1
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclic nucleotides, cAMP, and cGMP, are important second messengers of intracellular signaling and play crucial roles in cardiovascular biology and diseases. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) control the duration, magnitude, and compartmentalization of cyclic nucleotide signaling by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides. Individual PDEs modulate distinct signaling pathways and biological functions in the cell, making it a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of different cardiovascular disorders. The clinical success of several PDE inhibitors has ignited continued interest in PDE inhibitors and in PDE-target therapeutic strategies. AREAS COVERED This review concentrates on recent research advances of different PDE isoforms with regard to their expression patterns and biological functions in the heart. The limitations of current research and future directions are then discussed. The current and future development of PDE inhibitors is also covered. EXPERT OPINION Despite the therapeutic success of several marketed PDE inhibitors, the use of PDE inhibitors can be limited by their side effects, lack of efficacy, and lack of isoform selectivity. Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which cellular functions are changed through PDEs may enable the development of new approaches to achieve effective and specific PDE inhibition for various cardiac therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chen Yan
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luzina O, Filimonov A, Zakharenko A, Chepanova A, Zakharova O, Ilina E, Dyrkheeva N, Likhatskaya G, Salakhutdinov N, Lavrik O. Usnic Acid Conjugates with Monoterpenoids as Potent Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 Inhibitors. J Nat Prod 2020; 83:2320-2329. [PMID: 32786885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid molecules created from different pharmacophores of natural and synthetic equivalents are successfully used in pharmaceutical practice. One promising target for anticancer therapy is tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1) because it can repair DNA lesions caused by DNA-topoisomerase 1 (Top1) inhibitors, resulting in drug resistance. In this study, new hybrid compounds were synthesized by combining the pharmacophoric moiety of a set of natural compounds with inhibitory properties against Tdp1, particularly, phenolic usnic acid and a set of different monoterpenoid fragments. These fragments were connected through a hydrazinothiazole linker. The inhibitory properties of the new compounds mainly depended on the structure of the terpenoid moieties. The two most potent compounds, 9a and 9b, were synthesized from citral and citronellal, which contain acyclic fragments with IC50 values in the range of 10-16 nM. Some synthesized derivatives showed low cytotoxicity against HeLa cells and increased the effect of the Top1 inhibitor topotecan in vitro by three to seven times. These derivatives may be considered as potential agents for the development of anticancer therapies when combined with Top1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Luzina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Filimonov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra Zakharenko
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Arina Chepanova
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Zakharova
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Ilina
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda Dyrkheeva
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Galina Likhatskaya
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russian Federation
| | - Nariman Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Lavrik
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee MH, Lee DY, Balupuri A, Jeong JW, Kang NS. Pharmacophoric Site Identification and Inhibitor Design for Autotaxin. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152808. [PMID: 31374894 PMCID: PMC6696049 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a potential drug target that is associated with inflammatory diseases and various cancers. In our previous studies, we have designed several inhibitors targeting ATX using computational and experimental approaches. Here, we have analyzed topological water networks (TWNs) in the binding pocket of ATX. TWN analysis revealed a pharmacophoric site inside the pocket. We designed and synthesized compounds considering the identified pharmacophoric site. Furthermore, we performed biological experiments to determine their ATX inhibitory activities. High potency of the designed compounds supports the predictions of the TWN analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Hwi Lee
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Dae-Yon Lee
- LegoChem Biosciences, Inc., 8-26 Munoyeongseo-ro, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 34302, Korea
| | - Anand Balupuri
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Jeong
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Nam Sook Kang
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dyrkheeva N, Luzina O, Filimonov A, Zakharova O, Ilina E, Zakharenko A, Kuprushkin M, Nilov D, Gushchina I, Švedas V, Salakhutdinov N, Lavrik O. Inhibitory Effect of New Semisynthetic Usnic Acid Derivatives on Human Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1. Planta Med 2019; 85:103-111. [PMID: 30142660 DOI: 10.1055/a-0681-7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Usnic acid, a lichen secondary metabolite produced by a whole number of lichens, has attracted the interest of researchers owing to its broad range of biological activity, including antiviral, antibiotic, anticancer properties, and it possessing a certain toxicity. The synthesis of new usnic acid derivatives and the investigation of their biological activity may lead to the discovery of compounds with better pharmacological and toxicity profiles. In this context, a series of new usnic acid derivatives comprising a terpenoid moiety were synthesized, and their ability to inhibit the catalytic activity of the human DNA repair enzyme tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 was investigated. The most potent compounds (15A, 15B, 15G: , and 16A, 16B, 16G: ) had IC50 values in the range of 0.33 - 2.7 µM. The inhibitory properties were mainly dependent on the flexibility and length of the terpenoid moiety, but not strongly dependent on the configuration of the asymmetric centers. The synthesized derivatives showed low cytotoxicity against human cell lines in an MTT assay. They could be used as a basis for the development of more effective anticancer therapies when combined with topoisomerase 1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Dyrkheeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Luzina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr Filimonov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Zakharova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Ilina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra Zakharenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim Kuprushkin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Nilov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Gushchina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vytas Švedas
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nariman Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uitto J, Li Q, van de Wetering K, Váradi A, Terry SF. Insights into Pathomechanisms and Treatment Development in Heritable Ectopic Mineralization Disorders: Summary of the PXE International Biennial Research Symposium-2016. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:790-795. [PMID: 28340679 PMCID: PMC5831331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is a prototype of heritable ectopic mineralization disorders, with phenotypic overlap with generalized arterial calcification of infancy and arterial calcification due to CD73 deficiency. Recent observations have suggested that the reduced inorganic pyrophosphate/phosphate ratio is the cause of soft connective tissue mineralization in these disorders. PXE International, a patient advocacy organization, supports research in part by sponsoring biennial research symposia on these disorders; the latest meeting was held in September 2016 at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia. This report summarizes the progress in pseudoxanthoma elasticum and other ectopic mineralization disorders, as presented in the symposium, with focus on translational aspects of precision medicine toward improved diagnostics and treatment development for these currently intractable disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Koen van de Wetering
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - András Váradi
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sharon F Terry
- PXE International, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zakharenko A, Luzina O, Koval O, Nilov D, Gushchina I, Dyrkheeva N, Švedas V, Salakhutdinov N, Lavrik O. Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 Inhibitors: Usnic Acid Enamines Enhance the Cytotoxic Effect of Camptothecin. J Nat Prod 2016; 79:2961-2967. [PMID: 27933897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is a repair enzyme for stalled DNA-topoisomerase 1 (Top1) cleavage complexes and other 3'-end DNA lesions. TDP1 is a perspective target for anticancer therapy based on Top1-poison-mediated DNA damage. Several novel usnic acid derivatives with an enamine moiety have been synthesized and tested as inhibitors of TDP1. The enamines of usnic acid showed IC50 values in the range of 0.16 to 2.0 μM. These compounds revealed moderate cytotoxicity against human tumor MCF-7 cells. These new compounds enhanced the cytotoxicity of the established Top1 poison camptothecin by an order of magnitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Zakharenko
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Luzina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Koval
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Nadezhda Dyrkheeva
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | | | - Nariman Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Lavrik
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tian LW, Feng Y, Tran TD, Shimizu Y, Pfeifer T, Forster PI, Quinn RJ. Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase I Inhibitors from the Australian Plant Macropteranthes leichhardtii. J Nat Prod 2015; 78:1756-1760. [PMID: 26149757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mass-directed isolation of the CH2Cl2/MeOH extract from the bark of an Australian plant, Macropteranthes leichhardtii, resulted in the purification of a new phenylpropanoid glucoside, macropteranthol (1), together with four known analogues (2-5). The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by NMR and MS data analyses and quantum chemical calculations. Compounds 3 and 5 showed inhibitory activity against tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase I with IC50 values of ∼1.0 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Tian
