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Atherosclerotic Lesion of the Carotid Artery in Indonesian Cynomolgus Monkeys Receiving a Locally Sourced Atherogenic Diet. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030105. [PMID: 35324833 PMCID: PMC8954025 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The atherosclerotic lesion is a principal hallmark of atherosclerotic animal models. This study aimed to assess lesions of the carotid artery in Indonesian cynomolgus monkeys exposed to an IPB-1 atherogenic diet. A total of 20 adult male cynomolgus monkeys received the local IPB-1 diet for two years. Blood lipid profiles, morphology, and carotid ultrasound of monkeys were measured. Nine of them were euthanized to confirm atherosclerotic lesions. Common carotid arteries (CCA) and carotid bifurcation (BIF) samples were collected and stained using Verhoef-van Giessen and CD68 immunohistochemistry. The results reveal the presence of severe atherosclerosis plaques in six out of nine animals (66.7%) corresponding to intermediately and hyper-responsive groups. The hyper-responsive group displayed the highest response in the developing intimal area (IA) at the CCA (0.821 mm2), whereas the hyporesponsive group had the smallest IA (0.045 mm2) (p = 0.0001). At the BIF, the hyporesponsive group showed the smallest IA (p = 0.001), but there was no difference between the intermediately and hyper-responsive groups (p = 0.312). The macrophage marker CD68 was also expressed on the cartotid of the intermediately and hyper-responsive groups. These results indicate that severe atherosclerotic lesions with high infiltration of macrophages were formed in the carotid arteries of intermediately and hyper-responsive Indonesian cynomolgus monkeys fed with the local atherogenic diet IPB-1 over two years, thus confirming atherosclerosis in a nonhuman primate model.
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2
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Di Cataldo V, Debatisse J, Piraquive J, Géloën A, Grandin C, Verset M, Taborik F, Labaronne E, Loizon E, Millon A, Mury P, Pialoux V, Serusclat A, Lamberton F, Ibarrola D, Lavenne F, Le Bars D, Troalen T, Confais J, Crola Da Silva C, Mechtouff L, Contamin H, Fayad ZA, Canet-Soulas E. Cortical inflammation and brain signs of high-risk atherosclerosis in a non-human primate model. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab064. [PMID: 33937770 PMCID: PMC8063585 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease, inducing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular acute events. A role of neuroinflammation is suspected, but not yet investigated in the gyrencephalic brain and the related activity at blood−brain interfaces is unknown. A non-human primate model of advanced atherosclerosis was first established using longitudinal blood samples, multimodal imaging and gene analysis in aged animals. Non-human primate carotid lesions were compared with human carotid endarterectomy samples. During the whole-body imaging session, imaging of neuroinflammation and choroid plexus function was performed. Advanced plaques were present in multiple sites, premature deaths occurred and downstream lesions (myocardial fibrosis, lacunar stroke) were present in this model. Vascular lesions were similar to in humans: high plaque activity on PET and MRI imaging and systemic inflammation (high plasma C-reactive protein levels: 42 ± 14 µg/ml). We also found the same gene association (metabolic, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers) as in patients with similar histological features. Metabolic imaging localized abnormal brain glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex. It corresponded to cortical neuro-inflammation (PET imaging) that correlated with C-reactive protein level. Multimodal imaging also revealed pronounced choroid plexus function impairment in aging atherosclerotic non-human primates. In conclusion, multimodal whole-body inflammation exploration at the vascular level and blood−brain interfaces identified high-risk aging atherosclerosis. These results open the way for systemic and central inflammation targeting in atherosclerosis in the new era of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Di Cataldo
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Justine Debatisse
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Siemens-Healthcare SAS, Saint-Denis, France
| | | | - Alain Géloën
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Labaronne
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Loizon
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Millon
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Mury
- LIBM Laboratory, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - André Serusclat
- Radiology Department, Louis Pradel Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claire Crola Da Silva
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Mechtouff
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Stroke Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Zahi A Fayad
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Mao GP, Niu MH, Cui YH, Tang RL, Chen W, Liu B, He Z. Characterization, isolation, and culture of spermatogonial stem cells in Macaca fascicularis. Asian J Androl 2021; 23:240-248. [PMID: 33533740 PMCID: PMC8152426 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_95_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) have great applications in both reproductive and regenerative medicine. Primates including monkeys are very similar to humans with regard to physiology and pathology. Nevertheless, little is known about the isolation, the characteristics, and the culture of primate SSCs. This study was designed to identify, isolate, and culture monkey SSCs. Immunocytochemistry was used to identify markers for monkey SSCs. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-1 (GFRA1)-enriched spermatogonia were isolated from monkeys, namely Macaca fascicularis (M. fascicularis), by two-step enzymatic digestion and magnetic-activated cell sorting, and they were cultured on precoated plates in the conditioned medium. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunocytochemistry, and RNA sequencing were used to compare phenotype and transcriptomes in GFRA1-enriched spermatogonia between 0 day and 14 days of culture, and xenotransplantation was performed to evaluate the function of GFRA1-enriched spermatogonia. SSCs shared some phenotypes with rodent and human SSCs. GFRA1-enriched spermatogonia with high purity and viability were isolated from M. fascicularis testes. The freshly isolated cells expressed numerous markers for rodent SSCs, and they were cultured for 14 days. The expression of numerous SSC markers was maintained during the cultivation of GFRA1-enriched spermatogonia. RNA sequencing reflected a 97.3% similarity in global gene profiles between 0 day and 14 days of culture. The xenotransplantation assay indicated that the GFRA1-enriched spermatogonia formed colonies and proliferated in vivo in the recipient c-KitW/W (W) mutant mice. Collectively, GFRA1-enriched spermatogonia are monkey SSCs phenotypically both in vitro and in vivo. This study suggests that monkey might provide an alternative to human SSCs for basic research and application in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ping Mao
- Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ming-Hui Niu
- Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ying-Hong Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Rui-Ling Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Wei Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Bang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zuping He
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
- Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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Testerman TL, Semino-Mora C, Cann JA, Qiang B, Peña EA, Liu H, Olsen CH, Chen H, Appt SE, Kaplan JR, Register TC, Merrell DS, Dubois A. Both diet and Helicobacter pylori infection contribute to atherosclerosis in pre- and postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222001. [PMID: 31490998 PMCID: PMC6730863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of viruses and bacterial species have been implicated as contributors to atherosclerosis, potentially providing novel pathways for prevention. Epidemiological studies examining the association between Helicobacter pylori and cardiovascular disease have yielded variable results and no studies have been conducted in nonhuman primates. In this investigation, we examined the relationship between H. pylori infection and atherosclerosis development in socially housed, pre- and postmenopausal cynomolgus macaques consuming human-like diets. Ninety-four premenopausal cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were fed for 36 months an atherogenic diet deriving its protein from either casein lactalbumin(CL) or high isoflavone soy (SOY). Animals were then ovariectomized and fed either the same or the alternate diet for an additional 36 months. Iliac artery biopsies were obtained at the time of ovariectomy and iliac and coronary artery sections were examined at the end of the study. Evidence of H. pylori infection was found in 64% of the monkeys and 46% of animals had live H. pylori within coronary atheromas as determined by mRNA-specific in situ hybridization. There was a significant linear relationship between the densities of gastric and atheroma organisms. Helicobactor pylori infection correlated with increased intimal plaque area and thickness at both the premenopausal and postmenopausal time points and regardless of diet (p< 0.01), although animals consuming the SOY diet throughout had the least amount of atherosclerosis. Additionally, plasma lipid profiles, intimal collagen accumulation, ICAM-1, and plaque macrophage densities were adversely affected by H. pylori infection among animals consuming the CL diet, while the SOY diet had the opposite effect. Plaque measurements were more highly associated with the densities of cagA-positive H. pylori within coronary atheromas than with the densities of gastric organisms, whereas plasma lipid changes were associated with H. pylori infection, but not cagA status. This study provides strong evidence that live H. pylori infects atheromas, exacerbates atherosclerotic plaque development, and alters plasma lipid profiles independently of diet or hormonal status. Finally, socially subordinate animals relative to their dominant counterparts had a greater prevalence of H. pylori, suggesting a stress effect. The results indicate that early H. pylori eradication could prevent or delay development of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci L. Testerman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Cristina Semino-Mora
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Beidi Qiang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, United States of America
| | - Edsel A. Peña
- Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Cara H. Olsen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Haiying Chen
- Wake Forest University Primate Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Appt
- Wake Forest University Primate Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Jay R. Kaplan
- Wake Forest University Primate Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Register
- Wake Forest University Primate Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - D. Scott Merrell
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Andre Dubois
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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5
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Saeed A, Vaught GM, Gavardinas K, Matthews D, Green JE, Losada PG, Bullock HA, Calvert NA, Patel NJ, Sweetana SA, Krishnan V, Henck JW, Luz JG, Wang Y, Jadhav P. 2-Chloro-4-[[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-cyclopentyl]amino]-3-methyl-benzonitrile: A Transdermal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) for Muscle Atrophy. J Med Chem 2016; 59:750-5. [PMID: 26683992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A transdermal SARM has a potential to have therapeutic benefit through anabolic activity in muscle while sparing undesired effects of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and liver-mediated decrease in HDL-C. 2-Chloro-4-[(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-cyclopentyl)amino]-3-methyl-benzonitrile 6 showed the desired muscle and prostate effects in a preclinical ORX rat model. Compound 6 had minimal effect on HDL-C levels in cynomolgus monkeys and showed human cadaver skin permeability, thus making it an effective tool for proof-of-concept studies in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Saeed
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Grant M Vaught
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kostas Gavardinas
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Donald Matthews
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jonathan E Green
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Pablo Garcia Losada
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Heather A Bullock
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Nathan A Calvert
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Nita J Patel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Stephanie A Sweetana
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Venkatesh Krishnan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Judith W Henck
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John G Luz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Prabhakar Jadhav
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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6
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Cole BK, Simmers MB, Feaver R, Qualls CW, Collado MS, Berzin E, Figler RA, Pryor AW, Lawson M, Mackey A, Manka D, Wamhoff BR, Turk JR, Blackman BR. An In Vitro Cynomolgus Vascular Surrogate System for Preclinical Drug Assessment and Human Translation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2185-95. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectives—
The predictive value of animal and in vitro systems for drug development is limited, particularly for nonhuman primate studies as it is difficult to deduce the drug mechanism of action. We describe the development of an in vitro cynomolgus macaque vascular system that reflects the in vivo biology of healthy, atheroprone, or advanced inflammatory cardiovascular disease conditions.
