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Boulesteix D, Buch A, Williams AJ, He Y, Freissinet C, Trainer MG, Stern JC, Szopa C. Comparison of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH), and trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide (TMPAH) thermochemolysis for in situ space analysis of organic molecules in planetary environments. Talanta 2023; 257:124283. [PMID: 36870123 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the main objectives of present and future space exploration missions dedicated to astrobiology is the detection of organic molecules of interest for life (e.g. amino and fatty acids). With this aim, a sample preparation and a gas chromatograph (connected to a mass spectrometer) are generally used. To date, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) has been the first and only thermochemolysis reagent to be used for in situ sample preparation and chemical analysis of planetary environments. Although TMAH is widely used in terrestrial laboratories, numerous applications also leverage other thermochemolysis reagents that may be more relevant than TMAH to meet both scientific and technical objectives of space instrumentation. The present study compares the performance of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH), and trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide (TMPAH) reagents on molecules of interest to astrobiology. The study focuses on the analyses of 13 carboxylic acids (C7-C30), 17 proteinic amino acids, and the 5 nucleobases. Here we report the derivatization yield without stirring or adding solvents, the detection sensitivity with mass spectrometry, and the nature of the degradation products from the reagents produced during pyrolysis. We conclude that TMSH and TMAH are the best reagents for analyzing carboxylic acids and nucleobases. Amino acids are not relevant targets for a thermochemolysis over 300 °C as they are degraded and showed high limits of detection. As TMAH, and probably TMSH, meet the space instrumentation requirements, this study informs sample treatment approaches prior to GC-MS analysis in in situ space studies. The thermochemolysis reaction using TMAH or TMSH is also recommended for space return missions to extract organics from a macromolecular matrix, derivatize polar or refractory organic targets, and volatilize with the fewest organic degradations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulesteix
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - A Buch
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - A J Williams
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Y He
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C Freissinet
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France
| | - M G Trainer
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - J C Stern
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - C Szopa
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France
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Bigouette JP, Callaghan AW, Donadel M, Porter AM, Rosencrans L, Lickness JS, Blough S, Li X, Perry RT, Williams AJ, Scobie HM, Dahl BA, McFarland J, Murrill CS. Effects of COVID-19 on Vaccine-Preventable Disease Surveillance Systems in the World Health Organization African Region, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:S203-S207. [PMID: 36502406 DOI: 10.3201/eid2813.220088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Global emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 curtailed vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) surveillance activities, but little is known about which surveillance components were most affected. In May 2021, we surveyed 214 STOP (originally Stop Transmission of Polio) Program consultants to determine how VPD surveillance activities were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic throughout 2020, primarily in low- and middle-income countries, where program consultants are deployed. Our report highlights the responses from 154 (96%) of the 160 consultants deployed to the World Health Organization African Region, which comprises 75% (160/214) of all STOP Program consultants deployed globally in early 2021. Most survey respondents observed that VPD surveillance activities were somewhat or severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Reprioritization of surveillance staff and changes in health-seeking behaviors were factors commonly perceived to decrease VPD surveillance activities. Our findings suggest the need for strategies to restore VPD surveillance to prepandemic levels.
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Farley KA, Stack KM, Shuster DL, Horgan BHN, Hurowitz JA, Tarnas JD, Simon JI, Sun VZ, Scheller EL, Moore KR, McLennan SM, Vasconcelos PM, Wiens RC, Treiman AH, Mayhew LE, Beyssac O, Kizovski TV, Tosca NJ, Williford KH, Crumpler LS, Beegle LW, Bell JF, Ehlmann BL, Liu Y, Maki JN, Schmidt ME, Allwood AC, Amundsen HEF, Bhartia R, Bosak T, Brown AJ, Clark BC, Cousin A, Forni O, Gabriel TSJ, Goreva Y, Gupta S, Hamran SE, Herd CDK, Hickman-Lewis K, Johnson JR, Kah LC, Kelemen PB, Kinch KB, Mandon L, Mangold N, Quantin-Nataf C, Rice MS, Russell PS, Sharma S, Siljeström S, Steele A, Sullivan R, Wadhwa M, Weiss BP, Williams AJ, Wogsland BV, Willis PA, Acosta-Maeda TA, Beck P, Benzerara K, Bernard S, Burton AS, Cardarelli EL, Chide B, Clavé E, Cloutis EA, Cohen BA, Czaja AD, Debaille V, Dehouck E, Fairén AG, Flannery DT, Fleron SZ, Fouchet T, Frydenvang J, Garczynski BJ, Gibbons EF, Hausrath EM, Hayes AG, Henneke J, Jørgensen JL, Kelly EM, Lasue J, Le Mouélic S, Madariaga JM, Maurice S, Merusi M, Meslin PY, Milkovich SM, Million CC, Moeller RC, Núñez JI, Ollila AM, Paar G, Paige DA, Pedersen DAK, Pilleri P, Pilorget C, Pinet PC, Rice JW, Royer C, Sautter V, Schulte M, Sephton MA, Sharma SK, Sholes SF, Spanovich N, St Clair M, Tate CD, Uckert K, VanBommel SJ, Yanchilina AG, Zorzano MP. Aqueously altered igneous rocks sampled on the floor of Jezero crater, Mars. Science 2022; 377:eabo2196. [PMID: 36007009 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater, Mars, to investigate ancient lake and river deposits. We report observations of the crater floor, below the crater's sedimentary delta, finding the floor consists of igneous rocks altered by water. The lowest exposed unit, informally named Séítah, is a coarsely crystalline olivine-rich rock, which accumulated at the base of a magma body. Fe-Mg carbonates along grain boundaries indicate reactions with CO2-rich water, under water-poor conditions. Overlying Séítah is a unit informally named Máaz, which we interpret as lava flows or the chemical complement to Séítah in a layered igneous body. Voids in these rocks contain sulfates and perchlorates, likely introduced by later near-surface brine evaporation. Core samples of these rocks were stored aboard Perseverance for potential return to Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Farley
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - K M Stack
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - D L Shuster
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - B H N Horgan
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J A Hurowitz
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - J D Tarnas
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - J I Simon
- Center for Isotope Cosmochemistry and Geochronology, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - V Z Sun
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - E L Scheller
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - K R Moore
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - S M McLennan
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - P M Vasconcelos
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - R C Wiens
- Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - A H Treiman
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - L E Mayhew
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - O Beyssac
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T V Kizovski
- Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - N J Tosca
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - K H Williford
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - L S Crumpler
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM 8710, USA
| | - L W Beegle
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - J F Bell
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - B L Ehlmann
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - J N Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M E Schmidt
- Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - A C Allwood
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - H E F Amundsen
- Center for Space Sensors and Systems, University of Oslo, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - R Bhartia
- Photon Systems Inc., Covina, CA 91725, USA
| | - T Bosak
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A J Brown
- Plancius Research, Severna Park, MD 21146, USA
| | - B C Clark
- Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - A Cousin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etude Spatiale, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - O Forni
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etude Spatiale, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - T S J Gabriel
- Astrogeology Science Center, US Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Y Goreva
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - S Gupta
- Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - S-E Hamran
- Center for Space Sensors and Systems, University of Oslo, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - C D K Herd
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - K Hickman-Lewis
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - J R Johnson
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - L C Kah
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - P B Kelemen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - K B Kinch
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Mandon
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - N Mangold
- Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nantes Université, Université Angers, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - C Quantin-Nataf
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - M S Rice
- Department of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA
| | - P S Russell
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S Sharma
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - S Siljeström
- Department of Methodology, Textiles and Medical Technology, Research Institutes of Sweden, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Steele
- Earth and Planetary Laboratory, Carnegie Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - R Sullivan
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - M Wadhwa
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - B P Weiss
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.,Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A J Williams
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - B V Wogsland
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - P A Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - T A Acosta-Maeda
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - P Beck
- Institut de Planétologie et Astrophysique de Grenoble, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - K Benzerara
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | - S Bernard
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A S Burton
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - E L Cardarelli
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - B Chide
- Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - E Clavé
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université de Bordeaux, 33400 Bordeaux, France
| | - E A Cloutis
- Centre for Terrestrial and Planetary Exploration, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - B A Cohen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - A D Czaja
- Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - V Debaille
- Laboratoire G-Time, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Dehouck
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A G Fairén
- Centro de Astrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, 28850 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - D T Flannery
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - S Z Fleron
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Fouchet
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - J Frydenvang
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B J Garczynski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - E F Gibbons
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada
| | - E M Hausrath
- Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - A G Hayes
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - J Henneke
- National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J L Jørgensen
- National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - E M Kelly
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - J Lasue
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etude Spatiale, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - S Le Mouélic
- Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nantes Université, Université Angers, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - J M Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - S Maurice
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etude Spatiale, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - M Merusi
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P-Y Meslin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etude Spatiale, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - S M Milkovich
