC, Lee MG. Pharmacokinetic interaction between 5-[2-propyloxy-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrollidinylethylamidosulfonyl)phenyl]-1-methyl-3-propyl-1,6-dihydro-7H-pyrazolo (4,3-d) pyrimidine-7-one (DA-8159) and nitroglycerin in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 57:1397-405. [PMID: 16259771 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.57.11.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic interaction between 5-[2-propyloxy-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrollidinylethylamidosulfonyl)phenyl]-1-methyl-3-propyl-1,6-dihydro-7H-pyrazolo (4,3-d)pyrimidine-7-one (DA-8159), a new erectogenic, and nitroglycerin has been evaluated in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received DA-8159 (30 mgkg−1) as a single intravenous or oral dose with the simultaneous single intravenous administration of nitroglycerin (2.5 mgkg−1). After simultaneous intravenous administration, the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUCinf) of DA-8159 (746 vs 457 μg min mL−1) was found to be significantly greater than with DA-8159 alone. Also, after simultaneous intravenous administration total body clearance (CL) (40.2 vs 65.6 mL min−1 kg−1), renal clearance (CLR) (1.65 vs 5.11 mL min−1 kg−1), and nonrenal clearance (CLNR) (38.3 vs 60.2 mL min−1 kg−1) of DA-8159 were significantly slower compared with DA-8159 alone. The slower CLNR of DA-8159 could have been due to the inhibition of the metabolism of DA-8159 by nitroglycerin, since DA-8159 is metabolized via CYP3A1/2 in rats and nitroglycerin inhibits CYP3A1/2 in rats. The slower CLR of DA-8159 could have been due to the urine flow rate-dependent CLR of DA-8159 in rats. After the simultaneous intravenous administration of nitroglycerin and DA-8159, the AUCinf of nitroglycerin was significantly smaller (635 vs 960 μg min mL−1), which could have been due to the cardiac output-dependent CL of nitroglycerin. However, after the oral administration of DA-8159, the pharmacokinetic parameters of DA-8159 with and without the intravenous administration of nitroglycerin became comparable. This was not due to the decrease in nitroglycerin's gastrointestinal absorption of DA-8159, but could have been due to changes in nitroglycerin's intestinal first-pass effect of DA-8159. Human studies are required to determine the administration time of DA-8159 when nitroglycerin is concomitantly taken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Silva AC, Toffoletto O, Lucio LAG, Santos PFD, Afiune JB, Massud Filho J, Tufik S. Cardiovascular repercussion of lodenafil carbonate, a new PDE5 inhibitor, with and without alcohol consumption. Arq Bras Cardiol 2010; 94:150-158. [PMID: 20428608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of men around the world suffer from erectile dysfunction, for which phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE-5 inhibitors) are currently the first treatment option. Sexual activity and alcohol consumption are closely related, and the simultaneous use of alcohol and PDE-5 inhibitors can happen. Lodenafil carbonate is a new PDE-5 inhibitor, developed by a Brazilian pharmaceutical company. OBJECTIVE This work aimed at evaluating the cardiovascular safety of lodenafil carbonate, with and without simultaneous alcohol consumption. METHODS Fifteen male volunteers received 160 mg lodenafil carbonate (LC), in three different moments. Participants were assigned to three groups, treated with LC in fasting condition, with alcohol or receiving only placebo. The volunteers were continuously monitored during 24 hours for physical impairment, blood pressure, heart rate, QT interval and lodenafil's pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS Lodenafil carbonate alone or with alcohol did not induce clinically relevant modifications in arterial blood pressure or heart rate. A statistically significant decrease in blood pressure was seen four hours after LC and alcohol intake, and an increase in heart rate six hours after intake of lodenafil carbonate alone. The QTc interval was not significantly modified. Lodenafil carbonate bioavailability was increased in 74% when drug intake was associated with alcohol. CONCLUSION These results show that the use of lodenafil carbonate did not have clinically relevant effects on blood pressure or heart rate, and was not associated with QT interval prolongation. The association of lodenafil carbonate and alcohol affected its pharmacokinetic properties, increasing the bioavailability of the drug.