- †Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Yunjiang Feng
- †Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Trong D Tran
- †Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Yoko Shimizu
- ‡Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC 2405, Canada
| | - Tom Pfeifer
- ‡Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC 2405, Canada
| | | | - Ronald J Quinn
- †Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheng ZB, Lu X, Bao JM, Han QH, Dong Z, Tang GH, Gan LS, Luo HB, Yin S. (±)-Torreyunlignans A-D, rare 8-9' linked neolignan enantiomers as phosphodiesterase-9A inhibitors from Torreya yunnanensis. J Nat Prod 2014; 77:2651-2657. [PMID: 25495612 DOI: 10.1021/np500528u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
(±)-Torreyunlignans A-D (1a/1b-4a/4b), four pairs of new 8-9' linked neolignan enantiomers featuring a rare (E)-2-styryl-1,3-dioxane moiety, were isolated from the trunk of Torreya yunnanensis. The structures were determined by combined spectroscopic and chemical methods, and the absolute configurations were elucidated by ECD calculations. The compounds were screened by using tritium-labeled adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate ([(3)H]-cGMP) as a substrate for inhibitory affinities against phosphodiesterase-9A (PDE9A), which is a potential target for the treatment of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. All of the enantiomers exhibited inhibition against PDE9A with IC50 values ranging from 5.6 to 15.0 μM. This is the first report of PDE9A inhibitors from nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Bin Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
TDP1 and TDP2 were discovered and named based on the fact they process 3'- and 5'-DNA ends by excising irreversible protein tyrosyl-DNA complexes involving topoisomerases I and II, respectively. Yet, both enzymes have an extended spectrum of activities. TDP1 not only excises trapped topoisomerases I (Top1 in the nucleus and Top1mt in mitochondria), but also repairs oxidative damage-induced 3'-phosphoglycolates and alkylation damage-induced DNA breaks, and excises chain terminating anticancer and antiviral nucleosides in the nucleus and mitochondria. The repair function of TDP2 is devoted to the excision of topoisomerase II- and potentially topoisomerases III-DNA adducts. TDP2 is also essential for the life cycle of picornaviruses (important human and bovine pathogens) as it unlinks VPg proteins from the 5'-end of the viral RNA genome. Moreover, TDP2 has been involved in signal transduction (under the former names of TTRAP or EAPII). The DNA repair partners of TDP1 include PARP1, XRCC1, ligase III and PNKP from the base excision repair (BER) pathway. By contrast, TDP2 repair functions are coordinated with Ku and ligase IV in the non-homologous end joining pathway (NHEJ). This article summarizes and compares the biochemistry, functions, and post-translational regulation of TDP1 and TDP2, as well as the relevance of TDP1 and TDP2 as determinants of response to anticancer agents. We discuss the rationale for developing TDP inhibitors for combinations with topoisomerase inhibitors (topotecan, irinotecan, doxorubicin, etoposide, mitoxantrone) and DNA damaging agents (temozolomide, bleomycin, cytarabine, and ionizing radiation), and as novel antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 5068, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Shar-yin N Huang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 5068, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rui Gao
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 5068, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benu Brata Das
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 5068, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Junko Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 5068, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe, Sakyo-ku 606-8501, Japan
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 5068, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Langen B, Dost R, Egerland U, Stange H, Hoefgen N. Effect of PDE10A inhibitors on MK-801-induced immobility in the forced swim test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:249-59. [PMID: 22147257 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are insufficiently treated by current antipsychotics. However, research is limited by the lack of validated models. Clinical data indicate that phencyclidine (PCP) abuse may induce symptoms resembling negative symptoms in humans. Based on that, Noda et al. proposed a model of PCP-induced increase of immobility in the forced swim test in mice as a model of depression-like negative symptoms of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibition in this model which was modified by using MK-801 instead of PCP. METHODS Increase of immobility in the forced swim test was induced by repeated MK-801 treatment followed by a 2-day washout in mice. The effect of haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone and PDE10A inhibitors was evaluated in this model, on open-field activity and acute MK-801-induced hyperactivity. RESULTS Repeated MK-801 treatment significantly increased immobility in the forced swim test without affecting open-field activity. It induced hypersensitivity to the dopamine D1 agonist A-68930, suggesting a hypofunction of the D1 pathway. The increase of immobility is reversed by clozapine and PDE10A inhibitors, but not by haloperidol. Clozapine and the PDE10A inhibitors did not enhance activity at effective doses. CONCLUSION The possibility to substitute PCP by MK-801 in this model indicates that the effect is mediated by their common mechanism of NMDA antagonism. PDE10A inhibitors similar to clozapine significantly antagonize the increase of immobility, suggesting a therapeutic potential for the treatment of negative symptoms. However, further validation of the model is necessary.
Collapse
|
12
|
Takagi M, Ueda JY, Hwang JH, Hashimoto J, Izumikawa M, Murakami H, Sekido Y, Shin-ya K. Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitor from an anamorphic fungus. J Nat Prod 2012; 75:764-767. [PMID: 22390627 DOI: 10.1021/np2007389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1) is an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of 3'-phosphotyrosyl bonds and is involved in repair of irreversible topoisomerase I (Top1)-DNA covalent complexes. Tdp1 inhibitors are regarded as potential cancer therapeutics in combination with Top1 inhibitors, which are currently used to treat human cancers. While screening for Tdp1 inhibitors, we discovered a novel compound, JBIR-21 (1), from the culture of an anamorphic fungus, RF-13305. The structure of 1 was established by extensive NMR and MS analyses. Compound 1 showed inhibitory activity against Tdp1 (IC(50) value, 18 μM) and cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines (IC(50) values, 3.5-13 μM). Compound 1 also exhibited antitumor activity in a mouse xenograft model without adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Takagi
- Biomedicinal Information Research Center (BIRC), Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBIC), 2-4-7 Aomi, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang G, Madan D, Prestwich GD. Aromatic phosphonates inhibit the lysophospholipase D activity of autotaxin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5098-101. [PMID: 21489790 PMCID: PMC3140587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an attractive target for the anticancer therapeutics that inhibits angiogenesis, invasion and migration. ATX is an extracellular lysophospholipase D that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to form the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid. The aromatic phosphonate S32826 was the first described nanomolar inhibitor of ATX. However, the tridecylamide substituent on aromatic ring contributed to its poor solubility and bioavailability, severely limiting its utility in vivo. cLogP calculations revealed that the lipophilicity of S32826 could be lowered by shortening its hydrophobic chain and by introducing substituents alpha to the phosphonate. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a small set of α-substituted phosphonate analogs of S32826, and we show that shortening the chain and adding α-halo or α-hydroxy substituents increased solubility; however, ATX inhibition was reduced by most substitutions. An optimal compound was identified for examination of biological effects of ATX inhibition in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108-1257
| | - Damian Madan
- Echelon Biosciences Inc., 675 Arapeen Way, Suite 302, Salt Lake City, UT 84108
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108-1257
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rundfeldt C, Socała K, Wlaź P. The atypical anxiolytic drug, tofisopam, selectively blocks phosphodiesterase isoenzymes and is active in the mouse model of negative symptoms of psychosis. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:1319-25. [PMID: 20967473 PMCID: PMC2993883 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tofisopam is a member of the 2,3-benzodiazepine compound family which is marketed for the treatment of anxiety in some European countries. In contrast to classical 1,4-benzodiazepines, the compound does not bind to the benzodiazepine binding site of the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor and its psychopharmacological profile differs from such compounds. In addition to anxiolytic properties, antipsychotic effects are reported. We now show that tofisopam, 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.), administered in parallel to repeated doses of dizocilpine 0.2 mg/kg i.p. can ameliorate dizocilpine-induced prolongation of immobility, which is considered to be a model of negative symptoms of psychosis. We further show that tofisopam acts as an isoenzyme-selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) with highest affinity to PDE-4A1 (0.42 μM) followed by PDE-10A1 (0.92 μM), PDE-3 (1.98 μM) and PDE-2A3 (2.11 μM). The data indicate that tofisopam is an interesting candidate for the adjuvant treatment of psychosis with focus on negative symptoms. Combined partial inhibition of PDE-4 and PDE-10 as well as PDE-2 may be the underlying mechanism to this activity. Due to the good safety profile of tofisopam as evident from long-term use of this agent in patients, it may be concluded that dual or triple inhibition of PDE isoenzymes with additive or synergistic effects may be an interesting approach to pharmacological activity, resulting in active compounds with beneficial safety profile. Dose-limiting side effects such as emesis induced by selective inhibition of PDE-4 may be prevented by such strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rundfeldt