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | | | - R C Moeller
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - J I Núñez
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A M Ollila
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
| | - G Paar
- Institute for Information and Communication Technologies, Joanneum Research, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - D A Paige
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - D A K Pedersen
- National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P Pilleri
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etude Spatiale, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - C Pilorget
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - P C Pinet
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etude Spatiale, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - J W Rice
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - C Royer
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | - V Sautter
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Schulte
- Mars Exploration Program, Planetary Science Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - M A Sephton
- Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - S K Sharma
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - S F Sholes
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - N Spanovich
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M St Clair
- Million Concepts, Louisville, KY 40204, USA
| | - C D Tate
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - K Uckert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - S J VanBommel
- McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | - M-P Zorzano
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Williams AJ, Arcelus J, Townsend E, Michail M. Feasibility and acceptability of experience sampling among LGBTQ+ young people with self-harmful thoughts and behaviours. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:916164. [PMID: 36061288 PMCID: PMC9428709 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.916164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was the first to determine whether it was feasible and acceptable to use experience sampling methods (ESM) among LGBTQ+ young people, who had current experiences of self-harm. Sixteen LGBTQ+ young people (16-25 years old) took part in the experience sampling study. This included a baseline assessment, a 7-day ESM assessment (participants were sampled six times a day using a phone app), and the option of an interview at the end of the 7-day ESM assessment. Feasibility data was descriptively analysed, with pilot ESM data presented. Qualitative data was thematically analysed to determine the acceptability (barriers and facilitators) of taking part in this study. Study feasibility was assessed by enrolment rate (55.2%), participant retention across assessment period (100%), ESM app feasibility (87.5%), and good adherence to total number of ESM surveys (67.6%). Individual study adherence ranged between 43 and 95.2%. Study acceptability was assessed by participant interviews. Thematic analysis indicated four superordinate themes; (i) Self-reflection and awareness; (ii) Practicalities of ESM surveys; (iii) Daily timeframes; and (iv) Suggestions for future studies. Pilot ESM data demonstrates that there was fluctuation of depressive and anxiety symptoms within- and between- participants over the course of the study, however, greater sample power is needed for full analysis. This study demonstrated that ESM designs are feasible and acceptable among LGBTQ+ young people with current experiences of self-harm. Pilot data indicated that specific experiences and moods are likely to be important to self-harm. These potentially have a temporal influence on self-harm behaviour or ideation, and therefore should be examined in a fully powered sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Williams
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Self-Harm Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Informatics, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Arcelus
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ellen Townsend
- Self-Harm Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Michail
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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5
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Mangold N, Gupta S, Gasnault O, Dromart G, Tarnas JD, Sholes SF, Horgan B, Quantin-Nataf C, Brown AJ, Le Mouélic S, Yingst RA, Bell JF, Beyssac O, Bosak T, Calef F, Ehlmann BL, Farley KA, Grotzinger JP, Hickman-Lewis K, Holm-Alwmark S, Kah LC, Martinez-Frias J, McLennan SM, Maurice S, Nuñez JI, Ollila AM, Pilleri P, Rice JW, Rice M, Simon JI, Shuster DL, Stack KM, Sun VZ, Treiman AH, Weiss BP, Wiens RC, Williams AJ, Williams NR, Williford KH. Perseverance rover reveals an ancient delta-lake system and flood deposits at Jezero crater, Mars. Science 2021; 374:711-717. [PMID: 34618548 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mangold
- Laboratoire Planétologie et Géodynamique, Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques, Université Nantes, Université Angers, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6112, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - S Gupta
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - O Gasnault
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - G Dromart
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon-Terre Planètes Environnement, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure Lyon, Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - J D Tarnas
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - S F Sholes
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - B Horgan
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - C Quantin-Nataf
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon-Terre Planètes Environnement, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure Lyon, Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A J Brown
- Plancius Research, Severna Park, MD 21146, USA
| | - S Le Mouélic
- Laboratoire Planétologie et Géodynamique, Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques, Université Nantes, Université Angers, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6112, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - R A Yingst
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - J F Bell
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - O Beyssac
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7590, Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoires Naturelles, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Bosak
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - F Calef
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - B L Ehlmann
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - K A Farley
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J P Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - K Hickman-Lewis
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, South Kensington, London SW7 5BD, UK.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - S Holm-Alwmark
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Geology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden.,Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L C Kah
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - J Martinez-Frias
- Instituto de Geociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S M McLennan
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - S Maurice
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - J I Nuñez
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A M Ollila
- Space and Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - P Pilleri
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - J W Rice
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - M Rice
- Geology Department, College of Science and Engineering, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - J I Simon
- Center for Isotope Cosmochemistry and Geochronology, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - D L Shuster
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - K M Stack
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - V Z Sun
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - A H Treiman
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - B P Weiss
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.,Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R C Wiens
- Space and Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - A J Williams
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - N R Williams
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - K H Williford
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.,Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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6
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Sundin EC, Mrowiec A, Bowpitt G, Boatman CA, Williams AJ, Sarkar M, Baguley TS. Feasibility and acceptability of an intervention for enhancing reintegration in adults with experience of homelessness. Eur J Public Health 2020; 30:595-600. [PMID: 31711154 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Service centres for homeless adults are potential settings for implementation of reintegration interventions. This study aimed to evaluate (i) the acceptability of a group-based programme among individuals from the broad population of homeless people and (ii) if a future study of its feasibility and acceptability for re-housed homeless people is warranted. METHODS Recruiting participants and intervention facilitators from partnering service centres was thought to improve recruitment and retention, cost-effectiveness and social interactions compared to professional-led interventions. Seven adults with experience of homelessness (three females, four males, mean age 39 years, range 18-63) were recruited to participate in the intervention. The research protocol comprised completion pre/post of scales [Recovering Quality of Life questionnaire; Working Alliance Inventory-short form revised (WAI-SR)] and focus groups, and WAI-SR and focus groups after sessions 3 and 6. RESULTS The intervention and research protocols were feasible, with all participants engaging in all sessions, completing all scales and attending all focus groups. The quantitative data demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining practically useful measures of relevant outcomes. In the four focus groups, the intervention received very favourable feedback. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated initial feasibility and acceptability of an intervention that places minimal burden on infrastructure and promotes user autonomy. This is an important advance as there is increasing recognition that the challenge of reintegration is as much a psychological and social problem as a housing problem. If effective, this style of intervention may serve as a template for future interventions with similar populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Sundin
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Graham Bowpitt
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - A J Williams
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mustafa Sarkar
- Department of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thom S Baguley
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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7
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Lauteslager T, Kampakis S, Williams AJ, Maslik M, Siddiqui F. 1201 Performance Evaluation Of A Novel Contactless Breathing Monitor And Machine Learning Algorithm For Sleep Stage Classification In A Healthy Population. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Although polysomnography (PSG) remains the gold standard for sleep assessment in a lab setting, non-EEG signals such as respiration and motion are directly affected by sleep stages and can be used for sleep stage prediction. Importantly, these signals can be obtained in a low-cost and unobtrusive manner, allowing for large scale and longitudinal data collection in a home environment. The Circadia C100 System (FDA 510(k) clearance expected Q1 2020) is a novel ‘nearable’ device that uses radar for contactless monitoring of respiration and motion. The current study aims to validate the performance of the associated sleep analysis algorithm.
Methods
A total of 41 nights of sleep data were recorded from 33 healthy participants using the device, alongside PSG. Data were recorded both in a sleep lab and home environment. PSG data were scored by RPSGT-certified technicians. Respiration and movement features were extracted, and machine learning algorithms were developed to perform sleep stage classification and predict sleep metrics. Algorithms were trained and validated on PSG data using cross-validation.
Results
An epoch-by-epoch true positive rate of 56.2%, 79.4%, 55.5% and 72.6% was found for ‘Wake’, ‘REM’, ‘Light’ and ‘Deep’ respectively. No statistical differences in performance were found between home-recorded and lab-recorded contactless data. Mean absolute error of total sleep time (TST), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency (SE) was 13.2 minutes, 11.3 minutes and 3%, respectively. The contactless monitor was found to outperform both medical grade and clinical grade actigraphy based devices: The Philips Actiwatch Spectrum Plus and the Fitbit Alta HR.
Conclusion
Current results are encouraging and suggest that the contactless monitor could be used for long-term sleep assessment and continuous evaluation of sleep therapy outcomes. Further clinical validation work is ongoing in subjects diagnosed with sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea.