Collapse
|
17
|
Notz HJ. [Interview with Dr. Heinz-Jürgen Notz, established urologist, Düsseldorf. Creating love life without time pressure]. MMW Fortschr Med 2009; 151:49. [PMID: 19960728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
|
18
|
Tadalafil (Adcirca) for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2009; 51:87-8. [PMID: 19890245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
|
19
|
Guazzi M, Vicenzi M, Samaja M. [Clinical use of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in cardiopulmonary diseases: from experimental evidence to clinical application]. G Ital Cardiol (Rome) 2009; 10:725-737. [PMID: 20101899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases are a class of proteins that primarily modulate intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides such as cGMP and cAMP. Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) is mainly involved in the smooth muscle cell cGMP inactivation. Chemical inhibition of PDE5 has recently become a valid therapeutic option of nitric oxide pathway potentiation via cell cGMP availability. More specifically, PDE5 inhibition appears successful for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Additional intriguing therapeutic properties are a protective effect on the myocardium through antihypertrophic and antiapoptotic mechanisms and on vascular function by improving endothelial responsiveness and tolerance to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. These effects imply a potential usefulness in the treatment of coronary artery disease and heart failure. Evidence currently available for considering PDE5 inhibition an additional therapeutic opportunity in cardiovascular disorders is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guazzi
- Unità Cardiopolmonare, Ospedale San Paolo, Università degli Studi, Milano.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Weber M, Breier M, Ko D, Thangaraj N, Marzan DE, Swerdlow NR. Evaluating the antipsychotic profile of the preferential PDE10A inhibitor, papaverine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 203:723-35. [PMID: 19066855 PMCID: PMC2748940 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is an operational measure of sensorimotor gating that is deficient in schizophrenia patients. In rats, PPI deficits induced by dopamine (DA) agonists are reversed by antipsychotics. Inhibition of the striatum-rich phosphodiesterase (PDE)10A may represent a novel antipsychotic mechanism. Previous studies were controversial, showing antipsychotic-like profiles in measures of PPI for the preferential PDE10A inhibitor papaverine (PAP) but not the novel PDE10A inhibitor TP-10. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the antipsychotic profile of PAP in rats using PPI. MATERIALS AND METHODS PPI deficits were induced in rats by apomorphine (APO; 0.1, 0.5 mg/kg) or D: -amphetamine (AMPH; 4 mg/kg). PAP (3, 10, 30 mg/kg) or haloperidol (HAL; 0.1 mg/kg) was tested against these agonists in Sprague-Dawley (SD) or Wistar (WI) rats. Prepulse intervals ranged from 10 to 120 ms. Further tests evaluated the effects of PAP on spontaneous locomotion, AMPH (1 mg/kg)-induced hyperlocomotion, and core body temperature (T degrees ). RESULTS HAL reversed APO-induced PPI deficits but PAP failed to reverse APO- and AMPH-induced PPI deficits at all doses, strains, pretreatment times, and prepulse intervals. PAP (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced AMPH hyperlocomotion in SD rats, and a similar pattern was detected in WI rats. This PAP dose also strongly reduced spontaneous locomotion and T degrees in SD rats. CONCLUSION Our study does not support an antipsychotic-like profile of PAP in dopaminergic PPI models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Talibov OB. [Cardiological aspects of tadalafil safety]. Urologiia 2009:82-86. [PMID: 19670822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
|
22
|
Maharaj CH, O'Toole D, Lynch T, Carney J, Jarman J, Higgins BD, Morrison JJ, Laffey JG. Effects and mechanisms of action of sildenafil citrate in human chorionic arteries. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:34. [PMID: 19389232 PMCID: PMC2680410 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sildenafil citrate, a specific phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, is increasingly used for pulmonary hypertension in pregnancy. Sildenafil is also emerging as a potential candidate for the treatment of intra-uterine growth retardation and for premature labor. Its effects in the feto-placental circulation are not known. Our objectives were to determine whether phosphodiesterase-5 is present in the human feto-placental circulation, and to characterize the effects and mechanisms of action of sildenafil citrate in this circulation. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo human chorionic plate arterial rings were used in all experiments. The presence of phosphodiesterase-5 in the feto-placental circulation was determined by western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. In a subsequent series of pharmacologic studies, the effects of sildenafil citrate in pre-constricted chorionic plate arterial rings were determined. Additional studies examined the role of cGMP and nitric oxide in mediating the effects of sildenafil. RESULTS Phosphodiesterase-5 mRNA and protein was demonstrated in human chorionic plate arteries. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated phosphodiesterase-5 within the arterial muscle layer. Sildenafil citrate produced dose dependent vasodilatation at concentrations at and greater than 10 nM. Both the direct cGMP inhibitor methylene blue and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS significantly attenuated the vasodilation produced by sildenafil citrate. Inhibition of NO production with L-NAME did not attenuate the vasodilator effects of sildenafil. In contrast, sildenafil citrate significantly enhanced the vasodilation produced by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside. CONCLUSION Phosphodiesterase-5 is present in the feto-placental circulation. Sildenafil citrate vasodilates the feto-placental circulation via a cGMP dependent mechanism involving increased responsiveness to NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrisen H Maharaj
- Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Anaesthesia, Clinical Sciences Institute and National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel O'Toole
- Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Anaesthesia, Clinical Sciences Institute and National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tadhg Lynch
- Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Anaesthesia, Clinical Sciences Institute and National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - John Carney
- Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Anaesthesia, Clinical Sciences Institute and National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - James Jarman
- Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Anaesthesia, Clinical Sciences Institute and National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Brendan D Higgins
- Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Anaesthesia, Clinical Sciences Institute and National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - John J Morrison
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - John G Laffey
- Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Anaesthesia, Clinical Sciences Institute and National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Cyclic GMP/blood
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Fibrosis
- Hemodynamics/drug effects
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/complications
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/enzymology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/enzymology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/prevention & control
- Myocardium/enzymology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Piperazines/pharmacokinetics
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Purines/administration & dosage
- Purines/pharmacokinetics
- Purines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Sildenafil Citrate
