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Xiang X, Li Q, Wan J, Chen C, Guo M, He Z, Wang D, Zhao X, Xu L. The role of amino acid metabolism in autoimmune hepatitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116452. [PMID: 38503235 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an inflammatory chronic liver disease with persistent and recurrent immune-mediated liver injury. The exact cause of AIH is still not fully understood, but it is believed to be primarily due to an abnormal activation of the immune system, leading to autoimmune injury caused by the breakdown of autoimmune tolerance. Although the pathogenesis of AIH remains unclear, recent studies have shown that abnormalities in amino acid metabolism play significant roles in its development. These abnormalities in amino acid metabolism can lead to remodeling of metabolic processes, activation of signaling pathways, and immune responses, which may present new opportunities for clinical intervention in AIH. In this paper, we first briefly outline the recent progress of clinically relevant research on AIH, focusing on the role of specific amino acid metabolism (including glutamine, cysteine, tryptophan, branched-chain amino acids, etc.) and their associated metabolites, as well as related pathways, in the development of AIH. Furthermore, we discuss the scientific issues that remain to be resolved regarding amino acid metabolism, AIH development and related clinical interventions, with the aim of contributing to the future development of amino acid metabolism-based as a new target for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Xiang
- Nanshan Class, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China; Guizhou Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Qihong Li
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jiajia Wan
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zhixu He
- Innovation Center for Tissue Damage Repair, Ministry of Education, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Donghong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China.
| | - Xu Zhao
- Medical College of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Lin Xu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy, Zunyi 563000, China; Innovation Center for Tissue Damage Repair, Ministry of Education, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China.
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Zhang ML, Zhao X, Li WX, Wang XY, Niu M, Zhang H, Chen YL, Kong DX, Gao Y, Guo YM, Bai ZF, Zhao YL, Tang JF, Xiao XH. Yin/Yang associated differential responses to Psoralea corylifolia Linn. In rat models: an integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics study. Chin Med 2023; 18:102. [PMID: 37592331 PMCID: PMC10433582 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Psoralea corylifolia Linn. (BGZ) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of kidney-yang deficiency syndrome (Yangsyn) with good curative effect and security. However, BGZ was also reported to induce liver injury in recent years. According to TCM theory, taking BGZ may induce a series of adverse reactions in patients with kidney-yin deficiency syndrome (Yinsyn), which suggests that BGZ-induced liver damage may be related to its unreasonable clinical use. AIM OF THE STUDY Liver injury caused by TCM is a rare but potentially serious adverse drug reaction, and the identification of predisposed individuals for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains challenging. The study aimed to investigate the differential responses to BGZ in Yangsyn and Yinsyn rat models and identify the corresponding characteristic biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The corresponding animal models of Yangsyn and Yinsyn were induced by hydrocortisone and thyroxine + reserpine respectively. Body weight, organ index, serum biochemistry, and Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining were used to evaluate the liver toxicity effect of BGZ on rats with Yangsyn and Yinsyn. Transcriptomics and metabonomics were used to screen the representative biomarkers (including metabolites and differentially expressed genes (DEGs)) changed by BGZ in Yangsyn and Yinsyn rats, respectively. RESULTS The level changes of liver organ index, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), suggested that BGZ has liver-protective and liver-damaging effects on Yangsyn and Yinsyn rats, respectively, and the results also were confirmed by the pathological changes of liver tissue. The results showed that 102 DEGs and 27 metabolites were significantly regulated related to BGZ's protective effect on Yangsyn, which is mainly associated with the glycerophospholipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, pantothenate, and coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis pathways. While 28 DEGs and 31 metabolites, related to the pathway of pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, were significantly regulated for the BGZ-induced liver injury in Yinsyn. Furthermore, 4 DEGs (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member B1 (Aldh1b1), solute carrier family 25 member 25 (Slc25a25), Pim-3 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (Pim3), out at first homolog (Oaf)) and 4 metabolites (phosphatidate, phosphatidylcholine, N-Acetylleucine, biliverdin) in the Yangsyn group and 1 DEG [galectin 5 (Lgals5)] and 1 metabolite (5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate) in Yinsyn group were significantly correlated to the ALT and AST levels of BGZ treated and untreated groups (receiver operating characteristic (ROC) ≥ 0.9). CONCLUSIONS Yinsyn and Yangsyn are the predisposed syndromes for BGZ to exert liver damage and liver protection respectively, which are mainly related to the regulation of amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. The results further suggest that attention should be paid to the selection of predisposed populations when using drugs related to the regulation of energy metabolism, and the Yinsyn/Yangsyn animal models based on the theory of TCM syndromes may be a feasible method for identifying the susceptible population to receive TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Zhang