Support
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Kampakis
- Circadia Technologies Ltd, London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - A J Williams
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - M Maslik
- Circadia Technologies Ltd, London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - F Siddiqui
- Circadia Technologies Ltd, London, UNITED KINGDOM
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8
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Williams AJ, Barter T, Sharpe RA. Lessons from a publicly funded tier 2 healthy weight programme in Cornwall, UK. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020; 42:e96-e104. [PMID: 31220298 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The UK has one of the highest prevalence rates of obesity worldwide. Public health departments have a duty to provide some obesity treatment and prevention services. With evidence of effective programmes lacking, we investigate lessons learned from a healthy weight programme in Cornwall, UK. METHODS Data from the 12-week multi-component adult healthy weight management programme were obtained for 2012-2016. Descriptive statistics and statistical tests were used to describe participants' demographics, health status and anthropometric measures to explore the enrolment and retention of the programme as well as the impact. RESULTS A total of 1872 adults were referred into the programme. Overall, 646 completed the programme and, 48.8% achieved the programme's aim of a >3% reduction in weight. Those who completed and met the programme aim tended to have had healthier outcomes at baseline. CONCLUSIONS For those who engage with the programme the impact can be meaningful. However, <1% of the population of Cornwall with overweight or obesity enroled in the programme, and those who benefitted most might have been in least need. Providing services that meet the needs of the population is challenging when a variety of services is needed, and the evidence base is poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Williams
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - T Barter
- Wellbeing and Public Health Service, Cornwall Council, Truro TR1 3AY, UK
| | - R A Sharpe
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3HD, UK.,Wellbeing and Public Health Service, Cornwall Council, Truro TR1 3AY, UK
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9
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Abstract
Patients on CAPD often have hyperlipidemia -a known risk factor for morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. We have defined the pharmacokinetic properties of bezafibrate, a new hypolipidemic agent, in CAPD patients. Its serum half-life was prolonged approximately 10 times that of normal subjects, and less than 2% of an oral 200 mg dose appears in the dialysate after 48 hours. If indicated, an appropriate dose for the treatment of hyperlipidemia in the CAPD population would be 200 mg bezafibrate every third day. Cardiovascular disease remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among patients with end stage renal disease (I). Hyperlipidemia, a known risk factor in the normal population, may be involved in the progression of arterial disease in such patients (2). The hyperlipidemia associated with CAPD is related to the absorption of large quantities of glucose during dialysis (3), and attempts to treat the hyperlipidemia by low-dose intraperitoneal insulin (4) and dietary carbohydrate restriction (3), have met with only limited success. Bezafibrate, a new hypolipidemic agent, is effective in reducing elevated serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels in various hyperlipidemic conditions (5). However, because its pharmacokinetic properties are altered in patients with renal impairment (6), it is necessary to adjust the dose to compensate for the significant proportion of the drug that is excreted in the urine. This study was done to define the pharmacokinetics of bezafibrate in patients receiving CAPD in order to establish a safe dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Williams
- Department of Nephrology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, U.K
| | - John Walls
- Department of Nephrology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, U.K
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10
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Williams AJ, Boletis L, Johnson BF, Raftery AT, Cohen GL, Moorhead PJ, Nahas AME, Brown CB. Tenckhoff Catheter Replacement or Intraperitoneal Urokinase: A Randomised Trial in the Management of Recurrent Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) Peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686088900900113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomised trial, comparing Tenckhoff catheter replacement as a one-stage procedure and i.p. urokinase, was undertaken in the management of recurrent continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) peritonitis. In addition to appropriate i.p. antibiotic treatment, 17 patients received i.p. urokinase (5000 i.u.) on the second and fourth days of antibiotic treatment, and 14 patients underwent CAPD catheter replacement. An additional six patients also underwent catheter replacement following the recurrence of peritonitis after urokinase treatment. The subsequent recurrence rate of peritonitis following CAPD catheter replacement (5%) was significantly less than after urokinase (41%) ( p < 0.001). Fourteen patients remained free of peritonitis for at least three months after catheter replacement, and five patients were peritonitis-free following urokinase for this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Williams
- Sheffield Regional Renal Unit, Royal Hallamshire and Northern General Hospitals, Sheffield
| | - Loannis Boletis
- Sheffield Regional Renal Unit, Royal Hallamshire and Northern General Hospitals, Sheffield
| | - Brian F. Johnson
- Sheffield Regional Renal Unit, Royal Hallamshire and Northern General Hospitals, Sheffield
| | - Andrew T. Raftery
- Sheffield Regional Renal Unit, Royal Hallamshire and Northern General Hospitals, Sheffield
| | - Geoffrey L. Cohen
- Sheffield Regional Renal Unit, Royal Hallamshire and Northern General Hospitals, Sheffield
| | - Peter J. Moorhead
- Sheffield Regional Renal Unit, Royal Hallamshire and Northern General Hospitals, Sheffield
| | - A. Meguid El Nahas
- Sheffield Regional Renal Unit, Royal Hallamshire and Northern General Hospitals, Sheffield
| | - Colin B. Brown
- Sheffield Regional Renal Unit, Royal Hallamshire and Northern General Hospitals, Sheffield
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11
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Williams AJ, Sun QQ. Cortical Layer and Spectrotemporal Architecture of Epileptiform Activity in vivo in a Mouse Model of Focal Cortical Malformation. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:2. [PMID: 30723398 PMCID: PMC6349724 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective is to examine the layer and spectrotemporal architecture and laminar distribution of high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in a neonatal freeze lesion model of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) associated with a high prevalence of spontaneous spike-wave discharges (SWDs). Electrophysiological recording of local field potentials (LFPs) in control and freeze lesion animals were obtained with linear micro-electrode arrays to detect presence of HFOs as compared to changes in spectral power, signal coherence, and single-unit distributions during "hyper-excitable" epochs of anesthesia-induced burst-suppression (B-S). Result were compared to HFOs observed during spontaneous SWDs in animals during sleep. Micro-electrode array recordings from the malformed cortex indicated significant increases in the presence of HFOs above 100 Hz and associated increases in spectral power and altered LFP coherence of recorded signals across cortical lamina of freeze-lesioned animals with spontaneous bursts of high-frequency activity, confined predominately to granular and supragranular layers. Spike sorting of well-isolated single-units recorded from freeze-lesioned cortex indicated an increase in putative excitatory cell activity in the outer cortical layers that showed only a weak association with HFOs while deeper inhibitory units were strongly phase-locked to high-frequency ripple (HFR) oscillations (300-800 Hz). Both SWDs and B-S show increases in HFR activity that were phase-locked to the high-frequency spike pattern occurring at the trough of low frequency oscillations. The spontaneous cyclic spiking of cortical inhibitory cells appears to be the driving substrate behind the HFO patterns associated with SWDs and a hyperexcitable supragranular layer near the malformed cortex may play a key role in epileptogenesis in our model. These data, derived from a mouse model with a distinct focal cortical malformation, support recent clinical data that HFOs, particularly fast ripples, is a biomarker to help define the cortical seizure zone, and provide limited insights toward understanding cellular level changes underlying the HFOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Williams
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Qian-Quan Sun
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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12
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Sarkar R, Ravanan R, Williams AJ, Birch PA, Banks RA. Restoration of Acutely Thrombosed Arterio-Venous Fistulae by rTPA and Percutaneous Angioplasty. J Vasc Access 2018; 2:150-3. [PMID: 17638279 DOI: 10.1177/112972980100200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute thrombosis in native arterio-venous fistulae (AVF) results in considerable patient morbidity. Interventional radiology (IR) comprising thrombolysis and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is well established in the management of thrombosed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts. However its role in thrombosed AVF is uncertain. We looked retrospectively at the role of IR in re-establishing blood flow in acutely thrombosed AVF. Between 1992–2000, 21 episodes of acutely thrombosed AVF in 15 patients (9 females; age range 29–80yrs) were referred for intervention. All fistulae were being used for haemodialysis at the time. Diagnosis was established by angiography and thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) was attempted in all patients. Discrete stenoses when present (n=12) were then treated with PTA and resistant or recurrent stenoses were managed by stent insertion (n=3). Patients were then heparinised for 24 hours. Technical success as defined by radiological patency was achieved in 86% cases. Clinical success i.e. the ability to reuse of the fistula for haemodialysis was achieved in 62% of the interventions, where patency rates at 3 and 6 months were 92% and 69% respectively. Five patients had recurrence of thrombosis >3 months after the primary procedure, 3 had successful re-intervention. Minor local bleeding was the only complication. Our retrospective study shows rTPA and PTA is successful in the management of acutely thrombosed AVF. We advocate the routine use of IR as a valuable technique for prolonging the life of native AVF in patients on maintenance haemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sarkar
- Departments of Renal Medicine, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- I O Ebrahim
- Department of Psychiatry, Lane Fox Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
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14