- Sulfones/administration & dosage
- Sulfones/pharmacokinetics
- Sulfones/pharmacology
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
Collapse
|
24
|
Schäfer S, Ellinghaus P, Janssen W, Kramer F, Lustig K, Milting H, Kast R, Klein M. Chronic inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 does not prevent pressure-overload-induced right-ventricular remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 82:30-9. [PMID: 19131365 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) decreases pulmonary pressure and improves symptoms in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is unclear however, whether inhibition of PDE5 can prevent myocardial remodelling during right-ventricular pressure overload. METHODS AND RESULTS Right-ventricular pressure overload was produced in male rats in a pulmonary hypertension model (monocrotaline 60 mg/kg s.c.) or by surgical pulmonary artery banding. PDE5 inhibition using oral sildenafil (50 mg/kg/day in drinking water) or placebo was initiated 14 days after monocrotaline treatment and continued for 14 days until final examination. In the pulmonary artery banding groups, rats were treated with sildenafil (50 mg/kg/day) or placebo for 21 days following surgical pulmonary artery banding. At the final experiments, right-ventricular haemodynamics were measured and remodelling was analysed using histological, biochemical, and gene expression markers. Both monocrotaline and pulmonary artery banding increased right-ventricular systolic pressure to approximately 80 mmHg. In parallel, both interventions induced markers of hypertrophy (upregulation of natriuretic peptides, increase in myocyte diameter) and fibrosis (upregulation of collagen types 1A2 and 3A1) as well as mRNA expression of the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases 1 and osteopontin in the right ventricle. In monocrotaline model, sildenafil decreased pulmonary pressure, reduced right-ventricular hypertrophy, and prevented fibrosis marker gene upregulation. After pulmonary artery banding, in contrast, sildenafil increased markers of myocardial remodelling and right-ventricular myocyte diameter. CONCLUSION Sildenafil prevents myocardial remodelling in pulmonary hypertension through an indirect action via right-ventricular unloading.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Cyclic GMP/blood
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrillar Collagens/metabolism
- Fibrosis
- Hemodynamics/drug effects
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/chemically induced
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/enzymology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/enzymology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/prevention & control
- Male
- Monocrotaline
- Myocardium/enzymology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Natriuretic Peptides/metabolism
- Osteopontin/metabolism
- Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Piperazines/pharmacokinetics
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Pulmonary Artery/surgery
- Purines/administration & dosage
- Purines/pharmacokinetics
- Purines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Wistar
- Sildenafil Citrate
- Stroke Volume/drug effects
- Sulfones/administration & dosage
- Sulfones/pharmacokinetics
- Sulfones/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/metabolism
- Ventricular Pressure/drug effects
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schäfer
- Cardiology Research, Bayer Schering Pharma, Aprather Weg 18, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zargari O. Pentoxifylline: a drug with wide spectrum applications in dermatology. Dermatol Online J 2008; 14:2. [PMID: 19094840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine derivative with a variety of anti-inflammatory effects. Currently, PTX is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of intermittent claudication, but studies have shown that it has a variety of physiological effects at the cellular level, which may be important in treating a diverse group of diseases.
Collapse
|
26
|
Tay ELW, Geok-Mui MK, Poh-Hoon MC, Yip J. Sustained benefit of tadalafil in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension with prior response to sildenafil: A case series of 12 patients. Int J Cardiol 2008; 125:416-7. [PMID: 17407795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
27
|
Salonia A, Gallina A, Zanni G, Briganti A, Dehò F, Saccà A, Suardi N, Barbieri L, Guazzoni G, Rigatti P, Montorsi F. Acceptance of and Discontinuation Rate from Erectile Dysfunction Oral Treatment in Patients following Bilateral Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy. Eur Urol 2008; 53:564-70. [PMID: 17761385 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess acceptance of and discontinuation rate from erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment in patients after bilateral nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy (BNSRRP). METHODS We analyzed acceptance and discontinuation data of 100 consecutive, age-comparable, preoperatively self-reported potent BNSRRP patients who at the discharge from the hospital received a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5-I) prescription. Patients were informed of the pharmacokinetic properties of the available compounds and the option of on-demand versus rehabilitative therapy. Thereafter, patients did not receive any specific counseling throughout the entire follow-up period and freely decided to use or not use any ED therapy. Complete preoperative data were obtained on hospital admission and included a medical and sexual history and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). The IIEF was completed every 6 mo postoperatively, and patients participated in a semi-structured interview about the treatment adherence at the 18-mo follow-up. RESULTS Forty-nine (49%) patients freely decided not to start any ED therapy (group 1). Of the remaining patients, 36 (36%) opted for an as-needed PDE5-I (group 2), whereas 15 (15%) decided to use a daily PDE5-I (group 3). At the 18-mo follow-up, the overall discontinuation rate from both treatment modalities was 72.6% (eg, 72.2% vs. 73.3% in group 2 vs. group 3; p=0.79). Treatment effect below expectations was the main reason for treatment discontinuation, followed by loss of interest in sex due to partner's causes. CONCLUSIONS Almost 50% of BNSRRP patients freely decided not to start any ED treatment postoperatively. Roughly 73% of patients who started therapy eventually discontinued it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Salonia
- Department of Urology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bruzziches R, Greco EA, Pili M, Francomano D, Spera G, Aversa A. Redefining the role of long-acting phosphodiesterase inhibitor tadalafil in the treatment of diabetic erectile dysfunction. Curr Diabetes Rev 2008; 4:24-30. [PMID: 18220692 DOI: 10.2174/157339908783502389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an established risk factor predisposing to male erectile dysfunction (ED), and it has been calculated that more than 50% of diabetic men develop ED within ten years of diagnosis. It has been suggested that the risk of ED increases with metabolic indices of inadequate diabetes control and with a longer duration of disease. Loss of the functional integrity of the endothelium and subsequent endothelial dysfunction plays an integral role in the pathogenesis of diabetic ED. Coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis are frequent complications of DM and diabetic patients have an increased risk of future cardiovascular events comparable to that of patients with coronary artery disease. The prolonged half-life of tadalafil (17.5 hours) and its prolonged period of responsiveness (36-hours), constitute an ideal pharmacokinetic profile for once-a-day dosing and makes it an ideal candidate for rehabilitative therapy in DM patients, whereas a poor compliance with on-demand schedule is reported. The aim of this review will be to give an update on clinical overall efficacy and safety of tadalafil trials, i.e in diabetic population, and finally provide evidences for redefining the role of chronic treatment in selected group of patients.