- Drug-Consult.Net, Toepfferspark 2a, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Socała
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Giampà C, Laurenti D, Anzilotti S, Bernardi G, Menniti FS, Fusco FR. Inhibition of the striatal specific phosphodiesterase PDE10A ameliorates striatal and cortical pathology in R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13417. [PMID: 20976216 PMCID: PMC2955524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease is a devastating neurodegenerative condition for which there is no therapy to slow disease progression. The particular vulnerability of striatal medium spiny neurons to Huntington's pathology is hypothesized to result from transcriptional dysregulation within the cAMP and CREB signaling cascades in these neurons. To test this hypothesis, and a potential therapeutic approach, we investigated whether inhibition of the striatal-specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE10A would alleviate neurological deficits and brain pathology in a highly utilized model system, the R6/2 mouse. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS R6/2 mice were treated with the highly selective PDE10A inhibitor TP-10 from 4 weeks of age until euthanasia. TP-10 treatment significantly reduced and delayed the development of the hind paw clasping response during tail suspension, deficits in rotarod performance, and decrease in locomotor activity in an open field. Treatment prolonged time to loss of righting reflex. These effects of PDE10A inhibition on neurological function were reflected in a significant amelioration in brain pathology, including reduction in striatal and cortical cell loss, the formation of striatal neuronal intranuclear inclusions, and the degree of microglial activation that occurs in response to the mutant huntingtin-induced brain damage. Striatal and cortical levels of phosphorylated CREB and BDNF were significantly elevated. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings provide experimental support for targeting the cAMP and CREB signaling pathways and more broadly transcriptional dysregulation as a therapeutic approach to Huntington's disease. It is noteworthy that PDE10A inhibition in the R6/2 mice reduces striatal pathology, consistent with the localization of the enzyme in medium spiny neurons, and also cortical pathology and the formation of neuronal nuclear inclusions. These latter findings suggest that striatal pathology may be a primary driver of these secondary pathological events. More significantly, our studies point directly to an accessible new therapeutic approach to slow Huntington's disease progression, namely, PDE10A inhibition. There is considerable activity throughout the pharmaceutical industry to develop PDE10A inhibitors for the treatment of basal ganglia disorders. The present results strongly support the investigation of PDE10A inhibitors as a much needed new treatment approach to Huntington's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Giampà
- Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS Hospital at the European Center for Brain Research, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Rome, Italy
| | - Daunia Laurenti
- Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS Hospital at the European Center for Brain Research, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Rome, Italy
| | - Serenella Anzilotti
- Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS Hospital at the European Center for Brain Research, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bernardi
- Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS Hospital at the European Center for Brain Research, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Frank S. Menniti
- Mnemosyne Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Francesca Romana Fusco
- Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS Hospital at the European Center for Brain Research, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim YS, Lee YM, Kim H, Kim J, Jang DS, Kim JH, Kim JS. Anti-obesity effect of Morus bombycis root extract: anti-lipase activity and lipolytic effect. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 130:621-624. [PMID: 20669373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY This study evaluated anti-obesity effect of the ethanolic extract of Morus bombycis root on lipase activity and lipolysis in adipocytes and adipose tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipase (triacylgycerol acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) activity was determined by measuring the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate to p-nitrophenol at 405 nm. Lipolytic effects were assayed in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipose tissues. In vitro, phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity was also measured. RESULTS Morus bombycis root extract exhibited strong anti-lipase activity, with an IC50 value of 2.07 microg/mL.In differentiated adipocytes and adipose tissues, the extract increased lipolytic effects such as decreased intracellular triglyceride and the release of glycerol. Further, the extract inhibited PDE activity in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that Morus bombycis root extract might be of therapeutic interest with respect to the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Sook Kim
- Diabetic Complications Research Center, Division of Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM) Integrated Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Valentine WJ, Kiss GN, Liu J, E S, Gotoh M, Murakami-Murofushi K, Pham TC, Baker DL, Parrill AL, Lu X, Sun C, Bittman R, Pyne NJ, Tigyi G. (S)-FTY720-vinylphosphonate, an analogue of the immunosuppressive agent FTY720, is a pan-antagonist of sphingosine 1-phosphate GPCR signaling and inhibits autotaxin activity. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1543-53. [PMID: 20566326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
FTY720 (Fingolimod), a synthetic analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), activates four of the five EDG-family S1P receptors and is in a phase-III clinical study for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. (S)-FTY720-phosphate (FTY720-P) causes S1P(1) receptor internalization and targeting to the proteasomal degradative pathway, and thus functions as an antagonist of S1P(1) by depleting the functional S1P(1) receptor from the plasma membrane. Here we describe the pharmacological characterization of two unsaturated phosphonate enantiomers of FTY720, (R)- and (S)-FTY720-vinylphosphonate. (R)-FTY720-vinylphosphonate was a full agonist of S1P(1) (EC(50) 20+/-3 nM). In contrast, the (S) enantiomer failed to activate any of the five S1P GPCRs and was a full antagonist of S1P(1,3,4) (K(i) 384 nM, 39 nM, and 1190 nM, respectively) and a partial antagonist of S1P(2), and S1P(5). Both enantiomers dose-dependently inhibited lysophospholipase D (recombinant autotaxin) with K(i) values in the low micromolar range, although with different enzyme kinetic mechanisms. When injected into mice, both enantiomers caused transient peripheral lymphopenia. (R)- and (S)-FTY720-vinylphosphonates activated ERK1/2, AKT, and exerted an antiapoptotic effect in camptothecin-treated IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells, which primarily express S1P(2) transcripts and traces of S1P(5). (S)-FTY720-vinylphosphonate is the first pan-antagonist of S1P receptors and offers utility in probing S1P responses in vitro and in vivo. The biological effects of the (R)- and (S)-FTY720-vinylphosphonate analogues underscore the complexity of FTY720 cellular targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Valentine
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Purines are critical cofactors in the enzymatic reactions that create and maintain living organisms. In humans, there are approximately 3,266 proteins that utilize purine cofactors and these proteins constitute the so-called purinome. The human purinome encompasses a wide-ranging functional repertoire and many of these proteins are attractive drug targets. For example, it is estimated that 30% of modern drug discovery projects target protein kinases and that modulators of small G-proteins comprise more than 50% of currently marketed drugs. Given the importance of purine-binding proteins to drug discovery, the following review will discuss the forces that mediate protein:purine recognition, the factors that determine druggability of a protein target, and the process of structure-based drug design. A review of purine recognition in representatives of the various purine-binding protein families, as well as the challenges faced in targeting members of the purinome in drug discovery campaigns will also be given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Murray
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stockman A, Sharpe LT, Tufail A, Kell PD, Ripamonti C, Jeffery G. The effect of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) on visual sensitivity. J Vis 2007; 7:4. [PMID: 17685811 DOI: 10.1167/7.8.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The erectile dysfunction medicine sildenafil citrate (Viagra) inhibits phosphodiesterase type 6 (PDE6), an essential enzyme involved in the activation and modulation of the phototransduction cascade. Although Viagra might thus be expected to impair visual performance, reports of deficits following its ingestion have so far been largely inconclusive or anecdotal. Here, we adopt tests sensitive to the slowing of the visual response likely to result from the inhibition of PDE6. We measured temporal acuity (critical fusion frequency) and modulation sensitivity in four subjects before and after the ingestion of a 100-mg dose of Viagra under conditions chosen to isolate the responses of either their short-wavelength-sensitive (S-) cone photoreceptors or their long- and middle-wavelength-sensitive (L- and M-) cones. When vision was mediated by S-cones, all subjects exhibited some statistically significant losses in sensitivity, which varied from mild to moderate. The two individuals who showed the largest S-cone sensitivity losses also showed comparable losses when their vision was mediated by the L- and M-cones. Some of the losses appear to increase with frequency, which is broadly consistent with Viagra interfering with the ability of PDE6 to shorten the time over which the visual system integrates signals as the light level increases. However, others appear to represent a roughly frequency-independent attenuation of the visual signal, which might also be consistent with Viagra lengthening the integration time (because it has the effect of increasing the effectiveness of steady background lights), but such changes are also open to other interpretations. Even for the more affected observers, however, Viagra is unlikely to impair common visual tasks, except under conditions of reduced visibility when objects are already near visual threshold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stockman