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Williams AJ, Zhou C, Sun QQ. Enhanced Burst-Suppression and Disruption of Local Field Potential Synchrony in a Mouse Model of Focal Cortical Dysplasia Exhibiting Spike-Wave Seizures. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:93. [PMID: 27891080 PMCID: PMC5102891 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are a common cause of brain seizures and are often associated with intractable epilepsy. Here we evaluated aberrant brain neurophysiology in an in vivo mouse model of FCD induced by neonatal freeze lesions (FLs) to the right cortical hemisphere (near S1). Linear multi-electrode arrays were used to record extracellular potentials from cortical and subcortical brain regions near the FL in anesthetized mice (5–13 months old) followed by 24 h cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Results indicated that FL animals exhibit a high prevalence of spontaneous spike-wave discharges (SWDs), predominately during sleep (EEG), and an increase in the incidence of hyper-excitable burst/suppression activity under general anesthesia (extracellular recordings, 0.5%–3.0% isoflurane). Brief periods of burst activity in the local field potential (LFP) typically presented as an arrhythmic pattern of increased theta-alpha spectral peaks (4–12 Hz) on a background of low-amplitude delta activity (1–4 Hz), were associated with an increase in spontaneous spiking of cortical neurons, and were highly synchronized in control animals across recording sites in both cortical and subcortical layers (average cross-correlation values ranging from +0.73 to +1.0) with minimal phase shift between electrodes. However, in FL animals, cortical vs. subcortical burst activity was strongly out of phase with significantly lower cross-correlation values compared to controls (average values of −0.1 to +0.5, P < 0.05 between groups). In particular, a marked reduction in the level of synchronous burst activity was observed, the closer the recording electrodes were to the malformation (Pearson’s Correlation = 0.525, P < 0.05). In a subset of FL animals (3/9), burst activity also included a spike or spike-wave pattern similar to the SWDs observed in unanesthetized animals. In summary, neonatal FLs increased the hyperexcitable pattern of burst activity induced by anesthesia and disrupted field potential synchrony between cortical and subcortical brain regions near the site of the cortical malformation. Monitoring the altered electrophysiology of burst activity under general anesthesia with multi-dimensional micro-electrode arrays may serve to define distinct neurophysiological biomarkers of epileptogenesis in human brain and improve techniques for surgical resection of epileptogenic malformed brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Williams
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Qian-Quan Sun
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming Laramie, WY, USA
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15
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Mansouri K, Grulke CM, Richard AM, Judson RS, Williams AJ. An automated curation procedure for addressing chemical errors and inconsistencies in public datasets used in QSAR modelling. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2016; 27:939-965. [PMID: 27885862 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2016.1253611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing availability of large collections of chemical structures and associated experimental data provides an opportunity to build robust QSAR models for applications in different fields. One common concern is the quality of both the chemical structure information and associated experimental data. Here we describe the development of an automated KNIME workflow to curate and correct errors in the structure and identity of chemicals using the publicly available PHYSPROP physicochemical properties and environmental fate datasets. The workflow first assembles structure-identity pairs using up to four provided chemical identifiers, including chemical name, CASRNs, SMILES, and MolBlock. Problems detected included errors and mismatches in chemical structure formats, identifiers and various structure validation issues, including hypervalency and stereochemistry descriptions. Subsequently, a machine learning procedure was applied to evaluate the impact of this curation process. The performance of QSAR models built on only the highest-quality subset of the original dataset was compared with the larger curated and corrected dataset. The latter showed statistically improved predictive performance. The final workflow was used to curate the full list of PHYSPROP datasets, and is being made publicly available for further usage and integration by the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mansouri
- a Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) , Oak Ridge , TN , USA
- b US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development , National Center for Computational Toxicology , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - C M Grulke
- b US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development , National Center for Computational Toxicology , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - A M Richard
- b US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development , National Center for Computational Toxicology , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - R S Judson
- b US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development , National Center for Computational Toxicology , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - A J Williams
- b US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development , National Center for Computational Toxicology , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
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16
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Doi L, Williams AJ, Frank J. Growth trajectories and their associated risk factors among children in Scotland. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw174.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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17
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Ao Z, Shah SH, Machlin LM, Parajuli R, Miller PC, Rawal S, Williams AJ, Cote RJ, Lippman ME, Datar RH, El-Ashry D. Identification of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Circulating Blood from Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4681-7. [PMID: 26471358 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is facilitated by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) in the tumor microenvironment through mechanisms yet to be elucidated. In this study, we used a size-based microfilter technology developed by our group to examine whether circulating CAF identified by FAP and α-SMA co-expression (cCAF) could be distinguished in the peripheral blood of patients with metastatic breast cancer. In a pilot study of patients with breast cancer, we detected the presence of cCAFs in 30/34 (88%) patients with metastatic disease (MET group) and in 3/13 (23%) patients with localized breast cancer (LOC group) with long-term disease-free survival. No cCAFs as defined were detected in healthy donors. Further, both cCAF and circulating tumor cells (CTC) were significantly greater in the MET group compared with the LOC group. Thus, the presence of cCAF was associated with clinical metastasis, suggesting that cCAF may complement CTC as a clinically relevant biomarker in metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ao
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Sanket H Shah
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Ritesh Parajuli
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Siddarth Rawal
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Anthony J Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Richard J Cote
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida. Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Marc E Lippman
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
| | - Ram H Datar
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida. Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
| | - Dorraya El-Ashry
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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Williams AJ, Wallis E, Orkin C. HIV research trials versus standard clinics for antiretroviral-naïve patients: the outcomes differ but do the patients? Int J STD AIDS 2015; 27:537-42. [PMID: 25999167 DOI: 10.1177/0956462415586905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exclusion criteria for HIV treatment-naïve drug trials can be stringent and selection bias exists, making it difficult to extrapolate results into the 'real world' clinical situation. We aim to compare the demographics, virological outcomes and psychosocial complexity in adult HIV-infected treatment-naïve patients from our cohort initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in research trials versus standard clinics. In our unit from 2006 to 2011, 1202 standard clinic and 69 research trial patients initiated cART; every eighth standard clinics patient was included to create a standard clinics:research trials patient ratio of 2:1. Notes were retrospectively reviewed for patient demographics, attendance rates and virological outcomes. Data from 221 antiretroviral-naïve patients starting cART were analysed: 152 standard clinic patients and 69 from research trials. In the research trials group, there was an overrepresentation of men (p = 0.041), men who have sex with men (p < 0.001), patients of white ethnicity (p = 0.01), employed patients (p = 0.01) and patients using excessive alcohol (p = 0.02). There was equal representation of drug use, depression and referral to psychology, psychiatry and social work in both groups. The research trials group at baseline had significantly higher CD4 counts (p < 0.001), lower viral loads (p = 0.01) and more patients achieved undetectable viral loads at three (p < 0.001), six (p < 0.001) and 24 months (p = 0.033). There is a prevailing common preconception that participants in clinical trials are uncomplicated, unlike their 'real-life' counterparts. We demonstrated important similarities in psychosocial complexity as well as differences in demographics and virological outcomes in trial and non-trial patients. Clinicians need to be aware of these discrepancies to ensure the facilitation of a heterogeneous population participating in research trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Williams
- Department of Infection and Immunity, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - E Wallis
- Department of Infection and Immunity, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - C Orkin
- Department of Infection and Immunity, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- J Walls
- Department of Nephrology, Leicester General Hospital, UK
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Zhou MD, Hao S, Williams AJ, Harouaka RA, Schrand B, Rawal S, Ao Z, Brennaman R, Gilboa E, Lu B, Wang S, Zhu J, Datar R, Cote R, Tai YC, Zheng SY. Separable bilayer microfiltration device for viable label-free enrichment of circulating tumour cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7392. [PMID: 25487434 PMCID: PMC4260227 DOI: 10.1038/srep07392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in cancer patients could provide important information for therapeutic management. Enrichment of viable CTCs could permit performance of functional analyses on CTCs to broaden understanding of metastatic disease. However, this has not been widely accomplished. Addressing this challenge, we present a separable bilayer (SB) microfilter for viable size-based CTC capture. Unlike other single-layer CTC microfilters, the precise gap between the two layers and the architecture of pore alignment result in drastic reduction in mechanical stress on CTCs, capturing them viably. Using multiple cancer cell lines spiked in healthy donor blood, the SB microfilter demonstrated high capture efficiency (78-83%), high retention of cell viability (71-74%), high tumour cell enrichment against leukocytes (1.7-2 × 10(3)), and widespread ability to establish cultures post-capture (100% of cell lines tested). In a metastatic mouse model, SB microfilters successfully enriched viable mouse CTCs from 0.4-0.6 mL whole mouse blood samples and established in vitro cultures for further genetic and functional analysis. Our preliminary studies reflect the efficacy of the SB microfilter device to efficiently and reliably enrich viable CTCs in animal model studies, constituting an exciting technology for new insights in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Da Zhou
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
| | - Sijie Hao
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
| | - Anthony J. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Ramdane A. Harouaka
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
| | - Brett Schrand
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Siddarth Rawal
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Zheng Ao
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Randall Brennaman
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Eli Gilboa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Bo Lu
- Caltech Micromachining Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MC 136-93, Pasadena, CA 91125, U.S.A.
| | - Shuwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA 99210, U.S.A
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA 99210, U.S.A
| | - Ram Datar
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Richard Cote
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Yu-Chong Tai
- Caltech Micromachining Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MC 136-93, Pasadena, CA 91125, U.S.A.