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Clinical Evaluation Technology of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Xia Li
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Clinical Evaluation Technology of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Clinical Evaluation Technology of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Niu
- Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Clinical Evaluation Technology of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Long Chen
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - De-Xin Kong
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Clinical Evaluation Technology of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ming Guo
- Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Fang Bai
- Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Jin-Fa Tang
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Clinical Evaluation Technology of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Xiao C, Toldrá F, Zhao M, Zhou F, Luo D, Jia R, Mora L. In vitro and in silico analysis of potential antioxidant peptides obtained from chicken hydrolysate produced using Alcalase. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Soloviev V, Hassan ANE, Akatov V, Lezhnev E, Ghaffar TYA, Ghaffar YA. A Novel Bioartificial Liver Containing Small Tissue Fragments: Efficiency in the Treatment of Acute Hepatic Failure Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 26:735-42. [PMID: 14521171 DOI: 10.1177/039139880302600806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of a new bioartificial liver (BAL) containing small tissue fragments in the treatment of acute hepatic failure induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats was evaluated. A day after injection (i.p.) of CCl4 the animals were connected to a BAL containing liver fragments (fragment BAL) and a BAL containing no liver fragments (no-fragment BAL), and extracorporeal hemoperfusion was carried out for 4 h. The activities of alanine transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase as well as the concentrations of ammonia, glucose, urea, and amino acids in plasma were measured. A tendency to the stabilisation of ammonia, glucose, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and other amino acids was revealed at the end of hemoperfusion in poisoned rats connected to the fragment BAL. A statistically significant difference in survival between the animals connected to the fragment BAL and no-fragment BAL was found. The results obtained indicate that the bioreactor containing small liver fragments is effective in the treatment of acute hepatic failure in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Soloviev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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5
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Zhang CE, Niu M, Li Q, Zhao YL, Ma ZJ, Xiong Y, Dong XP, Li RY, Feng WW, Dong Q, Ma X, Zhu Y, Zou ZS, Cao JL, Wang JB, Xiao XH. Urine metabolomics study on the liver injury in rats induced by raw and processed Polygonum multiflorum integrated with pattern recognition and pathways analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:299-306. [PMID: 27620661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygonum multiflorum L. is a famous traditional Chinese medicine that has always been perceived to be safe. Recently, the increasing case reports on hepatotoxicity induced by Raw P. multiflorum (RP) have attracted particular attention. However, the diagnosis and identification of RP-induced hepatotoxicity are still very difficult for its unknown mechanism and the lack of specific biomarkers. AIM OF THE STUDY To further explore the toxicity and metabolic mechanisms involved in the hepatotoxicity induced by RP. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hepatotoxicity induced by RP and its processed products (PP) (dosed at 20g/kg for 4 weeks) on rats were investigated using conventional approaches including the biochemical analysis and histopathological observations. Further, a urinary metabolomic approach was developed to study the metabolic disturbances caused by RP and PP, followed by the pattern recognition approach and pathways analysis. RESULTS RP showed obvious hepatotoxity whereas PP did not. 16 potential biomarkers (pyridoxamine, 4-pyridoxic acid, citrate et al.) differentially expressed in RP group were identified compared with the control and PP-treated groups. The pathways analysis showed that vitamin B6 metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and citrate cycle might be the major enriched pathways involved in the hepatotoxicity of the herb. CONCLUSION 16 differentially expressed metabolites were identified to be involved in the RP-induced hepatotoxicity. Vitamin B6 metabolism might be mostly related to the hepatotoxicity induced by RP. This finding may provide a potential therapeutic target or option to treat hepatotoxicity induced by RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-En Zhang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ming Niu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jie Ma