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen RW, Williams AJ, Liao Z, Yao C, Tortella FC, Dave JR. Broad spectrum neuroprotection profile of phosphodiesterase inhibitors as related to modulation of cell-cycle elements and caspase-3 activation. Neurosci Lett 2007; 418:165-9. [PMID: 17398001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular injury can involve the aberrant stimulation of cell cycle proteins in part through activation of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and downstream expression of cell-cycle components such as cyclin D1. In mature non-proliferating cells activation of the cell cycle can lead to the induction of programmed cell death. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro neuroprotective efficacy and mechanism of action of vinpocetine (PDE1 inhibitor), trequinsin (PDE3 inhibitor), and rolipram (PDE4 inhibitor) in four mechanistically-distinct models of injury to primary rat cortical neurons as related to cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Cellular injury was induced by hypoxia/hypoglycemia, veratridine (10 microM), staurosporine (1 microM), or glutamate (100 microM), resulting in average neuronal cell death rates of 43-48% as determined by MTT assay. Treatment with each PDE inhibitor (PDEI) resulted in a similar concentration-dependent neuroprotection profile with maximal effective concentrations of 5-10 microM (55-77% neuroprotection) in all four neurotoxicity models. Direct cytotoxicity due to PDE inhibition alone was not observed at concentrations below 100 microM. Further studies indicated that PDEIs can suppress the excitotoxic upregulation of cyclin D1 similar to the effects of flavopiridol, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, including suppression of pro-apoptotic caspase-3 activity. Overall, these data indicate that PDEIs are broad-spectrum neuroprotective agents acting through modulation of cell cycle elements and may offer a novel mode of therapy against acute injury to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Wu Chen
- Department of Applied Neurobiology, Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rutten K, Prickaerts J, Hendrix M, van der Staay FJ, Sik A, Blokland A. Time-dependent involvement of cAMP and cGMP in consolidation of object memory: studies using selective phosphodiesterase type 2, 4 and 5 inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 558:107-12. [PMID: 17207788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the time-dependent memory enhancing properties of three selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE-I) vardenafil (PDE5-I), rolipram (PDE4-I) and BAY 60-7550 (PDE2-I) in the object recognition task. In particular, the time-dependent involvement of cAMP and cGMP in memory consolidation was assessed by altering the time points of drug administration. Vardenafil (1 mg/kg, p.o.), rolipram (0.03 mg/kg, i.p.), and BAY 60-7550 (3 mg/kg, p.o.) were tested in rats with a 24 h delay between the learning and the test trial. The PDE-Is were administered at different time points, i.e. directly after, 1 h, 3 h and 6 h after the first trial. Using a 24 h interval, vardenafil only showed an effect on object memory when injected directly after trial 1, rolipram only showed an improvement when injected 3 h after trial 1 and BAY 60-7550 improved memory when injected either directly after or 3 h after trial 1. No treatment effects were found when the compounds were administered 1 h or 6 h after the first trial. Our results extend our previous data that different types of PDE-Is affect different stages of memory consolidation. Moreover, the present study provides further support that selective PDE-Is can influence memory consolidation in a time-dependent manner, assumingly by elevating central cAMP and cGMP levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kris Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Brain and Behavior Institute, EURON, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cantin LD, Magnuson S, Gunn D, Barucci N, Breuhaus M, Bullock WH, Burke J, Claus TH, Daly M, Decarr L, Gore-Willse A, Hoover-Litty H, Kumarasinghe ES, Li Y, Liang SX, Livingston JN, Lowinger T, Macdougall M, Ogutu HO, Olague A, Ott-Morgan R, Schoenleber RW, Tersteegen A, Wickens P, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Zhu L, Sweet LJ. PDE-10A inhibitors as insulin secretagogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2869-73. [PMID: 17400452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of cAMP levels has been linked to insulin secretion in preclinical animal models and in humans. The high expression of PDE-10A in pancreatic islets suggested that inhibition of this enzyme may provide the necessary modulation to elicit increased insulin secretion. Using an HTS approach, we have identified quinoline-based PDE-10A inhibitors as insulin secretagogues in vitro. Optimized compounds were evaluated in vivo where improvements in glucose tolerance and increases in insulin secretion were measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis-David Cantin
- Department of Chemistry Research, Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jakovljevic VL, Canovic PS, Andjelkovic NV, Djuric DM. The effects of nimodipine and L-NAME on coronary flow and oxidative stress parameters in isolated rat heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 93:251-61. [PMID: 17191657 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.93.2006.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Ca2+ channel antagonist nimodipine (in concentration which competitive inhibited phosphodiesterase 1--PDE1) on oxidative stress alone or under inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by L-NAME in isolated rat heart. The hearts from male Wistar albino rats (n=18, BM about 200 g, age 8 weeks) were retrograde perfused according to the Langendorff technique at gradually increased constant perfusion pressure conditions (CPP, 40-120 cm H2O). The experiments were performed under control conditions, in the presence of Nimodipine (2 microM) or Nimodipine (2 microM) plus L-NAME (30 microM). Coronary flow (CF) varied in the autoregulatory range from 3.7 +/- 0.4 ml/min/g wt at 50 cm H2O to 4.35 +/- 0.79 at 90 cm H2O. Basal nitrite outflow, index of lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS release) and superoxide anion release (O2-) (at 60 cm H2O) were 0.64 +/- 0.18 nmol/min/g wt, 0.55 +/- 0.13 micromol/min/g wt and 19.72 +/- 3.70 nmol/min/g wt, respectively. Nimodipine induced significant vasodilation at all values of CPP (from 26% at 40 cm H2O to 36% at 120 cm H2O) accompanied with significant decrease of nitrite outflow (from 59% at 40 cm H2O to 40% at 120 cm H2O), significant increase of TBARS above autoregulatory range (about 40%) and significant increase of O2- release (from 186% at 40 cm H2O to 117% at 120 cm H2O). However, perfusion with L-NAME completely reversed the effects of Nimodipine. Nimodipine-induced flow changes were decreased under L-NAME (from 3% at 40 cm H2O to 11% at 120 cm H2O) without changes in the autoregulatory range, accompanied with significantly increased nitrite outflow (from 69% at 40 cm H2O to 36% at 120 cm H2O) and TBARS release (almost 50%), as well as significantly decreased O2- release (from 50% at 40 cm H2O to 43% at 120 cm H20). Our findings show that effect of nimodipine on coronary flow should be significantly influenced by NO, TBARS and O2- release in isolated rat heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Lj Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Svetotazara Markovica 69, P.O. Box 124, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Peluso MR. Flavonoids attenuate cardiovascular disease, inhibit phosphodiesterase, and modulate lipid homeostasis in adipose tissue and liver. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 231:1287-99. [PMID: 16946397 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant flavonoids are widely distributed polyphenolic compounds of the human diet. They consist of six major classes based on specific structural differences: flavonols, flavones, flavanones, catechins, anthocyanidins, and isoflavones. All of the major classes of flavonoids are comprised of three six-membered rings: an aromatic A-ring fused to a heterocyclic C-ring that is attached through a single carbon-carbon bond to an aromatic Bring. Population studies have shown that flavonoid intake is inversely correlated with mortality from cardiovascular disease, and numerous flavonoids of dietary significance have been shown to beneficially impact parameters associated with atherosclerosis, including lipoprotein oxidation, blood platelet aggregation, and vascular reactivity. Therapeutic effects of flavonoids on platelet aggregability and blood pressure have been attributed to competitive inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE), an elevation in cAMP level, and subsequent activation of protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). In addition, flavonoids may induce neutral lipid hydrolysis from lipid stores through PDE inhibition in adipose tissue and liver. Indeed, the three-dimensional structure of many flavonoids is sterically and electrostatically compatible with the catalytic site of cAMP PDE3 and PDE4. Flavonoids have also been reported to suppress pathways of lipid biosynthesis and of very low-density lipoprotein production in cultured hepatocytes. Continued studies of the biochemical mechanisms underlying the biological effects of plant flavonoids may uncover new strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, as well as associated conditions such as obesity, hepatic steatosis, and Type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
|
25
|