| | - Si-Yang Zheng
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
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Troczka BJ, Williams AJ, Bass C, Williamson MS, Field LM, Davies TGE. Molecular cloning, characterisation and mRNA expression of the ryanodine receptor from the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae. Gene 2014; 556:106-12. [PMID: 25447916 PMCID: PMC4309888 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae, is one of the most important agricultural pests of temperate climates. It is mainly controlled through the judicious application of insecticides; however, over time, aphids have developed resistance to many insecticidal classes. The recent introduction of synthetic diamide insecticides, with a novel mode of action, potentially offers new tools to control aphid populations. These diamides act on the ryanodine receptor (RyR), a large endoplasmic calcium release channel. In this study we have cloned cDNAs encoding the complete open reading frame of the RyR from M. persicae. The open reading frame is 15,306 base pairs long and encodes a protein of 5101 amino acids. The aphid RyR shares many of the features of other insect and vertebrate RyRs, including a highly conserved transmembrane region. However, unlike the other RyRs characterised to date, the M. persicae channel does not display alternative splicing at any stage of its developmental cycle, so it cannot generate functional variants of the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Troczka
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - A J Williams
- Institute of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - C Bass
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - M S Williamson
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - L M Field
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - T G E Davies
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Viero C, Euden J, Mason SA, Seidel MK, Thomas NL, Zissimopoulos S, Williams AJ. P373Two key regions of the human cardiac ryanodine receptor calcium release channel modulate its gating properties in a dual manner. Cardiovasc Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu091.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Perovskite and related Ruddlesden-Popper type transition metal oxides synthesised at high pressures and temperatures during the last decade are reviewed. More than 60 such new materials have been reported since 1995. Important developments have included perovskites with complex cation orderings on A and B sites, multiferroic bismuth-based perovskites, and new manganites showing colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) and charge ordering properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Rodgers
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Williams
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - J. Paul Attfield
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
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24
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Carter AB, Russ GR, Tobin AJ, Williams AJ, Davies CR, Mapstone BD. Spatial variation in the effects of size and age on reproductive dynamics of common coral trout Plectropomus leopardus. J Fish Biol 2014; 84:1074-1098. [PMID: 24641275 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of size and age on reproductive dynamics of common coral trout Plectropomus leopardus populations were compared between coral reefs open or closed (no-take marine reserves) to fishing and among four geographic regions of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. The specific reproductive metrics investigated were the sex ratio, the proportion of vitellogenic females and the spawning fraction of local populations. Sex ratios became increasingly male biased with length and age, as expected for a protogyne, but were more male biased in southern regions of the GBR (Mackay and Storm Cay) than in northern regions (Lizard Island and Townsville) across all lengths and ages. The proportion of vitellogenic females also increased with length and age. Female P. leopardus were capable of daily spawning during the spawning season, but on average spawned every 4·3 days. Mature females spawned most frequently on Townsville reserve reefs (every 2·3 days) and Lizard Island fished reefs (every 3·2 days). Females on Mackay reefs open to fishing showed no evidence of spawning over 4 years of sampling, while females on reserve reefs spawned only once every 2-3 months. No effect of length on spawning frequency was detected. Spawning frequency increased with age on Lizard Island fished reefs, declined with age on Storm Cay fished reefs, and declined with age on reserve reefs in all regions. It is hypothesized that the variation in P. leopardus sex ratios and spawning frequency among GBR regions is primarily driven by water temperature, while no-take management zones influence spawning frequency depending on the region in which the reserve is located. Male bias and lack of spawning activity on southern GBR, where densities of adult P. leopardus are highest, suggest that recruits may be supplied from central or northern GBR. Significant regional variation in reproductive traits suggests that a regional approach to management of P. leopardus is appropriate and highlights the need for considering spatial variation in reproduction where reserves are used as fishery or conservation management tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Carter
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia; School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia
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25
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Birkhahn M, Mitra AP, Williams AJ, Barr NJ, Skinner EC, Stein JP, Skinner DG, Tai YC, Datar RH, Cote RJ. A novel precision-engineered microfiltration device for capture and characterisation of bladder cancer cells in urine. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3159-68. [PMID: 23849827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitivity of standard urine cytology for detecting urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is low, attributable largely to its inability to process entire samples, paucicellularity and presence of background cells. OBJECTIVE Evaluate performance and practical applicability of a novel portable microfiltration device for capture, enumeration and characterisation of exfoliated tumour cells in urine, and compare it with standard urine cytology for UCB detection. METHODS A total of 54 urine and bladder wash samples from patients undergoing surveillance for UCB were prospectively evaluated by standard and microfilter-based urine cytology. Head-to-head comparison of quality and performance metrics, and cost effectiveness was conducted for both methodologies. RESULTS Five samples were paucicellular by standard cytology; no samples processed by microfilter cytology were paucicellular. Standard cytology had 33.3% more samples with background cells that limited evaluation (p<0.001). Microfilter cytology was more concordant (κ=50.4%) than standard cytology (κ=33.5%) with true UCB diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were higher for microfilter cytology compared to standard cytology (53.3%/100%/79.2% versus 40%/95.8%/69.9%, respectively). Microfilter-captured cells were amenable to downstream on-chip molecular analyses. A 40 ml sample was processed in under 4 min by microfilter cytology compared to 5.5 min by standard cytology. Median microfilter cytology processing and set-up costs were approximately 63% cheaper and 80 times lower than standard cytology, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The microfiltration device represents a novel non-invasive UCB detection system that is economical, rapid, versatile and has potentially better quality and performance metrics than routine urine cytology, the current standard-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Birkhahn
- Urologie am Ring, Kaiser Wilhelm Ring 36, Cologne, Germany
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26
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Burns CC, Shaw J, Jorba J, Bukbuk D, Adu F, Gumede N, Pate MA, Abanida EA, Gasasira A, Iber J, Chen Q, Vincent A, Chenoweth P, Henderson E, Wannemuehler K, Naeem A, Umami RN, Nishimura Y, Shimizu H, Baba M, Adeniji A, Williams AJ, Kilpatrick DR, Oberste MS, Wassilak SG, Tomori O, Pallansch MA, Kew O. Multiple independent emergences of type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses during a large outbreak in northern Nigeria. J Virol 2013; 87:4907-22. [PMID: 23408630 PMCID: PMC3624331 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02954-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, a large poliomyelitis outbreak associated with type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) has occurred in northern Nigeria, where immunization coverage with trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV) has been low. Phylogenetic analysis of P1/capsid region sequences of isolates from each of the 403 cases reported in 2005 to 2011 resolved the outbreak into 23 independent type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV2) emergences, at least 7 of which established circulating lineage groups. Virus from one emergence (lineage group 2005-8; 361 isolates) was estimated to have circulated for over 6 years. The population of the major cVDPV2 lineage group expanded rapidly in early 2009, fell sharply after two tOPV rounds in mid-2009, and gradually expanded again through 2011. The two major determinants of attenuation of the Sabin 2 oral poliovirus vaccine strain (A481 in the 5'-untranslated region [5'-UTR] and VP1-Ile143) had been replaced in all VDPV2 isolates; most A481 5'-UTR replacements occurred by recombination with other enteroviruses. cVDPV2 isolates representing different lineage groups had biological properties indistinguishable from those of wild polioviruses, including efficient growth in neuron-derived HEK293 cells, the capacity to cause paralytic disease in both humans and PVR-Tg21 transgenic mice, loss of the temperature-sensitive phenotype, and the capacity for sustained person-to-person transmission. We estimate from the poliomyelitis case count and the paralytic case-to-infection ratio for type 2 wild poliovirus infections that ∼700,000 cVDPV2 infections have occurred during the outbreak. The detection of multiple concurrent cVDPV2 outbreaks in northern Nigeria highlights the risks of cVDPV emergence accompanying tOPV use at low rates of coverage in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara C Burns
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Farley JH, Williams AJ, Clear NP, Davies CR, Nicol SJ. Age estimation and validation for South Pacific albacore Thunnus alalunga. J Fish Biol 2013; 82:1523-1544. [PMID: 23639152 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Validated estimates of age are presented for albacore Thunnus alalunga, sampled from a large part of the south-western Pacific Ocean, based on counts of annual opaque growth zones from transverse sections of otoliths. Counts of daily increments were used to estimate the location of the first opaque growth zone, which was completed before the first assumed birthday. The periodicity of opaque zones was estimated by marginal increment analysis and an oxytetracycline mark-recapture experiment. Both validation methods indicated that opaque zones formed over the austral summer and were completed by autumn to winter (April to August). The direct comparison of age estimates obtained from otoliths and dorsal-fin spines of the same fish indicated bias, which was assumed to be due to poor increment clarity and resorption of early growth zones in spines, resulting in imprecise age estimates. As such, age estimates from otoliths are considered to be more accurate than those from spines for T. alalunga. This is consistent with results for a growing number of tropical and temperate tuna Thunnini species. It is recommend that validated counts of annual growth zones from sectioned otoliths is used as the preferred method for estimating age-based parameters for assessment and management advice for these important stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Farley
- Wealth from Oceans Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, 7001 Tasmania, Australia.
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28
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Currey LM, Williams AJ, Mapstone BD, Davies CR, Carlos G, Welch DJ, Simpfendorfer CA, Ballagh AC, Penny AL, Grandcourt EM, Mapleston A, Wiebkin AS, Bean K. Comparative biology of tropical Lethrinus species (Lethrinidae): challenges for multi-species management. J Fish Biol 2013; 82:764-788. [PMID: 23464543 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Life-history characteristics of six tropical Lethrinus species sampled from the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area were compared. Two species groups were identified based on fork length (LF ): large species with maximum LF > 640 mm (longface emperor Lethrinus olivaceus, yellowlip emperor Lethrinus xanthochilus and spangled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus) and small species with maximum LF < 480 mm (Pacific yellowtail emperor Lethrinus atkinsoni, pink ear emperor Lethrinus lentjan and ornate emperor Lethrinus ornatus). Lifespan was not correlated with LF . Early growth for all species was rapid and similar during the first few years of life, but coefficients of the von Bertalanffy growth function varied considerably among species. Growth also differed between sexes for L. atkinsoni. Reproductive characteristics varied among species, with peak periods of spawning occurring in November to December for L. atkinsoni, July to August for L. nebulous, September to October for L. olivaceus and a protracted season for L. lentjan, although fewer samples were available for the last two species. Sex-specific LF and age distributions and gonad histology of L. lentjan were suggestive of a functional protogynous reproductive pattern, as observed in other lethrinids. Gonad histology indicated non-functional protogynous hermaphroditism for L. atkinsoni and L. nebulosus. The diversity of life histories among these closely related species emphasizes the difficulty in devising single management strategies appropriate for multi-species fisheries and illustrates the importance of understanding species-specific life histories to infer responses to exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Currey
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture & School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Qld 4811, Australia.