Collapse
|
29
|
Zarghi A, Shafaati A, Foroutan SM, Movahed H, Khoddam A. A rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of pantoprazole in plasma using UV detection. Application in pharmacokinetic studies. Arzneimittelforschung 2008; 58:441-444. [PMID: 18972873 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1296536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and reproducible HPLC method was developed and validated for the analysis of pantoprazole (CAS 102625-70-7) in human plasma. The separation was achieved on a monolithic silica column using acetonitrile-potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (25:75,v/v), pH 3.0, as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 ml min(-1). The wavelength was set at 290 nm. The assay enables the measurement of pantoprazole for therapeutic drug monitoring with a minimum quantification limit of 20 ng ml(-1). The method involves a simple protein precipitation procedure. Analyticil recovery was complete. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 20-3500 ng ml(-1) The coefficients of variation forthe inter-day and intra-day assay were found to be less than 7%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Burgess G, Hoogkamer H, Collings L, Dingemanse J. Mutual pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state bosentan and sildenafil. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 64:43-50. [PMID: 18040672 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-007-0408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the mutual pharmacokinetic interactions in healthy volunteers between sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, and bosentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist, both approved for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). METHODS A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study with three treatment arms (sildenafil plus placebo, bosentan plus placebo and sildenafil plus bosentan) was conducted in 55 healthy male volunteers (51 completers). Study duration was 18 days per treatment group. Sildenafil was administered three times daily on Days 1-6 and 11-16 (20 mg initially, increased to 80 mg after 3 days), and bosentan (125 mg) was administered twice daily on Days 7-17. RESULTS On Day 16, bosentan decreased the maximum plasma concentration of sildenafil (c)(max)) by 55.4% [90% confidence interval (CI) 40.3-66.6%] and the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve over a dosing interval (AUC(tau)) by 62.6% (90% CI 56.8-67.7%). Sildenafil increased bosentan C(max) by 42.0% (90% CI 15.4-74.8%) and (AUC(tau)) by 49.8% (90% CI 28.7-74.5%). Bosentan and sildenafil in combination were well tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported. All adverse events were of mild or moderate intensity. CONCLUSIONS In healthy volunteers, there is a mutual pharmacokinetic interaction between bosentan and sildenafil that may influence the dosage of each drug in a combination treatment. The clinical implications of combination therapy with bosentan and sildenafil are as yet unknown, and further trials in patients with PAH are needed.
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Atrux-Tallau N, Pirot F, Falson F, Roberts MS, Maibach HI. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of heat separated epidermis and dermatomed skin in percutaneous absorption studies. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299:507-11. [PMID: 17901965 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), mainly regulated by the stratum corneum, was quantitatively correlated to percutaneous absorption of compounds in human and suggested for the ex vivo assessment of skin integrity. The present study investigated qualitatively and quantitatively the relevance of 100-microm heat separated epidermis (HSE) in percutaneous absorption studies as compared to 500-microm dermatomed skin by dual complementary approaches. Percutaneous absorption of caffeine delivered from aqueous solution through dermatomed skin or HSE specimens (n = 9) was measured using vertical static diffusion cells coupled with an unventilated evaporimeter enabling the assessment of TEWL and skin integrity for 21 h. Permeation of caffeine exhibited different finite dose-like profiles ranged according to the thickness of skin specimens (cumulative dose absorbed up to 21 h: 11.5 +/- 11.5 microg/cm(2) and 29.4 +/- 36.2 microg/cm(2) through dermatomed skin and HSE, respectively). Normalized TEWL and caffeine fluxes were similar through dermatomed skin and HSE suggesting that the intrinsic permeability properties of both models were undifferentiated over time. Interestingly, a significant relationship was shown between TEWL and caffeine fluxes, suggesting the usefulness of TEWL measurement as an element in the estimation of percutaneous drug absorption. In conclusion, the present showed that percutaneous absorption through HSE was qualitatively and quantitatively similar to dermatomed skin when TEWL as endogenous standard and skin thickness were considered in permeability data comparisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Atrux-Tallau
- Laboratoire de Recherche et Développement de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle, Faculté de Pharmacie, Fonctions Normales et Pathologiques de la Barrière Cutanée, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
von Richter O, Lahu G, Huennemeyer A, Herzog R, Zech K, Hermann R. Effect of fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics of roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide. Clin Pharmacokinet 2007; 46:613-22. [PMID: 17596106 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200746070-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of steady-state dosing of fluvoxamine, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and CYP2C19, on the pharmacokinetics of roflumilast, an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor and its pharmacodynamically active metabolite roflumilast N-oxide. METHODS In an open-label, non-randomised, one-sequence, two-period, two-treatment crossover study, 14 healthy subjects received a single oral dose of roflumilast 500 microg on study day 1. After a 6-day washout period, repeated doses of fluvoxamine 50 mg once daily were given from days 8 to 21. On day 15, roflumilast 500 microg and fluvoxamine 50 mg were taken concomitantly. Percentage ratios of test/reference (reference: roflumilast alone; test: roflumilast plus steady-state fluvoxamine) of geometric means and their 90% confidence intervals for area under the plasma concentration-time curve, maximum plasma concentration (roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide) and plasma clearance of roflumilast were calculated. RESULTS Upon co-administration with steady-state fluvoxamine, the exposure to roflumilast as well as roflumilast N-oxide increased by a factor of 2.6 and 1.5, respectively. Roflumilast plasma clearance decreased by a factor of 2.6, from 9.06 L/h (reference) to 3.53 L/h (test). The combined effect of fluvoxamine co-administration on roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide exposures resulted in a moderate (i.e. 59%) increase in total PDE4 inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION Co-administration of roflumilast and fluvoxamine affects the disposition of roflumilast and its active metabolite roflumilast N-oxide most likely via a potent dual pathway inhibition of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 by fluvoxamine. The exposure increases observed for roflumilast N-oxide are suggested to be attributable to CYP2C19 co-inhibition by fluvoxamine and thus, are not to be expected to occur when roflumilast is co-administered with more selective CYP1A2 inhibitors.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