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yin Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Rui-Yu Li
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wu-Wen Feng
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qing Dong
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiao Ma
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Integrative Medical Center, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Zou
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Non-infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun-Ling Cao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
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Ohta Y, Sahashi D, Sasaki E, Ishiguro I. Alleviation of carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver injury and related dysfunction by L-tryptophan in rats. Ann Clin Biochem 1999; 36 ( Pt 4):504-10. [PMID: 10456214 DOI: 10.1177/000456329903600415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether L-tryptophan (Trp) alleviates carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chronic liver injury and related dysfunction. Fifty rats were classified into four groups: the first (15 rats) served as the control; the second (10 rats) received subcutaneous injections of CCl4 (1.0 mL/kg) twice weekly for 8 weeks; the third (15 rats) received daily intraperitoneal injections of Trp (50 mg/kg) for 2 weeks after 6 weeks of CCl4 treatment; the fourth (10 rats) received both treatments. The activities of serum transaminases and the content of liver total hydroxyproline increased after 6 and 8 weeks of CCl4 treatment. The concentrations of serum albumin and liver protein and the in vitro activity of liver protein synthesis fell after 8 weeks of the treatment. Trp administration alleviated all these changes. At 6 and 8 weeks of CCl4 treatment the serum triglyceride concentration fell, whereas the liver triglyceride and lipid peroxide concentrations were elevated. Trp administration hardly affected these changes. These results indicate that Trp alleviates CCl4-induced chronic liver injury possibly by maintaining the activity of protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
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7
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Abstract
This review covers the historical developments of the consideration that tryptophan may influence the induction of cancer in experimental studies. Studies relating to stimulatory effects, as well as to inhibitory effects, of tryptophan or tryptophan-related compounds are described. Also the effects of pyrolysis products of tryptophan on carcinogenesis are covered. In consideration that new L-tryptophan-related contaminants may be involved in a recently described human disease, a description is given of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, which has been attributed to the ingestion of L-tryptophan-containing related contaminants. Whether these new L-tryptophan-related contaminants alone or together with L-tryptophan may prove to be carcinogenic remains to be determined. Lastly, recent developments relating to regulatory effects of L-tryptophan on liver metabolism are reviewed and then considered as possibly playing a role in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sidransky
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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8
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Muriel P, Mourelle M. Prevention by silymarin of membrane alterations in acute CCl4 liver damage. J Appl Toxicol 1990; 10:275-9. [PMID: 1975258 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2550100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of silymarin on liver lipid peroxidation and membrane lipid alterations induced by an acute dose of CCl4 was studied. Four groups of animals were treated with CCl4, CCl4 + silymarin, silymarin and its vehicles. CCl4 was given orally (0.4 g 100 g-1 body wt.) and silymarin was administered i.p. All animals were sacrificed 24 h after the treatments. Liver lipid peroxidation was measured and plasma membranes were isolated. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) were measured in plasma membranes. Membrane lipids were extracted and then analysed by thin-layer chromatography by measuring the phosphorus of the phospholipids in each spot. Liver lipid peroxidation was increased about three times in the group receiving CCl4 only. Silymarin cotreatment prevented this increase. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PEA) decreased, while phosphatidylinositol (PI) increased in the plasma membranes isolated from the CCl4-treated group. Animals that received CCl4 + silymarin showed no decrease in PEA content. A partial prevention of the decrease in phosphatidylinositol content was also observed in plasma membranes of animals treated with silymarin in addition to CCl4. CCl4 decreased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) membrane activities. Silymarin cotreatment prevented the AP (completely) and the GGTP (partially) falls caused by CCl4. Silymarin by itself increased AP membrane activity. A significant relationship between the membrane content of phosphatidylethanolamine (PEA) and the AP activity was observed in plasma membranes of treated animals and in normal liver membranes enriched with PEA. These results indicate that silymarin can protect against the alterations induced by CCl4 on the liver plasma membrane through its antioxidant properties by modifying the plasma membrane phospholipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Muriel