Approach and Results—
We compare the responses of the in vitro human and cynomolgus vascular systems to 4 statins. Although statins exert beneficial pleiotropic effects on the human vasculature, the mechanism of action is difficult to investigate at the tissue level. Using RNA sequencing, we quantified the response to statins and report that most statins significantly increased the expression of genes that promote vascular health while suppressing inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Applying computational pathway analytics, we identified statin-regulated biological themes, independent of cholesterol lowering, that provide mechanisms for off-target effects, including thrombosis, cell cycle regulation, glycogen metabolism, and ethanol degradation.
Conclusions—
The cynomolgus vascular system described herein mimics the baseline and inflammatory regional biology of the human vasculature, including statin responsiveness, and provides mechanistic insight not achievable in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banumathi K. Cole
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
| | - Michael B. Simmers
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
| | - Ryan Feaver
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
| | - Charles W. Qualls
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
| | - M. Sol Collado
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
| | - Erica Berzin
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
| | - Robert A. Figler
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
| | - Andrew W. Pryor
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
| | - Mark Lawson
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
| | - Aaron Mackey
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
| | - David Manka
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
| | - Brian R. Wamhoff
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
| | - James R. Turk
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
| | - Brett R. Blackman
- From the NASH Program (B.K.C., R.F.), Technology and Research Platforms (M.B.S.), Rare Diseases Program (M.S.C.), Vascular Program (E.B., D.M.), Pharmacology (R.A.F.), Cell Culture (A.W.P.), Computational Biology (M.L., A.M.), VP of Research and Development (B.R.W.), and Chief Scientific Officer (B.R.B.), HemoShear Therapeutics LLC, Charlottesville, VA (B.K.C., M.B.S., R.F., M.S.C., E.B., R.A.F., A.W.P., M.L., A.M., D.M., B.R.W, B.R.B.); and Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences (C.W.Q., J.R.T.),
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7
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Weiss EP, Fontana L. Caloric restriction: powerful protection for the aging heart and vasculature. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H1205-19. [PMID: 21841020 PMCID: PMC3197347 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00685.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Research has shown that the majority of the cardiometabolic alterations associated with an increased risk of CVD (e.g., insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and inflammation) can be prevented, and even reversed, with the implementation of healthier diets and regular exercise. Data from animal and human studies indicate that more drastic interventions, i.e., calorie restriction with adequate nutrition (CR), may have additional beneficial effects on several metabolic and molecular factors that are modulating cardiovascular aging itself (e.g., cardiac and arterial stiffness and heart rate variability). The purpose of this article is to review the current knowledge on the effects of CR on the aging of the cardiovascular system and CVD risk in rodents, monkeys, and humans. Taken together, research shows that CR has numerous beneficial effects on the aging cardiovascular system, some of which are likely related to reductions in inflammation and oxidative stress. In the vasculature, CR appears to protect against endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness and attenuates atherogenesis by improving several cardiometabolic risk factors. In the heart, CR attenuates age-related changes in the myocardium (i.e., CR protects against fibrosis, reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis, prevents myosin isoform shifts, etc.) and preserves or improves left ventricular diastolic function. These effects, in combination with other benefits of CR, such as protection against obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer, suggest that CR may have a major beneficial effect on health span, life span, and quality of life in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Weiss
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, USA.