This article examines the prevalence, causes, identification, assessment and treatment options for men with erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction is thought to affect one in ten men across the UK and is often a consequence of pathology and/or pharmacology. Treatment can be offered to all patients, but the keys to management are identification, accurate assessment and focused therapy. Nurses are well placed to identify and support men who have this distressing problem.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kalgutkar AS, Feng B, Nguyen HT, Frederick KS, Campbell SD, Hatch HL, Bi YA, Kazolias DC, Davidson RE, Mireles RJ, Duignan DB, Choo EF, Zhao SX. Role of transporters in the disposition of the selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor (+)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionic acid in rat and human. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:2111-8. [PMID: 17686907 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.016162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of transporters in the disposition of (+)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionic acid (CP-671,305), an orally active inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4, was examined. In bile duct-exteriorized rats, a 7.4-fold decrease in the half-life of CP-671,305 was observed, implicating enterohepatic recirculation. Statistically significant differences in CP-671,305 pharmacokinetics (clearance and area under the curve) were discernible in cyclosporin A- or rifampicin-pretreated rats. Considering that cyclosporin A and rifampicin inhibit multiple uptake/efflux transporters, the interactions of CP-671,305 with major human hepatic drug transporters, multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP), and organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATPs) were evaluated in vitro. CP-671,305 was identified as a substrate of MRP2 and BCRP, but not MDR1. CP-671,305 was a substrate of human OATP2B1 with a high affinity (Km = 4 microM) but not a substrate for human OATP1B1 or OATP1B3. Consistent with these results, examination of hepatobiliary transport of CP-671,305 in hepatocytes indicated active uptake followed by efflux into bile canaliculi. Upon examination as a substrate for major rat hepatic Oatps, CP-671,305 displayed high affinity (Km = 12 microM) for Oatp1a4. The role of rat Mrp2 in the biliary excretion was also examined in Mrp2-deficient rats. The observations that CP-671,305 pharmacokinetics were largely unaltered suggested that compromised biliary clearance of CP-671,305 was compensated by increased urinary clearance. Overall, these studies suggest that hepatic transporters play an important role in the disposition and clearance of CP-671,305 in rat and human, and as such, these studies should aid in the design of clinical drug-drug interaction studies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Animals
- Bile/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Hepatocytes/cytology
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Structure
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Organic Anion Transporters/genetics
- Organic Anion Transporters/metabolism
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent/genetics
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent/metabolism
- Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/chemistry
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/metabolism
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Propionates/chemistry
- Propionates/metabolism
- Propionates/pharmacokinetics
- Pyridines/chemistry
- Pyridines/metabolism
- Pyridines/pharmacokinetics
- Rats
- Rats, Mutant Strains
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Wistar
- Transfection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dyamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
AIM To investigate the pharmacokinetic profile and tissue distribution of a novel phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, 5-ethyl-2-{5-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-piperazine-1-sulfonyl]-2-propoxy-phenyl}-7-propyl-3,5-dihydro-pyrrolo(3,2-d)pyrimidin-4-one (SK-3530), in rats after administration of the (14)C-labeled compound. METHODS The pharmacokinetic parameters of SK-3530 were measured based on the total radioactivity and parent SK-3530 concentration in rat plasma after intravenous and oral administration. The tissue distribution of total radioactivity after a single oral administration of [(14)C]SK-3530 at a dose of 40 mg/kg was assayed. The plasma protein binding rates of SK-3530 were assessed by in vitro and ex vivo assay. RESULTS The total radioactivity profiles showed linear pharmacokinetics. The maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve of the parent SK3530 were 10%-20% compared to those of the total radioactivity. After the oral administration of [14C]SK-3530, the radioactivity was widely distributed in all tissues, and the tissue/plasma ratio of the radioactivity 1 h after administration was calculated as 0.5-2.6 with the exception of excretory organs. A relatively high penetration was shown in the adrenal glands, liver, and lung. In vitro and ex vivo plasma protein binding assay by ultrafiltration showed a considerably high binding rate of more than 97%. CONCLUSION SK-3530 was relatively well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and showed linear pharmacokinetics over the investigated dose range. SK-3530 had low oral bioavailability due to a high, first-pass metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-hyun Yoo