- Departamento de Farmacologia y Toxicología, Centro de Investigación yde Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, D.F
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9
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Sidransky H, Verney E, Kurl RN. Effect of feeding a choline-deficient diet on the hepatic nuclear response to tryptophan in the rat. Exp Mol Pathol 1989; 51:68-79. [PMID: 2475366 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(89)90008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In earlier studies the acute administration of tryptophan (TRP) to rats was reported to induce enhanced in vivo [14C]orotate-labeled hepatic nuclear RNA release in vitro. This change was considered to possibly be related to the induction of more and larger gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci in the livers of rats treated with diethylnitrosamine and fed long-term elevated TRP in a choline-supplemented (CS) but not in a choline-deficient (CD) diet (comparisons with respective controls). In this study we investigated whether feeding a CD compared to a CS diet for 1 week would affect selected hepatic nuclear responses to TRP. Rats fed the CS but not the CD diet and tube-fed TRP 10 min before being killed revealed enhanced labeled hepatic nuclear RNA release in vitro. In all experiments, comparisons were made with the control groups (rats fed the CS or stock diet). When rats were fed elevated TRP (2%) in the diets (CS or CD) for 1 week, labeled hepatic nuclear RNA release was increased with the CS + TRP but not with the CD + TRP diet group. [3H]TRP binding to hepatic nuclei in vitro revealed no change in the CS + TRP group, decreased in the CD group, and markedly increased in the CD + TRP group in comparison with the control (CS) group. Hepatic nuclear nucleoside triphosphatase activity was increased only in the CS + TRP group while hepatic nuclear poly(A) polymerase activity was increased in the CS + TRP and in the CD +/- TRP groups. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were decreased in the CD group and increased to control levels in the CD + TRP group.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sidransky
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20037
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10
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Abstract
The efficacy of silymarin treatment in preventing biochemical and histological alterations in CCL4-induced liver cirrhosis in rats was studied. Four groups of rats were treated with: (1) CCL4; (2) mineral oil; (3) CCL4 + silymarin; and (4) silymarin. All animals were sacrificed 72 h after the end of treatments. The activities of alkaline phosphatase (alk. phosp.), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and bilirubin content were determined in serum. Na+, K+-ATPase and Ca++-ATPase activities were measured in isolated plasma membranes. Lipoperoxidation, triglycerides (TG), and glycogen contents were also measured in liver homogenates. Liver cirrhosis was evidenced by significant increases in liver collagen, lipoperoxidation, serum activities of alk. phosp., GGTP, GPT, G6Pase, bilirubin content, and liver TG. Activities of ATPases determined in plasma membranes were significantly reduced, as was liver glycogen content. Silymarin cotreatment (50 mg/kg b.wt) completely prevented all the changes observed in CCL4-cirrhotic rats, except for liver collagen content which was reduced only 30% as compared to CCL4-cirrhotic rats. Silymarin protection can be attributed to the agent's antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mourelle
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Cinvestav-I.P.N., Mexico
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de Ferreyra EC, Villarruel MC, Fernández G, de Fenos OM, Bernacchi AS, de Castro CR, Castro JA. Further studies on the mechanism of the late protective effects of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver necrosis. Exp Mol Pathol 1989; 50:253-69. [PMID: 2540023 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(89)90036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) administration to rats (100 mg/kg, ip in olive oil) as late as 6 or 10 hr after CCl4 (1 ml/kg, ip as a 20% v/v solution in olive oil) can partially prevent the necrogenic response to the hepatotoxin at 24 hr. Here we confirm that observation by electron microscopy and provide further evidence that only in these circumstances were nuclear clumping of chromatin, slight dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum, myelin figures and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, large numbers of lysosomes and peroxisomes, glycogen, and slightly swollen mitochondria observable in the protected animals. A very minor part of the late protective effects of PMSF might be due to the effects of this drug on decreasing the intensity of covalent binding of CCl4-reactive metabolites or the intensity of CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation still occurring 6 or 10 hr after CCl4. PMSF administration did not prevent CCl4-induced decreases in cytochrome P450 content or glucose-6-phosphatase activity but partially prevented CCl4-induced calcium accumulation in liver. PMSF treatment increased glutathione and glycogen content in CCl4-poisoned animals, but did not markedly modify protein/phospholipid synthesis or degradation processes. Results suggest that the late protective effects of PMSF administration in CCl4-induced liver necrosis might be due to a favorable modulation of the calcium-calmodulin system similar to that previously described for other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C de Ferreyra