Giovannoni MP, Vergelli C, Biancalani C, Cesari N, Graziano A, Biagini P, Gracia J, Gavaldà A, Dal Piaz V. Novel pyrazolopyrimidopyridazinones with potent and selective phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitory activity as potential agents for treatment of erectile dysfunction. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5363-71. [PMID: 16913726 DOI: 10.1021/jm060265+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolo[1',5':1,6]pyrimido[4,5-d]pyridazin-4(3H)-ones and their analogues, potentially useful for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5). Several compounds showed IC50 values in the low nanomolar range, and in particular, compound 5r, displaying high potency toward PDE5 (IC50 = 8.3 nM) and high selectivity versus PDE6 (240-fold) appeared to be a very promising new lead both in comparison with the potent but not selective sildenafil and in comparison with some analogues previously reported by us. SAR studies in this triheterocyclic scaffold led us to conclude that the best arranged groups are a methyl in position 1, a benzyl in position 3, a phenyl in position 9, and a linear four-carbon chain in position 6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Giovannoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lin G, Xin ZC, Lue TF, Lin CS. Phosphodiesterase-5 isoforms: differential cyclic guanyl monophosphate binding and cyclic guanyl monophosphate catalytic activities, and inhibitory effects of sildenafil and vardenafil. J Urol 2006; 176:1242-7. [PMID: 16890733 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the differential cyclic guanyl monophosphate catalytic and cyclic guanyl monophosphate binding activity of phosphodiesterase-5 isoforms and the inhibitory effects of sildenafil (Pfizer, New York, New York) and vardenafil (Bayer Pharmaceutical Research, Wuppertal, Germany). MATERIALS AND METHODS Coding sequences of the human phosphodiesterase-5 isoforms A1, A2 and A3 were cloned into pBlueBac4.5/V5-His (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California), which allows the tagging of histidines at the carboxyl terminal of the expressed protein. Isoforms were expressed with the Bac-N-Blue baculoviral system and purified with the ProBond system. Expression clones were identified by polymerase chain reaction using vector and phosphodiesterase-5 specific primers. Purified proteins were verified by Western blotting. Purified proteins were analyzed for cyclic guanyl monophosphate catalytic and cyclic guanyl monophosphate binding activity, and used to determine the differential potencies of the phosphodiesterase-5 selective inhibitors sildenafil and vardenafil. RESULTS Cloning and expression of phosphodiesterase-5A1 to A3 isoforms in the baculoviral system resulted in the isolation of purified isoform proteins. Mean cyclic guanyl monophosphate catalytic activity (K(m)) +/- SD was 4.76 +/- 0.37, 4.52 +/- 0.09 and 11.39 +/- 0.22 microM for A1 to A3, respectively. Mean cyclic guanyl monophosphate binding activity (K(d)) was 3.24 +/- 0.47, 1.95 +/- 0.60 and 1.70 +/- 0.47 microM for A1 to A3, respectively. Mean IC(50) of sildenafil against phosphodiesterase-5A1 to A3 was 1.20 +/- 0.34, 2.83 +/- 0.56 and 2.28 +/- 0.38 nM, respectively. Mean IC(50) of vardenafil against phosphodiesterase-5A1 to A3 was 0.41 +/- 0.15, 0.23 +/- 0.08 and 0.45 +/- 0.06 nM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Phosphodiesterase-5A1 and A2 had similar K(m) values, while phosphodiesterase-5A3 had a much higher K(m) and, thus, lower cyclic guanyl monophosphate catalytic activity. Phosphodiesterase-5A2 and A3 had similar K(d) values, while phosphodiesterase-5A1 had higher K(d) and, thus, lower cyclic guanyl monophosphate binding activity. Vardenafil was more potent (3 to 12-fold) than sildenafil for inhibiting the catalytic activity of all 3 human phosphodiesterase-5 isoforms with phosphodiesterase-5A2 showing the highest differentiation (12-fold).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiting Lin
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
van Meeteren ME, Baron W, Beermann C, Dijkstra CD, van Tol EAF. Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation stimulates differentiation of oligodendroglia cells. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:196-208. [PMID: 16679766 DOI: 10.1159/000091917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been postulated as alternative supportive treatment for multiple sclerosis, since they may promote myelin repair. We set out to study the effect of supplementation with n-3 and n-6 PUFAs on OLN-93 oligodendroglia and rat primary oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. It appeared that OLN-93 cells actively incorporate and metabolise the supplemented PUFAs in their cell membrane. The effect of PUFAs on OLN-93 differentiation was further assessed by morphological and Western blot evaluation of markers of oligodendroglia differentiation: 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). Supplementation of the OLN-93 cells with n-3 and n-6 PUFAs increased the degree of differentiation determined by morphological analysis. Moreover, CNP protein expression was significantly increased by gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) supplementation. In accordance with the OLN-93 results, studies with rat primary oligodendrocytes, a more advanced model of cell differentiation, showed GLA supplementation to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation. Following GLA supplementation, increased numbers of proteolipid protein (PLP)-positive oligodendrocytes and increased myelin sheet formation was observed during differentiation of primary oligodendrocytes. Moreover, increased CNP, and enhanced PLP and myelin basic protein expression were found after GLA administration. These studies provide support for the dietary supplementation of specific PUFAs to support oligodendrocyte differentiation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E van Meeteren
- Biomedical Research Department, Numico Research B.V., Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Molfino NA, Jeffery PK. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: histopathology, inflammation and potential therapies. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 20:462-72. [PMID: 16798034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major worldwide health burden with increasing morbidity, mortality and health care cost. It is a slowly progressive chronic inflammatory condition that affects the conducting airways (both large and small) and lung parenchyma. In COPD, inflammation is evident early on even in mild disease and increases with disease severity. Recent advances in our knowledge demonstrate, by comparison with asthma, the distinctive, "abnormal" or exaggerated inflammatory processes involved in the pathogenesis of COPD and thus identify novel therapeutic targets that could potentially impact on disease progression. The present review will focus on what is known of the abnormal inflammatory response of COPD in different regions of the conducting airways and lung. Novel, potentially promising approaches to therapy are presented.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The pharmacologic management of hypertension has long been implicated in the genesis of erectile dysfunction; the latter is considered the main reason of nonadherence to antihypertensive therapy. Older-generation antihypertensive drugs (central-acting, beta blockers, diuretics) negatively affect erectile function, while newer-generation agents (calcium antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) seem to have neutral effects. Preliminary data with the latest drugs (angiotensin receptor blockers) point to a beneficial effect on erectile function. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, can be safely and effectively administered to hypertensive patients (even when on multiple-agent antihypertensive therapy), with a caution regarding alpha blockers. In the case when erectile dysfunction is considered to result from antihypertensive therapy, the treating physician may either add phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors or substitute current treatment with angiotensin receptor blockers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doumas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
de Vente J, Markerink-van Ittersum M, Vles JSH. ANP-mediated cGMP signaling and phosphodiesterase inhibition in the rat cervical spinal cord. J Chem Neuroanat 2006; 31:263-74. [PMID: 16621444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NP) and the corresponding receptors are present in the rodent spinal cord. We have studied the structures which respond to atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, or C-type natriuretic peptide with an increased synthesis of cGMP. NP-responsive cGMP-producing structures were observed in laminae I-III, and X, and in addition in ependymal cells, astrocytes and a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion cells. As the cGMP concentration is controlled by the rate of synthesis and the rate of breakdown by phosphodiesterases, we studied NP-responsive structures in spinal cord slices incubated in the presence of different phosphodiesterase inhibitors. We studied EHNA and BAY 60-7550 as selective PDE2 inhibitors, sildenafil as a selective PDE5 inhibitors, dipyridamole as a mixed type PDE5 and PDE10 inhibitor, rolipram as a PDE4 inhibitor, and SCH 81566 as a selective PDE9 inhibitor. Double immunostainings showed that cGMP-IR colocalized partial with the vesicular acetylcholine transporter molecule in lamina X, with Substance P in a subpopulation of neuronal fibers situated dorsolateral, and with a subpopulation of CGRP-IR dorsal root ganglion neurons. Colocalization of cGMP-IR was absent with parvalbumin, synaptophysin, and the vesicular transporter molecules for GABA and glutamate. It is concluded that NPs in the spinal cord are probably involved in integrating intersegmental sensory processing in the spinal cord although the greater part of the NP-responsive cGMP-producing fibers could not be characterized. PDE2, 5, and 9 are involved in regulating NP-stimulated cGMP levels in the spinal cord. NPs may have a role in regulating cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/metabolism
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/pharmacology
- Axons/drug effects
- Axons/metabolism
- Axons/ultrastructure
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism
- Cervical Vertebrae
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/physiology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Ependyma/drug effects
- Ependyma/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/metabolism
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/pharmacology
- Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type/metabolism
- Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type/pharmacology
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/drug effects
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Posterior Horn Cells/cytology
- Posterior Horn Cells/drug effects