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Parker JD, Bart BA, Webb DJ, Koren MJ, Siegel RL, Wang H, Malhotra B, Jen F, Glue P. Safety of intravenous nitroglycerin after administration of sildenafil citrate to men with coronary artery disease: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover trial*. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:1863-8. [PMID: 17522570 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000269371.70738.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although contraindicated, there are situations when a patient who has recently taken a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (e.g., sildenafil) might need intravenous nitroglycerin (NTG) treatment. This study determined if, and at what dose, intravenous NTG could be administered safely to men with coronary artery disease who had recently ingested sildenafil. DESIGN Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover trial. SETTING Four clinical practice sites in Canada, Scotland, and the United States. PATIENTS A total of 34 men (>or=35 yrs) with a history of angina pectoris and coronary artery disease (>50% stenosis of at least one coronary artery), most of whom were taking antihypertensives. INTERVENTIONS Sildenafil (100 mg) or placebo (single dose; crossover after 3-7 days) followed 45 mins later by escalating doses of intravenous NTG (160 microg/min maximum). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After sildenafil, there were slightly greater maximum (supine) blood pressure decreases and heart rate increases (e.g., 4 to 6 mm Hg [systolic] and <or=1 beat/min, at NTG doses of <or=80 microg/min) than after placebo. The median maximum tolerated NTG dose (range) was 80 (0-160) microg/min for sildenafil vs. 160 (20-160) microg/min for placebo (adjusted mean +/- se, 77 +/- 7 vs. 127 +/- 7; p < .0001; analysis of variance), and NTG 160 microg/min was tolerated by eight (25%) and 19 (59%) men, respectively (p = .0008). Treatment-related adverse events were mostly mild/moderate hypotension, headache, and dizziness, which are often associated with NTG alone. Sildenafil and metabolite plasma concentrations were lower than previously reported in healthy men. CONCLUSIONS With close monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate, men with stable coronary artery disease who have taken sildenafil may tolerate intravenous NTG (<or=160 microg/min) with low starting dosage and gradual upward titration. The hemodynamic response might be different in subgroups not specifically examined in the study (e.g., men presenting with acute coronary symptoms). The explanation for the lower than expected plasma concentrations remains uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Parker
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospitals, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Raoul JM, Peterson MR, Peterson TC. A novel drug interaction between the quinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin and a chiral metabolite of pentoxifylline. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:639-46. [PMID: 17599808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTX), a methylxanthine derivative, is metabolized to seven compounds in vivo, with metabolites 1 and 5 possessing biologic activity. Metabolite-1 is a chiral molecule and its S-enantiomer is selectively formed during PTX metabolism in vivo. We have developed a reproducible method of synthesizing a racemic mixture of the chiral metabolite-1 (M-1) of PTX. In this study, we examined the kinetics of racemic M-1 in mice compared to PTX. An interaction between PTX and the quinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin has been demonstrated. A goal of this study was to determine if a similar interaction occurs between ciprofloxacin and M-1 in vivo. M-1 and PTX had similar absorption and elimination rates. M-1 was rapidly converted to PTX, while very little PTX was converted to M-1 in vivo. The peak concentration of biologically active drug (PTX+M-1) was 36% higher when M-1 was administered compared to PTX. Combination of ciprofloxacin and PTX significantly increased serum concentrations of both PTX and M-1 (2-fold) compared to controls. The combination of M-1 and ciprofloxacin significantly increased serum concentration of M-1 (3-fold) and PTX (2-fold). The ciprofloxacin/M-1 combination produced a significantly higher sera concentration of bioactive drug compared to all other groups suggesting that this combination may enhance the anti-fibrogenic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Raoul
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hiratsuka M, Hinai Y, Sasaki T, Konno Y, Imagawa K, Ishikawa M, Mizugaki M. Characterization of Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Involved in the Metabolism of Cilostazol. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1730-2. [PMID: 17646278 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.016758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilostazol (OPC-13013; 6-[4-(1-cyclohexl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone) is widely used as an antiplatelet vasodilator agent. In vitro, the hydroxylation of the quinone moiety of cilostazol to OPC-13326 [6-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolinone], is the predominant route, and the hydroxylation of the hexane moiety to OPC-13217 is the second most predominant route. This study was carried out to identify and kinetically characterize the human cytochrome P450 (P450) isozymes responsible for the formation of the two major metabolites of cilostazol, namely, OPC-13326 and OPC-13217 [3,4-dihydro-6-[4-[1-(cis-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-2(1H)-quinolinone)]. In in vitro studies using 14 recombinant human P450 isozymes, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2J2, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP4A11, cilostazol was metabolized to OPC-13326 mainly by CYP3A4 (K(m) = 5.26 muM, intrinsic clearance (CL(int)) = 0.34 microl/pmol P450/min), CYP1B1 (K(m) = 11.2 microM, CL(int) = 0.03 microl/pmol P450/min), and CYP3A5 (K(m) = 2.89 microM, CL(int) = 0.05 microl/pmol P450/min) and to OPC-13217 mainly by CYP3A5 (K(m) = 1.60 microM, CL(int) = 0.57 microl/pmol P450/min), CYP2C19 (K(m) = 5.95 microM, CL(int) = 0.16 microl/pmol P450/min), CYP3A4 (K(m) = 5.35 microM, CL(int) = 0.10 microl/pmol P450/min), and CYP2C8 (K(m) = 33.8 microM, CL(int) = 0.009 microl/pmol P450/min). The present study showed that the two major metabolites of cilostazol in vitro, namely, OPC-13326 and OPC-13217, are mainly catalyzed by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komataushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Johnson RD, Lewis RJ, Angier MK. The Postmortem Distribution of Vardenafil (Levitra®) in an Aviation Accident Victim with an Unusually High Blood Concentration*. J Anal Toxicol 2007; 31:328-33. [PMID: 17725878 DOI: 10.1093/jat/31.6.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vardenafil (Levitra) is one of the most widely prescribed treatments for erectile dysfunction. This report presents a rapid and reliable method for the identification and quantification of vardenafil in postmortem fluids and tissues, applies this method to a postmortem case, and describes the distribution of vardenafil in various fluids and tissues. This procedure utilizes sildenafil-d8, which is structurally closely related to vardenafil, as an internal standard for more accurate and reliable quantitation. The method incorporates solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS) and MS-MS-MS utilizing an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap MS in the positive chemical ionization mode. Solid-phase extraction proved to be exceptionally efficient providing recoveries that ranged from 94% to 97%. The limit of detection for vardenafil was determined to be 0.19 ng/mL. The linear dynamic range for this compound was 0.39-200 ng/mL. This method was successfully applied to postmortem fluid and tissue specimens obtained from an aviation accident victim. The distribution of vardenafil in various fluids and tissues and the unusually high concentration of vardenafil in the victim's blood are examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Johnson
- Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Analytical Toxicology and Accident Research Laboratory, AAM-610, CAMI Building, 6500 S. MacArthur Blvd., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73169-6901, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sato N. [Phosphodiesterase III inhibitor--characteristics, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, clinical trials, and side effects]. Nihon Rinsho 2007; 65 Suppl 5:43-8. [PMID: 17571364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sato
- Intensive & Cardiac Care Unit, Nippon Medical School
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Goto Y. [How to use PDE III inhibitors]. Nihon Rinsho 2007; 65 Suppl 5:49-56. [PMID: 17571365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Goto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Use T, Makita T, Ureshino H, Cho S, Yoshitomi O, Akiyama D, Oshibuchi M, Hara T, Sumikawa K. Milrinone administered before ischemia or just after reperfusion, attenuates myocardial stunning in anesthetized swine. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2007; 20:327-34. [PMID: 17119877 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-006-0166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We assessed the dose or timing effect of milrinone administered against myocardial stunning in 37 anesthetized open-chest swine. METHODS All swine were subjected to 12-min ischemia followed by reperfusion to produce myocardial stunning. Group A (n = 12) received saline in place of milrinone both before and after ischemia. Group B (n = 9) and C (n = 9) received intravenous milrinone at a rate of 5 microg/kg/min for 10 min followed by 0.5 microg/kg/min for 10 min and 10 microg/kg/min for 10 min followed by 1 microg/kg/min for 10 min, respectively, until 30 min before coronary occlusion. Group D (n = 7) received the same dose of milrinone as group B starting 1 min after reperfusion. Myocardial contractility was assessed by percentage segment shortening (%SS). RESULTS Five swine in group A and two swine in groups B and C each had ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia after reperfusion, and were thus excluded from further analysis. The percentage changes of %SS from the baseline 90 min after reperfusion in groups B, C, and D were 78 +/- 9%, 82 +/- 13%, and 79 +/- 7%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in group A (43 +/- 13%). CONCLUSION We conclude that milrinone administered before ischemia or just after reperfusion attenuates myocardial stunning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadasuke Use
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang J, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, Cui Y, Gu J. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay to determine the pharmacokinetics of aildenafil in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:231-5. [PMID: 17306493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of aildenafil, a new phosphodiesterase V inhibitor, in human plasma is presented. The analyte and internal standard, sildenafil, were extracted by a one-step liquid-liquid extraction in alkaline conditions and separated on a C(18) column using ammonia:10mM ammonium acetate buffer:methanol (0.1:15:85, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. The detection by an API 4000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple-reaction monitoring mode was completed within 2.5 min. The calibration curve exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.05-100 ng/ml with a 10 pg/ml limit of detection. The intra- and inter-day precisions measured as relative standard deviation were within 8.04% and 5.72%, respectively. This method has been used in a pharmacokinetic study of aildenafil in healthy male volunteers each given an oral administration of one of the three dosages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Nassr N, Lahu G, Hünnemeyer A, von Richter O, Knoerzer D, Reutter F, Zech K, Hermann R. Magnesium hydroxide/aluminium hydroxide-containing antacid does not affect the pharmacokinetics of the targeted phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 47:660-6. [PMID: 17374735 DOI: 10.1177/0091270006297920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nassr Nassr
- Department of Exploratory Medicine, ALTANA Pharma AG, Byk-Gulden-Str. 2, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bethke TD, Giessmann T, Westphal K, Weinbrenner A, Hauns B, Hauschke D, David M, Lahu G, Zech K, Hermann R, Siegmund W. Roflumilast, a once-daily oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, lacks relevant pharmacokinetic interactions with inhaled salbutamol when co-administered in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 44:572-9. [PMID: 17176624 DOI: 10.5414/cpp44572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Roflumilast is an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor under investigation for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. In clinical practice, the drug is likely to be co-administered with inhaled bronchodilating beta2-adrenoceptor agonists. Therefore, this study investigated the pharmacokinetic characteristics of roflumilast and its pharmacodynamically active metabolite roflumilast N-oxide when co-administered with orally inhaled salbutamol in healthy subjects. METHODS In this open, randomized clinical study, 12 healthy male subjects received repeated doses of oral roflumilast 500 microg once daily, orally inhaled salbutamol 200 microg 3 times daily, and a combination of both drugs over 7 days according to a 3-period, changeover design with 14 days washout between treatments. RESULTS Co-administration of roflumilast and salbutamol did not markedly change roflumilast or roflumilast N-oxide disposition. Point estimates (90% confidence intervals) of area under the curve from 0-24 h (AUC 0-24) and maximum plasma concentration in steady state (Cmax,ss) for roflumilast with salbutamol versus roflumilast alone were 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) and 0.97 (0.84, 1.10); the respective point estimates (90% confidence intervals) for AUC 0-24 and Cmax,ss of roflumilast N-oxide were 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) and 0.98 (0.92, 1.03). Roflumilast co-administration did not alter the pharmacokinetics of steady state salbutamol. The respective point estimates (90% confidence intervals) for AUC 0-6 and Cmax,ss of salbutamol with roflumilast versus salbutamol alone were 1.10 (0.99, 1.21), 1.08 (0.91, 1.28). The combination of both drugs was well tolerated. CONCLUSION There were no relevant pharmacokinetic interactions between roflumilast and salbutamol at therapeutically effective doses.