- Centro de Investigaciones Toxicológicas (CEITOX), CITEFA/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Sidransky H, Verney E, Kurl RN, Razavi T. Effect of tryptophan on toxic cirrhosis induced by intermittent carbon tetrachloride intoxication in the rat. Exp Mol Pathol 1988; 49:102-10. [PMID: 3396662 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(88)90024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the administration of tryptophan on toxic cirrhosis induced by intermittent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxication in the rat were investigated. Rats received CCl4 (0.45 ml/100 g body wt ip) twice weekly for 10-14 weeks. Tryptophan (30 mg/100 g body wt) by stomach tube was administered 1 hr before killing. Tryptophan improved hepatic polyribosomal aggregation and [14C]leucine incorporation into protein in vitro of control rats as well as long-term CCl4-treated rats that had developed toxic cirrhosis. However, the effects were more marked in control than in experimental rats. Tryptophan administration induced an increase in labeled nuclear RNA release in vitro and a decrease in labeled tryptophan binding to nuclear protein in vitro of livers of rats receiving long-term CCl4 and of control rats. The results indicate that the stimulatory effects of a single administration of tryptophan in toxic cirrhotic livers are similar to, but somewhat less than, those which occur in livers of normal, control rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sidransky
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University Medical-Center, Washington, DC 20037
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13
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Wang D, Verney E, Kurl RN, Sidransky H. Effect of tryptophan on isolated hepatocytes of rats. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1987; 53:125-32. [PMID: 2887059 DOI: 10.1007/bf02890234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The addition of tryptophan to adult rat hepatocyte cultures stimulated DNA synthesis. The increase in DNA synthesis as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA was observed on treatment of the cultures with tryptophan for 48 h but also as short as for 6 h in comparison with control cultures. An increase was also apparent at 30 h which was maintained for up to 48 h post treatment with tryptophan. The increase in DNA synthesis by tryptophan cannot be attributed to cell injury or to increased DNA degradation. Of the degradative enzymes added after harvesting the hepatocytes, only DNase decreased incorporation of 3H-thymidine. The observed effect was specific for tryptophan since treatment with kynurenine, isoleucine, methionine or serine failed to show a significant effect. Pretreatment of cultured hepatocytes with hydroxyurea prevented the tryptophan stimulated increase in DNA synthesis suggesting that the latter was due to replicative and not to reparative DNA synthesis. Experiments performed with the addition of diethylnitrosamine also alluded to tryptophan's role in replicative DNA synthesis. The mechanism of tryptophan-induced DNA synthesis is discussed.
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14
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Shertzer HG, Niemi MP, Reitman FA, Berger ML, Myers BL, Tabor MW. Protection against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity by pretreatment with indole-3-carbinol. Exp Mol Pathol 1987; 46:180-9. [PMID: 3556531 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(87)90064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of administering indole-3-carbinol (I-3-C) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity were examined. Mice received by gavage 0-150 mg I-3-C/kg body wt in methanol-extracted corn oil, followed 1 h later by 15 microliters CCl4/kg body wt in corn oil. Animals were sacrificed 24 h after receiving CCl4. Pretreatment with I-3-C reduced the degree of centrolobular necrosis, as observed histologically. Additionally, CCl4-mediated elevated serum enzymes were reduced by I-3-C. Although I-3-C induced elevated levels of cytochrome P-450 and associated mixed-function oxidase activity, the CCl4 depression of these parameters was not clearly reversed by I-3-C. However, CCl4 produced decreases in hepatic levels of glutathione (GSH), total reducing equivalents, and protein sulfhydryls, all of which were restored to control levels by I-3-C. Using mouse liver microsomes in an NADPH-fortified reaction mixture, I-3-C inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, CCl4-initiated lipid peroxidation, with 50% inhibition at 35-40 microM I-3-C. When mice were treated by gavage with 50 mg [14C]I-3-C/kg body wt, concentrations of radiolabel in the liver were greater than 100 microM after 1 hr. This was five times the level of radioactivity measured in blood and three times the concentration of I-3-C necessary for 50% inhibition of CCl4-mediated lipid peroxidation in vitro. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that I-3-C intervenes in CCl4-mediated hepatic necrosis by combining with reactive free radical metabolites of CCl4, thereby protecting critical cellular target sites.
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