- Posterior Horn Cells/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/drug effects
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Substance P/metabolism
- Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J de Vente
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, UNS50, POB 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
de Vente J, Markerink-van Ittersum M, Vles JSH. The role of phosphodiesterase isoforms 2, 5, and 9 in the regulation of NO-dependent and NO-independent cGMP production in the rat cervical spinal cord. J Chem Neuroanat 2006; 31:275-303. [PMID: 16621445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
NO-responsive, cGMP-producing structures are abundantly present in the cervical spinal cord. NO-mediated cGMP synthesis has been implicated in nociceptive signaling and it has been demonstrated that cGMP has a role establishing synaptic connections in the spinal cord during development. As cGMP levels are controlled by the activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase (synthesis) and the phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity (breakdown), we studied the influence of PDE activity on NO-stimulated cGMP levels in the rat cervical spinal cord. cGMP-immunoreactivity (cGMP-IR) was localized in sections prepared from slices incubated in vitro. A number of reported PDE isoform-selective PDE inhibitors was studied in combination with diethylamineNONOate (DEANO) as a NO-donor including isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX) as a non-selective PDE inhibitor. We studied 8-methoxy-IBMX as a selective PDE1 inhibitor, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA) and BAY 60-7550 as selective PDE2 inhibitors, sildenafil as a selective PDE5 inhibitor, dipyridamole as a mixed type PDE5 and PDE10 inhibitor, rolipram as a PDE4 inhibitor, and SCH 81566 as a selective PDE9 inhibitor. cGMP-IR structures (nerve fibers, axons, and terminals) were characterized using the following neurochemical markers: vesicular transporter molecules for acetylcholine, GABA, and glutamate (type 1 and type 2), parvalbumin, glutamate transporter molecule EAAT3, synaptophysin, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and isolectin B4. Most intense cGMP-IR was observed in the dorsal lamina. Ventral motor neurons were devoid of cGMP-IR. cGMP-IR was observed in GABAergic, and glutamatergic terminals in all gray matter laminae. cGMP-IR was abundantly colocalized with anti-vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2), however not with the anti-vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGLUT1), suggesting a functional difference between structures expressing vGLUT1 or vGLUT2. cGMP-IR did not colocalize with substance P- or calcitonin-gene related peptide-IR structures, however did partially colocalize with isolectin B4 in the dorsal horn. cGMP-IR in cholinergic structures was observed in dorsal root fibers entering the spinal cord, occasionally in laminae 1-3, in laminae 8 and 9 in isolated boutons and in the C-type terminals, and in small cells and varicosities in lamina 10. This latter observation suggests that the proprioceptive interneurons arising in lamina 10 are also NO-responsive. No region-specific nor a constant co-expression of cGMP-IR with various neuronal markers was observed after incubation of the slices with one of the selected PDE inhibitors. Expression of the mRNA of PDE2, 5, and 9 was observed in all lamina. The ventral motor neurons and the ependymal cells lining the central canal expressed all three PDE isoforms. Incubation of the slices in the presence of IBMX, DEANO in combination with BAY 41-2272, a NO-independent activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase, provided evidence for endogenous NO synthesis in the slice preparations and enhanced cGMP-IR in all lamina. Under these conditions cGMP-IR colocalized with substance P in a subpopulation of substance P-IR fibers. It is concluded that NO functions as a retrograde neurotransmitter in the spinal cord but that also postsynaptic structures are NO-responsive by producing cGMP. cGMP-IR in a subpopulation of isolectin B4 positive fibers and boutons is indicative for a role of NO-cGMP signaling in nociceptive processing. cGMP levels in the spinal cord are controlled by the concerted action of a number of PDE isoforms, which can be present in the same cell.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/drug effects
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/genetics
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases/drug effects
- 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases/genetics
- 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cervical Vertebrae
- Cyclic GMP/biosynthesis
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 2
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/physiopathology
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/drug effects
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/genetics
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Plant Lectins
- Presynaptic Terminals/drug effects
- Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/drug effects
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J de Vente
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, UNS50, POB 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
MAKHINSON M, OPAZO P, CARLISLE HJ, GODSIL B, GRANT SGN, O’DELL TJ. A novel role for cyclic guanosine 3',5'monophosphate signaling in synaptic plasticity: a selective suppressor of protein kinase A-dependent forms of long-term potentiation. Neuroscience 2006; 140:415-31. [PMID: 16549271 PMCID: PMC1832102 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
At excitatory synapses onto hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and subsequent down-regulation of protein phosphatases has a crucial role in the induction of long-term potentiation by low-frequency patterns of synaptic stimulation. Because the second messenger cyclic guanosine 3',5'monophosphate can regulate the activity of different forms of the cyclic AMP degrading enzyme phosphodiesterase, we examined whether increases in cyclic guanosine 3',5'monophosphate can modulate long-term potentiation induction in the mouse hippocampal CA1 region through effects on cyclic AMP signaling. Using the cyclic guanosine 3',5'monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor zaprinast or the nitric oxide donor S-nitroso-D,L-penicillamine to elevate cyclic guanosine 3',5'monophosphate levels we found that increases in cyclic guanosine 3',5'monophosphate strongly inhibit the induction of long-term potentiation by low-frequency patterns of synaptic stimulation where protein kinase A activation is required for long-term potentiation induction. In contrast, zaprinast and S-nitroso-D,L-penicillamine had no effect on the induction of long-term potentiation by high-frequency patterns of synaptic stimulation that induce long-term potentiation in a protein kinase A-independent manner. Directly activating protein kinase A with the phosphodiesterase-resistant cyclic AMP analog 8-Br-cAMP, blocking all phosphodiesterases with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, or inhibiting protein phosphatases rescued long-term potentiation induction in zaprinast-treated slices. Together, these results suggest that increases in cyclic guanosine 3',5'monophosphate inhibit long-term potentiation by activating phosphodiesterases that interfere with the protein kinase A-mediated suppression of protein phosphatases needed for long-term potentiation induction. Consistent with the notion that this cyclic guanosine 3',5'monophosphate-mediated inhibitory pathway is recruited by some patterns of synaptic activity, blocking cyclic guanosine 3',5'monophosphate production strongly facilitated the induction of long-term potentiation by long trains of theta-frequency synaptic stimulation. Together, our results indicate that increases in cyclic guanosine 3',5'monophosphate can act as a long-term potentiation suppressor mechanism that selectively constrains the induction of protein kinase A-dependent forms of long-term potentiation induced by low-frequency patterns of synaptic stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. MAKHINSON
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 53-231 Center for Health Sciences, Box 951751, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - P. OPAZO
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 53-231 Center for Health Sciences, Box 951751, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - H. J. CARLISLE
- Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - B. GODSIL
- Department Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S. G. N. GRANT
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - T. J. O’DELL
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 53-231 Center for Health Sciences, Box 951751, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- *Corresponding author. Tel: +1-310-206-4654; fax: +1-310-206-5661. E-mail address: (T. J. O’Dell)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ströberg P, Hedelin H, Ljunggren C. Prescribing all phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors to a patient with erectile dysfunction--a realistic and feasible option in everyday clinical practice--outcomes of a simple treatment regime. Eur Urol 2006; 49:900-7; discussion 907. [PMID: 16564126 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In clinical practice, to apply and evaluate outcomes of a treatment regime, in which the patient had the opportunity to try all the available phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. METHODS Patients eligible for treatment with PDE5 inhibitors were prescribed 8 tablets with a shorter-acting substance (four tablets sildenafil 100mg and four tablets vardenafil 20mg) and eight tablets with a long-acting substance (tadalafil 20mg). Outcomes of the regime were recorded. RESULTS Of the 186 patients, 64 (34%) had not been treated previously (naïve), and 122 (66%) were undergoing treatment for their erectile dysfunction. The overall treatment response was 89% (165 of 186 patients); 78% (n=145 of 186 patients) tested all three substances. No significant difference in choice between long- and shorter-acting medications in the overall material was observed. Two thirds of the naïve patients (n=64) preferred a shorter-acting substance (p<0.01). Every fifth man requested both a shorter- and a long-acting medication to accommodate his need. CONCLUSION If patients are given the opportunity in clinical practice to try all three available PDE5 inhibitors, the overall response rate is very high, almost 90%. No significant difference in patient preference between long- and shorter-acting drugs was observed. Treatment choice was based mainly on efficacy or duration of effect.