Collapse
|
48
|
Hauns B, Hermann R, Hünnemeyer A, Herzog R, Hauschke D, Zech K, Bethke TD. Investigation of a potential food effect on the pharmacokinetics of roflumilast, an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 46:1146-53. [PMID: 16988203 DOI: 10.1177/0091270006291621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This open, randomized, single-dose crossover study investigated effects of a high-fat meal on the pharmacokinetics of roflumilast and its major active N-oxide metabolite. Twelve healthy subjects received oral roflumilast 500 microg (2 x 250 microg) after overnight fasting and after breakfast. Blood was sampled up to 54 hours for pharmacokinetic profiling of roflumilast and N-oxide. Geometric mean ratios (fed/fasted) for point estimates (PE) and 90% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for AUC(0-last), AUC(0-infinity), and C(max) of both compounds. After the meal, roflumilast C(max) (PE, 0.59; 90% CI, 0.49-0.70) was modestly reduced; N-oxide C(max) (PE, 0.95; 90% CI, 0.90-1.01) was unchanged. Roflumilast t(max) was delayed in fed state (2.0 +/- 0.4 hours) versus fasted state (1.0 +/- 0.2 hours); N-oxide t(max) was unaltered. No significant food effect on roflumilast AUC(0-last) (PE, 1.04; 90% CI, 0.90-1.21), AUC(0-infinity) (PE, 1.12; 90% CI, 1.00-1.25), and respective N-oxide AUCs (PE, 0.91; 90% CI, 0.79-1.04; PE, 0.99; 90% CI, 0.92-1.06) occurred. Because roflumilast N-oxide is the major contributor to roflumilast's overall pharmacologic effects, these findings suggest that roflumilast can be taken with or without food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Hauns
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ALTANA Pharma AG, Byk-Gulden-Str. 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Duplantier AJ, Bachert EL, Cheng JB, Cohan VL, Jenkinson TH, Kraus KG, McKechney MW, Pillar JD, Watson JW. SAR of a series of 5,6-dihydro-(9H)-pyrazolo[3,4-c]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-alpha]pyridines as potent inhibitors of human eosinophil phosphodiesterase. J Med Chem 2007; 50:344-9. [PMID: 17228876 DOI: 10.1021/jm060904g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potency and physical properties of a previously reported 7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine series of human eosinophil phosphodiesterase inhibitors were improved by tying the lactam moiety into a triazolo ring. The resulting 5,6-dihydro-(9H)-pyrazolo[3,4-c]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-alpha]pyridine series provided nonionizable analogs with melting point properties suitable for micronization. Substitution at the 3-position of the 5,6-dihydro-(9H)-pyrazolo[3,4-c]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-alpha]pyridine tricycle led to a 2-thienyl analog, 19 (tofimilast), a potent PDE4 inhibitor with low oral bioavailability and no emesis-associated behaviors in ferrets at plasma concentrations up to 152 ng/mL.
Collapse
|
50
|
Fujita M, Imaizumi M, D'Sa C, Zoghbi SS, Crescenzo MS, Hong J, Musachio JL, Gee AD, Seidel J, Green MV, Pike VW, Duman RS, Innis RB. In vivo and in vitro measurement of brain phosphodiesterase 4 in rats after antidepressant administration. Synapse 2007; 61:78-86. [PMID: 17117418 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Based largely on in vitro measurements, the mechanism of several antidepressant treatments is thought to involve upregulation of 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signal transduction cascade and a corresponding increase in phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4, the enzyme that metabolizes cAMP. To assess the in vivo status of PDE4, rats were chronically treated with imipramine and then studied with: (1) in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) measurement of (R)-[(11)C]rolipram binding, (2) in vitro measurement of [(3)H]rolipram binding in brain homogenates, and (3) Western blotting for protein levels of PDE4 isoforms. Imipramine administration caused no significant change in B(max)/K(d), for both in vivo measurements with (R)-[(11)C]rolipram and in vitro measurements with [(3)H]rolipram in frontal cortex, hippocampus, and diencephalon. None of 10 isoforms of PDE4A, B, and D measured with immunoblots of frontal cortex and hippocampus showed a significant change. In summary, using relatively large brain regions for both in vivo imaging and in vitro measures of radiolabeled ligand binding and protein levels, chronic imipramine treatment via continuous mini-pump administration caused no significant change in PDE4 levels. Most, but not all, prior in vitro studies have found increased PDE4 levels after antidepressant administration. The current results raise questions about the in vivo effects of antidepressant treatment on PDE4 and on other potentially important experimental factors (e.g., continuous infusion vs. intermittent injection of antidepressant) in large brain areas. However, the results do not deny possibility of changes in discrete areas, which were not studied in the current study applying PET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|