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Williams AJ, Fuzessery ZM. Multiple mechanisms shape FM sweep rate selectivity: complementary or redundant? Front Neural Circuits 2012; 6:54. [PMID: 22912604 PMCID: PMC3421451 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2012.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the pallid bat have highly rate selective responses to downward frequency modulated (FM) sweeps attributable to the spectrotemporal pattern of their echolocation call (a brief FM pulse). Several mechanisms are known to shape FM rate selectivity within the pallid bat IC. Here we explore how two mechanisms, stimulus duration and high-frequency inhibition (HFI), can interact to shape FM rate selectivity within the same neuron. Results from extracellular recordings indicated that a derived duration-rate function (based on tonal response) was highly predictive of the shape of the FM rate response. Longpass duration selectivity for tones was predictive of slowpass rate selectivity for FM sweeps, both of which required long stimulus durations and remained intact following iontophoretic blockade of inhibitory input. Bandpass duration selectivity for tones, sensitive to only a narrow range of tone durations, was predictive of bandpass rate selectivity for FM sweeps. Conversion of the tone duration response from bandpass to longpass after blocking inhibition was coincident with a change in FM rate selectivity from bandpass to slowpass indicating an active inhibitory component to the formation of bandpass selectivity. Independent of the effect of duration tuning on FM rate selectivity, the presence of HFI acted as a fastpass FM rate filter by suppressing slow FM sweep rates. In cases where both mechanisms were present, both had to be eliminated, by removing inhibition, before bandpass FM rate selectivity was affected. It is unknown why the auditory system utilizes multiple mechanisms capable of shaping identical forms of FM rate selectivity though it may represent distinct but convergent modes of neural signaling directed at shaping response selectivity for important biologically relevant sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Williams
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming Laramie, WY, USA
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Williams AJ, Fuzessery ZM. Differential roles of GABAergic and glycinergic input on FM selectivity in the inferior colliculus of the pallid bat. J Neurophysiol 2011; 106:2523-35. [PMID: 21775712 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00569.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms have been shown to shape frequency-modulated (FM) selectivity within the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) in the pallid bat. In this study we focus on the mechanisms associated with sideband inhibition. The relative arrival time of inhibition compared with excitation can be used to predict FM responses as measured with a two-tone inhibition paradigm. An early-arriving low-frequency inhibition (LFI) prevents responses to upward sweeps and thus shapes direction selectivity. A late-arriving high-frequency inhibition (HFI) suppresses slow FM sweeps and thus shapes rate selectivity for downward sweeps. Iontophoretic application of gabazine (GBZ) to block GABA(A) receptors or strychnine (Strych) to block glycine receptors was used to assess the effects of removal of inhibition on each form of FM selectivity. GBZ and Strych had a similar effect on FM direction selectivity, reducing selectivity in up to 86% of neurons when both drugs were coapplied. FM rate selectivity was more resistant to drug application with less than 38% of neurons affected. In addition, only Strych could eliminate FM rate selectivity, whereas GBZ alone was ineffective. The loss of FM selectivity was directly correlated to a loss of the respective inhibitory sideband that shapes that form of selectivity. The elimination of LFI correlated to a loss of FM direction selectivity, whereas elimination of HFI correlated to a loss of FM rate selectivity. Results indicate that 1) although the majority of FM direction selectivity is created within the IC, the majority of rate selectivity is inherited from lower levels of the auditory system, 2) a loss of LFI corresponds to a loss of FM direction selectivity and is created through either GABAergic or glycinergic input, and 3) a loss of HFI corresponds to a loss of FM rate selectivity and is created mainly through glycinergic input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Williams
- Dept. of Zoology and Physiology, Univ. of Wyoming, 1000 E. Univ. Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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Werkheiser JL, Sydserff S, Hubbs SJ, Ding M, Eisman MS, Perry D, Williams AJ, Smith JS, Mrzljak L, Maier DL. Ultra-low exposure to α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonists elicits an improvement in cognition that corresponds with an increase in α-7 receptor expression in rodents: implications for low dose clinical efficacy. Neuroscience 2011; 186:76-87. [PMID: 21550383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Αlpha-7 neuronal nicotinic receptors (NNRs) are considered targets for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. AZD0328 is an alpha-7 NNR partial agonist that enhances cognition in rodents and nonhuman primates at sub-microgram to microgram doses. We hypothesized that increased expression of the alpha-7 receptor contributes to this beneficial activity at low doses and tested this by examining the effect of AZD0328 using in vivo and ex vivo binding, RT-PCR and cognitive function in rodents. AZD0328 (0.00178 mg/kg) was subcutaneously administered to mice 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours prior to testing in novel object recognition and produced a significant increase in cognition at 4, 24 and 48 h post-dosing. In vivo binding was examined in rat brain using [(3)H]AZ11637326 and there was a dose-dependent reduction in receptor binding at higher doses of AZD0328 (0.001-3 mg/kg), and a second alpha-7 partial agonist, SSR180711 (0.01-30 mg/kg). Lower doses of both compounds (0.0001 mg/kg) produced a significant increase in binding of [(3)H]AZ11637326. Ex vivo binding using [(125)I]-α-bungarotoxin, showed a significant increase in receptor number (B(max.)) in the frontal cortex or hippocampus with no significant effect on receptor affinity (K(d)) 2 h post administration of AZD0328. [(3)H]AZ11637326 administered 1.5 h following AZD0328 produced a significant increase in specific binding in rat brain regions. We found that the effect on receptor number was long-lasting, with [(125)I]-α-bungarotoxin binding increased in rats given AZD0328 for 2-48 h, but this was not accompanied by increased mRNA synthesis. SSR180711 produced a similar increase in B(max.) and specific binding with no effect on K(d). Therefore, trace dose of alpha-7 partial agonists has rapid onset and produces a profound, sustained effect on novel object recognition in mice that corresponds by dose to an increase in receptor number in rat brain. These findings provide an explanation for the acute and sustained benefit of alpha-7 receptor activation in working memory in nonhuman primates and guidance for drug development initiatives and treatment regimens for nicotinic partial agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Werkheiser
- Neuroscience Biology, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE 19850, USA
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Wassilak S, Pate MA, Wannemuehler K, Jenks J, Burns C, Chenoweth P, Abanida EA, Adu F, Baba M, Gasasira A, Iber J, Mkanda P, Williams AJ, Shaw J, Pallansch M, Kew O. Outbreak of type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in Nigeria: emergence and widespread circulation in an underimmunized population. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:898-909. [PMID: 21402542 PMCID: PMC3068031 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild poliovirus has remained endemic in northern Nigeria because of low coverage achieved in the routine immunization program and in supplementary immunization activities (SIAs). An outbreak of infection involving 315 cases of type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2; >1% divergent from Sabin 2) occurred during July 2005-June 2010, a period when 23 of 34 SIAs used monovalent or bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) lacking Sabin 2. In addition, 21 "pre-VDPV2" (0.5%-1.0% divergent) cases occurred during this period. Both cVDPV and pre-VDPV cases were clinically indistinguishable from cases due to wild poliovirus. The monthly incidence of cases increased sharply in early 2009, as more children aged without trivalent OPV SIAs. Cumulative state incidence of pre-VDPV2/cVDPV2 was correlated with low childhood immunization against poliovirus type 2 assessed by various means. Strengthened routine immunization programs in countries with suboptimal coverage and balanced use of OPV formulations in SIAs are necessary to minimize risks of VDPV emergence and circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Wassilak
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Vinall AJ, Williams AJ, Currie VE, Van Esch A, Huyskens D. Practical guidelines for routine intensity-modulated radiotherapy verification: pre-treatment verification with portal dosimetry and treatment verification with in vivo dosimetry. Br J Radiol 2010; 83:949-57. [PMID: 20965905 PMCID: PMC3473728 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/31573847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to provide guidelines for the routine use of portal dosimetry and in vivo diode measurements to verify intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatments. To achieve tolerance levels that are sensitive enough to intercept problems, both the portal dosimetry and the in vivo procedure must be optimised. Portal dosimetry was improved by the introduction of an optimised two-dimensional (2D) profile correction, which also accounted for the effect of backscatter from the R-arm. The scaled score, indicating the fraction of points not meeting the desired gamma evaluation criteria within the field opening, was determined as the parameter of interest. Using gamma criteria of a 3% dose difference and 3 mm distance to agreement, a "scaled score" threshold value of 1.5% was chosen to indicate excessive tongue and groove and other problems. The pre-treatment portal dosimetry quality assurance (QA) does not encompass verification of the patient dose calculation or position, and so it is complemented by in vivo diode measurements. Diode positioning is crucial in IMRT, and so we describe a method for diode positioning at any suitable point. We achieved 95% of IMRT field measurements within ±5% and 99% within ±8%, with improved accuracy being achieved over time owing to better positioning. Although the careful preparation and setup of the diode measurements can be time-consuming, this is compensated for by the time efficiency of the optimised procedure. Both methods are now easily absorbed into the routine work of the department.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Vinall
- Radiotherapy Physics Department, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich UK.