Collapse
|
34
|
Allanson M, Domanski D, Reeve VE. Photoimmunoprotection by UVA (320-400 nm) radiation is determined by UVA dose and is associated with cutaneous cyclic guanosine monophosphate. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:191-7. [PMID: 16417236 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulating properties of UVA radiation remain controversial. Here, we demonstrate in female inbred Skh:hr-1 mice that single subinflammatory UVA exposures between 1.61 and 580.5 kJ/m(2) are not immunosuppressive. Furthermore, UVA exposures between 16.13 and 580.5 kJ/m(2) provided dose-related immunoprotection against UVB-induced immunosuppression. Higher UVA exposures (870.8-1,161 kJ/m(2)) became inflammatory and immunosuppressive alone, and lost the photoimmunoprotective capacity. We previously reported that UVA photoimmunoprotection depends on the induction of cutaneous heme oxygenase-1, particularly its enzymatic product, carbon monoxide (CO). CO was suggested to activate cutaneous guanylyl cyclase (GC), as the specific GC inhibitor, 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo-(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), abrogated CO photoimmunoprotection in the mouse. This study shows that cutaneous cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentration increased only following immunoprotective UVA doses, or immunoprotective topical CO treatment, and cGMP production was inhibited by ODQ. Conversely, cGMP concentration was increased by inhibition of its degradative phosphodiesterase (PDE) with topical sildenafil. The PDE-5 isoform was identified in normal mouse skin. Subsequently, a moderate concentration of sildenafil was shown to simulate the effect of UVA in protecting against photoimmunosuppression by solar-simulated UV radiation or its mediator cis-urocanic acid. Thus, cutaneous cGMP, controlled by its synthesis via CO-activated GC and its degradation by PDE-5, is strongly associated with UVA photoimmunoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munif Allanson
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Erectile function is determined by tight regulation of relaxation or contraction of corpus cavernosal smooth muscle, which is the result of a long and complex chain of molecular events. Control of erectile function resides in signaling pathways of the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as intracellular events in the penile smooth muscle. Vascular events resulting in erection have long been understood, and the role of the signaling pathways of the central and peripheral nervous systems in erectile function and dysfunction has become increasingly clear over the last decade. This knowledge has led to the development and current availability of effective oral treatments for erectile dysfunction, the selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors-sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil. In the past few years we have seen an elucidation of the molecular events involved in erectile function and dysfunction and the detailed mechanisms of action by which the specific PDE5 inhibitors work. A review of those mechanisms helps to explain the success of the currently available PDE5 inhibitors and the differences between them and suggests new approaches for developing potential future novel therapies or refinements to existing structures that may improve their efficacy, selectivity and safety profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen D Seftel
- Professor of Urology and Reproductive Biology, Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106-5046, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rutten K, Vente JD, Sik A, Ittersum MMV, Prickaerts J, Blokland A. The selective PDE5 inhibitor, sildenafil, improves object memory in Swiss mice and increases cGMP levels in hippocampal slices. Behav Brain Res 2006; 164:11-6. [PMID: 16076505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown memory enhancing effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in rats. However, differences in nitric oxide (NO)-mediated cyclic GMP (cGMP) signaling in the hippocampus have been described between rats and mice. In the present study we investigated the memory enhancing effects of the PDE5 inhibitor, sildenafil on memory performance in Swiss mice using the object recognition task. Sildenafil (0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg) was administered orally directly after the first trial. The memory for the objects was retested 24 h later when mice show no memory for the familiar object. Sildenafil improved the object discrimination performance of Swiss mice at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Hippocampal slices of Swiss mice incubated with sildenafil (10 microM) increased cGMP levels in varicosities in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and a number of short, thin fibers. Addition of DEA/NO, an NO donor (10 microM), in the presence of sildenafil (10 microM) strongly increased cGMP immunoreactivity of varicosities in the CA3 region. Double immunostaining of cGMP with the presynaptic marker synaptophysin did not reveal any co-localization of these markers under any circumstance. Taken together, inhibition of PDE5 improves object recognition memory in mice. Furthermore, a postsynaptic role of cGMP could be involved in this respect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Brain and Behavior Institute, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chiu JH, Chen KK, Chien TM, Chiou WF, Chen CC, Wang JY, Lui WY, Wu CW. Epimedium brevicornum Maxim extract relaxes rabbit corpus cavernosum through multitargets on nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway. Int J Impot Res 2006; 18:335-42. [PMID: 16395327 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epimedium brevicornum Maxim (EbM) has been reputed to have sexual stimulation effects on males. The study is aimed to test the hypothesis that EbM extracts relaxed the corpus cavernosum (CC) smooth muscle through activation of multitargets on nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway. Water extract of EbM and its subfraction (EP-20) were prepared and standardized by high-performance liquid chromatography. Isolated rabbit CC strips were mounted in organ baths and isometric tension was recorded in the presence or absence of specific inhibitors related to NO/cGMP signaling such as L-N(G)-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor) or phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibitors. cGMP level was determined in EP-20-treated CC strips. The results showed that EP-20 enriched the content of L-arginine in the process of purification and relaxed the CC smooth muscle precontracted with phenylephrine (PE, 1 microM) in a concentration-dependent manner. Besides, EP-20 increased the amount of cGMP production in rabbit CC tissues. Coincubation with EP-20 and L-NAME or ODQ significantly decreased EP-20-induced relaxation whereas EP-20 increased sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation in PE-precontracted CC strips. Besides, EP-20 increased the potency and the duration of the relaxation effects caused by electrical field stimulation. Finally, EP-20 could potentiate PDE 5 inhibitors in relaxation of PE-precontracted CC strips. We concluded that extract of EbM relax the CC smooth muscle through multitargets in NO/cGMP/PDE 5 pathway and might bring into perspective the treatment strategy for those patients with erectile dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-H Chiu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Peitou, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Chambers RJ, Abrams K, Garceau NY, Kamath AV, Manley CM, Lilley SC, Otte DA, Scott DO, Sheils AL, Tess DA, Vellekoop AS, Zhang Y, Lam KT. A new chemical tool for exploring the physiological function of the PDE2 isozyme. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:307-10. [PMID: 16275071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxindole (2) is a potent and selective PDE2 inhibitor with a favorable ADME, physiochemical and pharmacokinetic profile to allow for use as a chemical tool in elucidating the physiological role of PDE2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Chambers
- Research Technology Center, Pfizer, Inc., 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Landry Y, Niederhoffer N, Sick E, Gies JP. Heptahelical and other G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signaling. Curr Med Chem 2006; 13:51-63. [PMID: 16457639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Heptahelical receptors are coupled to heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) which transduce most signals through their alpha and betagamma subunits to effectors, enzymes and ion channels. Of the 367 heptahelical receptors for endogenous ligands, about 330 are potential targets for drug discovery with agonist, antagonist or inverse agonist properties. The term G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is a broader functional definition rather than a structural one referring to heptahelical receptors specifically. Non-heptahelical putative GPCRs include some transmembrane receptors with tyrosine-kinase activity on their cytosolic endings (EGF, insulin and IGF-1 receptors), other transmembrane receptors (mannose-6-phosphate/IGF-2 receptor and integrin-associated protein IAP or CD47), and some receptors belonging to the class of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins and located on the outer face of the plasma membrane. Also, activators of G-protein signaling (AGS) proteins that regulate vesicular trafficking activate heterotrimeric G-proteins in the Golgi independently of receptor activation. Main effectors activated through their direct interactions with alpha subunits or betagamma dimers of heterotrimeric G-proteins include adenylylcyclases, cGMP-phosphodiesterase, phospholipases Cbeta, phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma, Ca(V2) calcium channels, GIRK/Kir3 potassium channels, and guanine nucleotide exchange factors RasGEF and RhoGEF leading to small G-proteins and MAP-kinases activation. Current signaling cascades leading to final cell responses are depicted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Landry
- Laboratoire de signalisation cellulaire,CNRS UMR 7175-LC1, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Louis Pasteur--rasbourg 1, BP24, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ametov AS, Teodorovich OV, Kondrat'eva LV, Popova AI. [Some aspects of erectile dysfunction pathogenesis and treatment in patients with obesity]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2006; 78:92-4. [PMID: 16613108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
|
42
|
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Those safe and effective agents were originally developed for their cardiovascular effects and were incidentally found to enhance erections. Since the introduction of the first PDE5 inhibitor, sildenafil, in 1998, there has been concern about the effects of these agents on the heart and their safety in patients with cardiovascular disease. The concerns focused on the effects on blood pressure and heart rate, cardiac electrophysiology, and cardiovascular adverse events in clinical trials. Since there are currently three PDE5 inhibitors, attention has been given to class effects as well as unique individual safety and adverse events. Since these drugs are mild vasodilators, all three have blood pressure-lowering effects. These effects are usually mild and produce few symptoms. When combined with the nitric oxide donor nitroglycerine, however, blood pressure drops may be profound and life threatening. All three agents are contraindicated with nitrates. Cardiac electrophysiology effects, especially as manifested by changes in the QT interval, have been studied. None of the three agents are dangerously associated with QTc prolongation, although vardenafil has a warning for patients at risk for QTc prolongation. In evaluating cardiovascular adverse events in clinical trials, no signal to danger can be convincingly cited. Indeed, with the vasodilator effects of these drugs, many studies point to the improved exercise tolerance and coronary dilation in patients taking PDE5 inhibitors. PDE5 inhibitors are effective in treating ED, and their safety profile is excellent. There do not appear to be significant cardiovascular safety issues in the man with satisfactory cardiac and performance status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Culley C Carson
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7235, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors have modest nitrate-like hemodynamic effects, lowering wedge pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and systolic and diastolic arterial pressure. At rest, decreases in arterial pressure averaging 9/8 mm Hg may increase to 12/5 mm Hg as a result of the vasodilatory response, but no clinical adverse effects have been reported. On the background of increased vasoconstriction related to elevation of angiotensin II, a greater decrease may occur and be relevant to cardiovascular therapy, particularly if angiotensin II antagonists are coprescribed. Exercise studies in patients with ischemia identified no adverse event potential for sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil. Another study showed sildenafil had an anti-ischemic effect, increasing time to limiting angina. Evidence supports the safety of these agents in patients with chronic stable coronary artery disease (CAD). With accumulating evidence of benefits on endothelial function and clinical improvements in pulmonary hypertension and heart failure, the hemodynamic and exercise effects of PDE5 inhibitors suggest an important therapeutic cardiovascular role, reinforcing their safety in the patient with CAD and erectile dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Jackson