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Lin HK, Zheng S, Williams AJ, Balic M, Groshen S, Scher HI, Fleisher M, Stadler W, Datar RH, Tai YC, Cote RJ. Portable filter-based microdevice for detection and characterization of circulating tumor cells. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:5011-8. [PMID: 20876796 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sensitive detection and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTC) could revolutionize the approach to patients with early-stage and metastatic cancer. The current methodologies have significant limitations, including limited capture efficiency and ability to characterize captured cells. Here, we report the development of a novel parylene membrane filter-based portable microdevice for size-based isolation with high recovery rate and direct on-chip characterization of captured CTC from human peripheral blood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We evaluated the sensitivity and efficiency of CTC capture in a model system using blood samples from healthy donors spiked with tumor cell lines. Fifty-nine model system samples were tested to determine the recovery rate of the microdevice. Moreover, 10 model system samples and 57 blood samples from cancer patients were subjected to both membrane microfilter device and CellSearch platform enumeration for direct comparison. RESULTS Using the model system, the microdevice achieved >90% recovery with probability of 95% recovering at least one cell when five are seeded in 7.5 mL of blood. CTCs were identified in 51 of 57 patients using the microdevice, compared with only 26 patients with the CellSearch method. When CTCs were detected by both methods, greater numbers were recovered by the microfilter device in all but five patients. CONCLUSIONS This filter-based microdevice is both a capture and analysis platform, capable of multiplexed imaging and genetic analysis. The microdevice presented here has the potential to enable routine CTC analysis in the clinical setting for the effective management of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry K Lin
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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Williams AJ, Fuzessery ZM. Facilitatory mechanisms shape selectivity for the rate and direction of FM sweeps in the inferior colliculus of the pallid bat. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:1456-71. [PMID: 20631213 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00598.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The inferior colliculus (IC) of the pallid bat has a large percentage of neurons that respond selectively to the rate and direction of the bat's echolocation pulse, a downward FM sweep. Three underlying mechanisms have been previously described. Here we describe a fourth mechanism, facilitation, that shapes selectivity for both sweep rate and direction. The neurons studied are termed FM specialists, because they do not respond to tones. Most were selective for the downward sweep direction, and this preference was expressed even when presented with narrowband, 1 kHz sweeps that crossed only a fraction of their excitatory receptive fields. This selectivity was also expressed in response to two tones delayed in time, termed two-tone facilitation (TTF). Direction-selective neurons showed a greatly facilitated response when a higher-frequency tone preceded a lower-frequency tone, simulating conditions in a downward sweep. The degree of temporal asymmetry in facilitation accurately predicted direction selectivity. When the spectral difference between the two tones was increased, the best delay also increased and could be used to predict a neuron's preferred sweep rate. To determine whether TTF alone created rate and direction selectivity, low- and high-frequency inhibitory sidebands, which can also shape selectivity, were eliminated from sweeps. In most cases, selectivity persisted. These results support the idea of spectral delay lines that produce an overlap and summation of excitatory inputs only when a dynamic stimulus traverses a receptive field in one direction at a specific velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Williams
- Dept. of Zoology and Physiology, Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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Fuzessery ZM, Razak KA, Williams AJ. Multiple mechanisms shape selectivity for FM sweep rate and direction in the pallid bat inferior colliculus and auditory cortex. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2010; 197:615-23. [PMID: 20596868 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-010-0554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The inferior colliculus and auditory cortex of the pallid bat contain a large percentage of neurons that are highly selective for the direction and rate of the downward frequency modulated (FM) sweep of the bat's echolocation pulse. Approximately 25% of neurons tuned to the echolocation pulse respond exclusively to downward FM sweeps. This review focuses on the finding that this selectivity is generated by multiple mechanisms that may act alone or in concert. In the inferior colliculus, selectivity for sweep rate is shaped by at least three mechanisms: shortpass or bandpass tuning for signal duration, delayed high-frequency inhibition that prevents responses to slow sweep rates, and asymmetrical facilitation that occurs only when two tones are presented at appropriate delays. When acting alone, the three mechanisms can produce essentially identical rate selectivity. Direction selectivity can be produced by two mechanisms: an early low-frequency inhibition that prevents responses to upward sweeps, and the same asymmetrical two-tone inhibition that shapes rate tuning. All mechanisms except duration tuning are also present in the auditory cortex. Discussion centers on whether these mechanisms are redundant or complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan M Fuzessery
- Department 3166, Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Williams AJ, Tkachenko V, Golotvin S, Kidd R, McCann G. ChemSpider - building a foundation for the semantic web by hosting a crowd sourced databasing platform for chemistry. J Cheminform 2010. [PMCID: PMC2867124 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2946-2-s1-o16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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38
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Owen JC, Moore FR, Williams AJ, Ward MP, Beveroth TA, Miller EA, Wilson LC, Morley VJ, Abbey-Lee RN, Veeneman BA, DeRussy BM, McWhorter MS, Garvin MC. Test of recrudescence hypothesis for overwintering of West Nile virus in gray catbirds. J Med Entomol 2010; 47:451-457. [PMID: 20496593 DOI: 10.1603/me09035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus is a pathogen of concern for both human and wildlife health. Although many aspects of the ecology of West Nile virus are well understood, the mechanisms by which this and similar mosquito-borne viruses overwinter and become reinitiated each spring in temperate regions is not known. A thorough understanding of this mechanism is crucial to risk assessment and development of control strategies. One of the hypotheses to explain the mechanism by which this virus persists from year to year is the spring recrudescence of latent virus in avian reservoir hosts. Stress-related immunosuppression is implicated in the recrudescence of latent viruses in birds. We tested the spring recrudescence hypothesis in a controlled laboratory experiment using hatching-year gray catbirds (Dumatella carolinensis) captured in northern Ohio (July-August 2006). Catbirds (n = 60) were experimentally infected (September 2006) and later examined for the effects of immunosuppression through exogenous hormones and artificially induced migratory disposition. We found no effect of either testosterone or migratory behavior on infection status in any of the treatment birds. Moreover, we detected no viral RNA in the kidney, spleen, brain, or liver upon necropsy at 24 wk postinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Owen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Groves ND, Humphreys HW, Williams AJ, Jones A. Effect of informational internet web pages on patients' decision-making: randomised controlled trial regarding choice of spinal or general anaesthesia for orthopaedic surgery. Anaesthesia 2010; 65:277-82. [PMID: 20336817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study explored whether patients' preference for particular types of anaesthesia could be influenced pre-operatively by giving them the addresses of various relevant websites. Patients at an orthopaedic pre-assessment education clinic completed a questionnaire, which included a short multiple-choice general knowledge quiz about anaesthesia, and also questioned them as to their choice of anaesthesia (general or neuraxial). Patients were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. Intervention group members were given the addresses of three relevant anaesthesia and health related websites to access at home. All patients were asked to complete the questionnaires on a second occasion, before surgery. Initially, most patients stated a preference for general anaesthesia. Subsequently, the intervention group altered their preference towards neuraxial anaesthesia compared to the control group (p < or = 0.0001). The increase in median (IQR [range]) anaesthesia knowledge test score was greater in the intervention group (from 10.0 (9.0-12.0 [5.0-14.0]) to 13.0 (11.0-14.0 [6.0-14.0])) than in the control group (from 10.0 (9.0-11.5 [3.0-13.0]) to 11.0 (9.0-12.0 [4.0-14.0]); p = 0.0068).
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Groves
- University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, UK.
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Jarad NA, Sequeiros IM, Hester K, Callaway M, Williams AJ, Sund Z, Powell T, Wong FS. The size of the spleen by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cystic fibrosis; with and without diabetes--a novel observational study. QJM 2010; 103:237-42. [PMID: 20139101 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcp193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be a useful tool to evaluate the volume of the pancreas. There is currently no information about the size of the spleen in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We investigated 51 adult volunteers: 28 pancreatic insufficient CF patients [13 with CF-related diabetes (CFRD) and 15 non-diabetic] and 23 male non-CF patients [12 with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and 11 healthy control subjects]. Patients with known liver cirrhosis or portal hypertension were excluded. The size of the spleen was measured in all subjects by an investigator unaware of patients' clinical status. For comparison of spleen size in the four study groups only male CF patients were included. For CF patients, spleen size was compared with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)), body mass index (BMI), total number of days of intravenous (IV) antibiotic treatment for pulmonary exacerbations in year previous to study, levels of circulating white blood cells, glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and exocrine function of the pancreas, as assessed by daily requirement of oral lipase. RESULTS Amongst the four study groups, spleen size was greatest in the male non-diabetic CF patients (P = 0.01). For CF patients, spleen size was greater in male compared to female patients (P = 0.012). For patients with CFRD, there was an inverse correlation between the spleen size and HbA1c (r = -0.59, P = 0.04) and the daily intake of supplementary lipase (r = -0.63, P = 0.02). The size of the spleen in patients with CFRD, but not in CF patients without CFRD, inversely correlated with the days of IV antibiotic treatment received in the year previous to the study (r = -0.67, P = 0.012). There was no correlation between spleen size and BMI, FEV1 and white blood cell counts in any group. CONCLUSION On MRI, the spleen size was greatest in male non-diabetic CF patients in comparison with other groups. The size of the spleen in CFRD patients was smaller when diabetes was poorly controlled, when exocrine pancreatic function was greatly impaired and in those with greater need for IV antibiotics in the year prior to the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Jarad
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK.