- Cardiothoracic Centre, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Currently, 3 phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor agents are available worldwide for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED): sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil. Each of these agents is effective across a broad range of etiologies, including vasculogenic ED in men. Because PDE5 enzyme is found within the vascular smooth muscle cells in the walls of systemic arteries and veins, PDE5 inhibitors are mild vasodilators associated with small (and in general, clinically insignificant) decreases in blood pressure. However, because of the synergistic decrease in blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) in the presence of organic nitrates, these 3 agents are contraindicated in patients receiving organic nitrates. The duration of interaction between a PDE5 inhibitor and nitrate administration depends on the specific drug being studied. The interaction between sildenafil or vardenafil and nitroglycerin is no longer observed by 24 hours. A preliminary study with sildenafil and sublingual nitroglycerin suggested the interaction is no longer observable by 4 hours. The interaction between tadalafil and nitroglycerin has dissipated by 48 hours after tadalafil administration. This is consistent with the longer elimination half-life of the drug. When PDE5 inhibitors are administered to patients with hypertension who are taking most antihypertensive agents (eg, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium antagonists, diuretics), there are usually small additive decreases in blood pressure without a significant increase of adverse events. Some patients develop orthostatic hypotension when PDE5 inhibitors are used in conjunction with an alpha-blocker (typically for hypertension or for urologic conditions, such as benign prostatic hypertrophy). Precautions are necessary for all 3 of the PDE5 inhibitors regarding this potential interaction. Some studies suggest that the interaction is less relevant clinically if the patient has been undergoing long-term alpha-blocker therapy. Several analyses have suggested that PDE5 inhibitors do not increase myocardial infarction rates or death rates compared with placebo controls or expected rates from age-matched populations. In contrast, recent studies have shown that PDE5 inhibitors may have therapeutic potential for a host of cardiovascular diseases. In general, these agents, when used appropriately, are highly safe and effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Kloner
- Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90017, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) and coronary artery disease (CAD) interact in complex ways: ED is increasingly recognized as a harbinger or risk factor for CAD; a small proportion of cases (about 1%) of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death, occur during or after sexual activity; the absolute risk associated with coitus, including that associated with the use of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors to treat ED, is extremely low; virtually all patients experiencing ACS have previously existing (but usually undiagnosed) CAD; and patients often have ED after ACS as a result of psychological factors or drugs, such as beta-blockers, used to treat CAD. The Princeton Guidelines provide a pragmatic approach to stratifying the risk of ACS in patients with established CAD or at high risk for future ACS. Only a minority of patients destined to experience ACS, including those events related to coitus, have established CAD. Yet, most have > or =2 coronary risk factors. The most pragmatic approach to decreasing the risk of ACS in such individuals is to maximize risk factor control and institute combination pharmacotherapy, including statins. The PDE5 inhibitors ameliorate not only ED but also endothelial cell dysfunction. Research to establish the role for PDE5 inhibitors in the prevention and control of ACS is in its early stages. The recognition that ED is a potential harbinger of underlying CAD and future ACS is an important milestone in the management of ED. Progress in integrating PDE5 inhibitors into clinical practice will depend on the success with which patients with ED are evaluated and aggressively treated for endothelial cell dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F DeBusk
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304-5735, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is highly prevalent in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and is among the most distressing symptoms in this patient population. Although the safety and efficacy of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in the management of ED have been evaluated in many cardiovascular disease populations, scant data are available in patients with CHF. In published studies, the short-term safety and efficacy of sildenafil in patients with stable mild-to-moderate CHF with ED appears to be comparable to that observed in other populations with cardiovascular disease. Evidence is not available on the effects of vardenafil or tadalafil in CHF. In addition to their benefits in the treatment of ED, preliminary studies suggest that PDE5 inhibitors enhance endothelial function in patients with CHF and have beneficial effects on pulmonary hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Additional studies are needed to determine the therapeutic potential of this class of agents in these disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan D Patel
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hollander JE. Emergency department considerations regarding erectile dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96:73M-75M. [PMID: 16387572 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The emergency department functions from a unique perspective. Often complex decisions must be made about patient management with incomplete information because of poor patient recall, lack of medical records, and no prior interactions with the patient being treated. Treatment decisions are often made before definitive diagnostic tests are performed and before complete historical information can be obtained. In general, emergency physicians will not prescribe treatment for routine clinical management of erectile dysfunction (ED). Conversely, the outpatient treatment of ED can impact treatment options available to the emergency physician when patients present with signs or symptoms of potential acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The emergency physician needs to have evidence-based guidance on how best to treat patients with potential ACS who are being treated for ED, how much time must elapse between the last dose of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor and treatment with nitrates, and how to modify treatment of patients with ACS when patients have recently used a PDE5 inhibitor. Additionally, patients who have been prescribed a PDE5 inhibitor should be educated on the use of nitrates and the need to inform physicians about the use of PDE5 inhibitors during all encounters so that risk can be minimized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judd E Hollander
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4283, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zou P, Oh SSY, Hou P, Low MY, Koh HL. Simultaneous determination of synthetic phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors found in a dietary supplement and pre-mixed bulk powders for dietary supplements using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1104:113-22. [PMID: 16364350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method and a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method were developed to screen for the presence of synthetic phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors and their analogues, namely sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil, homosildenafil, acetildenafil and hydroxyhomosildenafil. The methods were applied to pre-market samples submitted to the Health Sciences Authority of Singapore (HSA) for testing. One sample was in the form of capsules while six other samples were pre-mixed bulk powder samples for dietary supplements to be repackaged or formulated into the final dosage forms (usually capsules). Identification of PDE-5 inhibitors and their analogues was achieved by comparing individual peak retention times, UV spectra and mass spectra with those of reference standards. The seven samples were found to contain at least one of the following compounds: sildenafil, vardenafil, hydroxyhomosildenafil, homosildenafil and acetildenafil. The five compounds were simultaneously determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS in multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) scan mode. The method has been validated for accuracy, precision, linearity and sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dukarm RC, Steinhorn RH, Russell JA, Lakshminrusimha S, Swartz D, Cummings JJ. Selective type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibition alters pulmonary hemodynamics and lung liquid production in near-term fetal lambs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:2331-6. [PMID: 16123210 PMCID: PMC2746949 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00120.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide causes dilation of the pulmonary circulation and reduction in net lung liquid production in the fetal lamb, two critical perinatal events. Phosphodiesterase inhibition alone causes similar changes and also enhances the effects of nitric oxide. To better define the cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) pathway in these events, we studied the effects of a specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, E4021, on pulmonary arteries and veins isolated from near-term fetal lambs, as well as in intact, chronically instrumented late-gestation fetal lambs. In the in vitro experiments, both pulmonary arteries and veins relaxed to E4021 in a dose-dependent manner, although pulmonary veins were significantly more sensitive to E4021. Pretreatment with N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (L-NNA) abolished this response in arteries but not in veins. In both arteries and veins, pretreatment with beta-phenyl-1,N2-etheno-8-bromoguanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothionate blunted relaxations to E4021. In the in vivo experiments, E4021 infusion into either the pulmonary artery or central venous circulation increased pulmonary blood flow and decreased pulmonary vascular resistance, and these responses were blunted by pretreatment with L-NNA. Net lung liquid production, measured by a dye-dilution technique using blue dextran, decreased when E4021 was infused directly into the pulmonary artery and this effect was not altered by L-NNA. There was no effect on lung liquid production when E4021 was infused into the central venous circulation. Taken together, these results suggest that the pulmonary hemodynamic effects of E4021 involve the cyclic GMP pathway and are primarily nitric oxide synthase dependent. In contrast, the effects on E4021 on net lung liquid production appear to be independent of nitric oxide synthase, suggesting that these two critical perinatal events might be modulated independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Dukarm
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Penile tumescence (erection) and detumescence (return to the flaccid state) are regulated by a complex neurophysiological process involving the relaxation and contraction, respectively, of smooth muscle (SM) within the two corpus cavernosum (CC) of the penis. Failure of the above SM-mediated process to function properly results in the inability to obtain an erection sufficient for sexual satisfaction and has been termed erectile dysfunction (ED). It is predicted that an estimated 322 million men worldwide will have ED by the year 2025 and, relevant to this review article, is that roughly 50% of men with diabetes also have ED. Furthermore, one of the largest classes of nonresponders to oral phosphodiesterase V (PDE5) inhibitors (the predominant pharmacological treatment for organic ED) are diabetics. This review article examines the current knowledge about the contractile pathways that fine-tune SM tone with particular emphasis on vascular SM including corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM). The role of the contractile apparatus, SM myosin phosphorylation/dephosphorylation pathways, calcium "sensitization" and "desensitization" pathways and the main neurotransmitters/modulators responsible for regulating CCSM contraction are outlined along with how they are modified or potentially may be modified in response to diabetes. The overall hypothesis generated from this review is that an increased CCSM tone, resulting from an enhancement of contractile mechanisms, may contribute to the higher than average nonresponse rate of diabetic men to PDE5 inhibitors. Knowledge gained from this review will hopefully lead to the generation of drugs that specifically target CCSM contractile pathways which may prove to have therapeutic usefulness in treating ED in diabetics either alone or in combination with existing PDE5 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Disanto
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 744 Forchheimer Building, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|