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Hor YS, Williams AJ, Checkelsky JG, Roushan P, Seo J, Xu Q, Zandbergen HW, Yazdani A, Ong NP, Cava RJ. Superconductivity in CuxBi2Se3 and its implications for pairing in the undoped topological insulator. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:057001. [PMID: 20366785 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.057001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bi2Se3 is one of a handful of known topological insulators. Here we show that copper intercalation in the van der Waals gaps between the Bi2Se3 layers, yielding an electron concentration of approximately 2x10{20} cm{-3}, results in superconductivity at 3.8 K in CuxBi2Se3 for 0.12<or=x<or=0.15. This demonstrates that Cooper pairing is possible in Bi2Se3 at accessible temperatures, with implications for studying the physics of topological insulators and potential devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Hor
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Williams AJ, Davies CR, Mapstone BD, Currey LM, Welch DJ, Begg GA, Ballagh AC, Choat JH, Murchie CD, Simpfendorfer CA. Age-based demography of humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis: implications for fisheries management and conservation. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2009. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Birkhahn M, Mitra AP, Williams AJ, Lam G, Ye W, Datar RH, Balic M, Groshen S, Steven KE, Cote RJ. Predicting recurrence and progression of noninvasive papillary bladder cancer at initial presentation based on quantitative gene expression profiles. Eur Urol 2009; 57:12-20. [PMID: 19762144 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, tumor grade is the best predictor of outcome at first presentation of noninvasive papillary (Ta) bladder cancer. However, reliable predictors of Ta tumor recurrence and progression for individual patients, which could optimize treatment and follow-up schedules based on specific tumor biology, are yet to be identified. OBJECTIVE To identify genes predictive for recurrence and progression in Ta bladder cancer at first presentation using a quantitative, pathway-specific approach. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective study of patients with Ta G2/3 bladder tumors at initial presentation with three distinct clinical outcomes: absence of recurrence (n=16), recurrence without progression (n=16), and progression to carcinoma in situ or invasive disease (n=16). MEASUREMENTS Expressions of 24 genes that feature in relevant pathways that are deregulated in bladder cancer were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction on tumor biopsies from the patients at initial presentation. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS CCND3 (p=0.003) and HRAS (p=0.01) were predictive for recurrence by univariate analysis. In a multivariable model based on CCND3 expression, sensitivity and specificity for recurrence were 97% and 63%, respectively. HRAS (p<0.001), E2F1 (p=0.017), BIRC5/Survivin (p=0.038), and VEGFR2 (p=0.047) were predictive for progression by univariate analysis. Multivariable analysis based on HRAS, VEGFR2, and VEGF identified progression with 81% sensitivity and 94% specificity. Since this is a small retrospective study using medium-throughput profiling, larger confirmatory studies are needed. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression profiling across relevant cancer pathways appears to be a promising approach for Ta bladder tumor outcome prediction at initial diagnosis. These results could help differentiate between patients who need aggressive versus expectant management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Birkhahn
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Carter AB, Williams AJ, Russ GR. Increased accuracy of batch fecundity estimates using oocyte stage ratios in Plectropomus leopardus. J Fish Biol 2009; 75:716-722. [PMID: 20738569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Using the ratio of the number of migratory nuclei to hydrated oocytes to estimate batch fecundity of common coral trout Plectropomus leopardus increases the time over which samples can be collected and, therefore, increases the sample size available and reduces biases in batch fecundity estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Carter
- Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
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Yao C, Williams AJ, Ottens AK, Lu XCM, Liu MC, Hayes RL, Wang KK, Tortella FC, Dave JR. P43/pro-EMAPII: a potential biomarker for discriminating traumatic versus ischemic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:1295-305. [PMID: 19317603 PMCID: PMC2850301 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain additional insights into the pathogenic cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying different types of brain injury (e.g., trauma versus ischemia), recently attention has focused on the discovery and study of protein biomarkers. In previous studies, using a high-throughput immunoblotting (HTPI) technique, we reported changes in 29 out of 998 proteins following acute injuries to the rat brain (penetrating traumatic versus focal ischemic). Importantly, we discovered that one protein, endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II precursor (p43/pro-EMAPII), was differentially expressed between these two types of brain injury. Among other functions, p43/pro-EMAPII is a known pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the progression of apoptotic cell death. Our current objective was to verify the changes in p43/pro-EMAPII expression, and to evaluate the potentially important implications that the differential regulation of this protein has on injury development. At multiple time points following either a penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI), or a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) brain injury, tissue samples (6-72 h), CSF samples (24 h), and blood samples (24 h) were collected from rats for analysis. Changes in protein expression were assessed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Our results indicated that p43/pro-EMAPII was significantly increased in brain tissues, CSF, and plasma following PBBI, but decreased after MCAo injury compared to their respective sham control samples. This differential expression of p43/pro-EMAPII may be a useful injury-specific biomarker associated with the underlying pathologies of traumatic versus ischemic brain injury, and provide valuable information for directing injury-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Yao
- Department of Applied Neurobiology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Anthony J. Williams
- Department of Applied Neurobiology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Andrew K. Ottens
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - X.-C. May Lu
- Department of Applied Neurobiology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ming Cheng Liu
- Center of Innovative Research, Banyan Biomarkers Inc., Alachua, Florida
| | - Ronald L. Hayes
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Center of Innovative Research, Banyan Biomarkers Inc., Alachua, Florida
| | - Kevin K. Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Center of Innovative Research, Banyan Biomarkers Inc., Alachua, Florida
| | - Frank C. Tortella
- Department of Applied Neurobiology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jitendra R. Dave
- Department of Applied Neurobiology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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McQueen TM, Williams AJ, Stephens PW, Tao J, Zhu Y, Ksenofontov V, Casper F, Felser C, Cava RJ. Tetragonal-to-orthorhombic structural phase transition at 90 K in the superconductor Fe(1.01)Se. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:057002. [PMID: 19792526 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.057002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter we show that superconducting Fe(1.01)Se undergoes a structural transition at 90 K from a tetragonal to an orthorhombic phase but that nonsuperconducting Fe(1.03)Se does not. High resolution electron microscopy at low temperatures further reveals an unexpected additional modulation of the crystal structure of the superconducting phase that involves displacements of the Fe atoms, and that the nonsuperconducting composition shows a different, complex nanometer-scale structural modulation. Finally, we show that magnetism is not the driving force for the phase transition in the superconducting phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M McQueen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton New Jersey 08544, USA
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Abstract
Iron selenide, Fe(1.01)Se, the layered parent compound of the recently discovered superconducting arsenide family, has previously been shown to be non-magnetic and superconducting with a critical temperature of 8 K. Here we show that copper can be substituted at the iron site in Fe(1.01)Se up to a solubility limit of 20-30%, after which a first-order transition to the three-dimensional CuFeSe(2) structure type is observed. As little as 1.5% copper is sufficient to suppress the superconductivity, and 4% drives the system through a metal-insulator transition. A local magnetic moment is introduced, which maximizes near 12% doping, where a spin-glass transition near 15 K is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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48
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Shear DA, Williams AJ, Sharrow K, Lu XCM, Tortella FC. Neuroprotective profile of dextromethorphan in an experimental model of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 94:56-62. [PMID: 19619574 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dextromethorphan (DM) has been well-characterized as a neuroprotective agent in experimental models of CNS injury. The goal of this study was to determine the neuroprotective profile of DM in a military-relevant model of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI). In an acute (3 day) dose-response study, anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a unilateral frontal PBBI with DM (0.156-10 mg/kg) or vehicle delivered as an i.v. bolus from 30 min to 48 h post-injury. In a follow-up (7 day) experiment, the 10-mg/kg bolus injections of DM were administered in conjunction with a 6-h infusion (5 mg/kg/h). DM bolus injections alone produced a dose-dependent improvement in motor recovery on a balance beam task at 3 days post-injury. However, more rapid recovery (24 h) was observed on this task when the bolus injections were combined with the 6-h infusion. Moreover, the DM bolus/infusion treatment regimen resulted in a significant (76%) improvement in cognitive performance in a novel object recognition (NOR) task at 7 days post-injury. Although post-injury administration of DM (all doses) failed to reduce core lesion size, the maximum dose of DM (10 mg/kg) was effective in reducing silver-stained axonal fiber degeneration in the cortical regions adjacent to the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Shear
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Department of Applied Neurobiology, Silver Spring, MD 21045, USA.
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Yao C, Williams AJ, Ottens AK, May Lu XC, Chen R, Wang KK, Hayes RL, Tortella FC, Dave JR. Detection of protein biomarkers using high-throughput immunoblotting following focal ischemic or penetrating ballistic-like brain injuries in rats. Brain Inj 2009; 22:723-32. [PMID: 18720098 DOI: 10.1080/02699050802304706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Recent efforts have been aimed at developing a panel of protein biomarkers for the diagnosis/prognosis of the neurological damage associated with acute brain injury. METHODS AND PROCEDURES This study utilized high-throughput immunoblotting (HTPI) technology to compare changes between two animal models of acute brain injury: penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) which mimics the injury created by a gunshot wound and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) which is a model of stroke. Brain and blood were collected at 24-hours post-injury. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS This study identified the changes in 18 proteins following PBBI and 17 proteins following MCAo out of a total of 998 screened proteins. Distinct differences were observed between the two models: five proteins were up- or down-regulated in both models, 23 proteins changed in only one model and one protein was differentially expressed. Western blots were used to verify HTPI results for selected proteins with measurable changes observed in both blood and brain for the proteins STAT3, Tau, PKA RII beta, 14-3-3 epsilon and p43/EMAPII. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest distinct post-injury protein profiles between brain injury types (traumatic vs. ischemic) that will facilitate strategies aimed at the differential diagnosis and prognosis of acute brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Yao
- Department of Applied Neurobiology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Yao C, Williams AJ, Ottens A, Lu XCM, Liu MC, Hayes RL, Wang KK, Tortella FC, Dave JR. P43/pro-EMAP-II: A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER FOR DISCRIMINATING TRAUMATIC VERSUS ISCHEMIC BRAIN INJURY. J Neurotrauma 2009. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008-0811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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