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Tohno Y, Tohno S, Laleva L, Ongkana N, Minami T, Satoh H, Oishi T, Hayashi M, Sinthubua A, Suwannahoy P, Mahakkanukrauh P. Age-related changes of elements in the coronary arteries of monkeys in comparison with those of humans. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008; 125:141-53. [PMID: 18542845 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-008-8167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate compositional changes of the coronary artery with aging, the authors investigated age-related changes of elements in the coronary arteries of rhesus and Japanese monkeys by direct chemical analysis in comparison with the coronary arteries of Japanese and Thai. Used monkeys consisted of 38 rhesus monkeys and 23 Japanese monkeys, ranging in age from newborn to 33 years. After perfusion with a fixative, the hearts were resected from the monkeys, and the anterior interventricular branches of the left coronary artery and the right coronary arteries were resected from the hearts. After ashing of the arteries, element contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. It was found that the Ca and P contents did not increase in both the left and right coronary arteries of rhesus and Japanese monkeys at old age. The average contents of Ca and P decreased by 13% and 25% in the left coronary arteries more than 20 years of age in comparison with those below 20 years of age, whereas they decreased by 4% and 15% in the right coronary arteries more than 20 years of age in comparison with those below 20 years of age. This finding indicated that atherosclerosis scarcely occurred in both the left and right coronary arteries of rhesus and Japanese monkeys at old age. In contrast with monkeys, atherosclerosis occurred frequently in the coronary arteries of Japanese and Thai at old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Tohno
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
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9
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Nantermet P, Harada SI, Liu Y, Cheng S, Johnson C, Yu Y, Kimme D, Holder D, Hodor P, Phillips R, Ray WJ. Gene expression analyses in cynomolgus monkeys provides mechanistic insight into high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol reduction by androgens in primates. Endocrinology 2008; 149:1551-61. [PMID: 18187556 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgens increase muscle mass, decrease fat mass, and reduce high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), but the relationship between body composition, lipoprotein metabolism, and androgens has not been explained. Here we treated ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or vehicle for 14 d and measured lipoprotein and triglycerides. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that DHT dose-dependently reduced the cholesterol content of large HDL particles and decreased mean HDL particle size (P < 0.01) and also tended to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol without altering other lipoprotein particles. Liver and visceral fat biopsies taken before and after DHT treatment for 1 or 14 d were analyzed by genome-wide microarrays. In liver, DHT did not alter the expression of most genes involved in cholesterol synthesis or uptake but rapidly increased small heterodimer partner (SHP) RNA, along with concomitant repression of CYP7A1, a target of SHP transcriptional repression and the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis. DHT regulation of SHP and CYP7A1 also occurs in rats, indicating a conserved mechanism. In adipose tissue, pathway analyses suggested coordinate regulation of adipogenesis, tissue remodeling, and lipid homeostasis. Genes encoding IGF-I and beta-catenin were induced, as were extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, and cytoskeletal components, whereas there was consistent down-regulation of genes involved in triacylglycerol metabolism. Interestingly, cholesterol ester transfer protein RNA was induced rapidly in monkey adipose tissue, whereas its inhibitor apolipoprotein CI was repressed. These data provide insight into the androgenic regulation of lipoprotein homeostasis and suggest that changes in adipose lipoprotein metabolism could contribute to HDL cholesterol reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Nantermet
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Rosenfeld ME, Carson KGS, Johnson JL, Williams H, Jackson CL, Schwartz SM. Animal models of spontaneous plaque rupture: the holy grail of experimental atherosclerosis research. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2002; 4:238-42. [PMID: 11931722 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-002-0025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the history of atherosclerosis research we have sought animal models of the disease process that exhibit high frequencies of the features that make human plaque a clinical risk: plaque rupture, mural thrombosis, and intra-plaque hemorrhage. This type of model is needed to determine the mechanisms by which plaques rupture and to design and test therapeutic interventions for stabilizing plaques. Studies of domestic and exotic animals have shown that most species will spontaneously develop fatty streaks and in some cases atheromatous lesions with sufficient time, but that rupture and thrombosis is exceedingly rare. Even with addition of fat and cholesterol to the diet, lesion development is accelerated but does not increase the frequency with which plaques rupture in most animal models. However, recently we have observed high frequencies of intra-plaque hemorrhage in the innominate/brachiocephalic arteries of older, chow-fed, hyperlipidemic, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, and high frequencies of plaque rupture with mural thrombus in younger apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet. This suggests that plaque rupture and secondary thrombosis are frequent and reproducible occurrences at specific sites in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, and that the timing and pathobiology of the ruptures are influenced by lipid status in this murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Rosenfeld
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Box 353410, Seattle 98195, USA
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Winegar DA, Brown PJ, Wilkison WO, Lewis MC, Ott RJ, Tong W, Brown HR, Lehmann JM, Kliewer SA, Plunket KD, Way JM, Bodkin NL, Hansen BC. Effects of fenofibrate on lipid parameters in obese rhesus monkeys. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Strawn WB, Dean RH, Ferrario CM. Novel mechanisms linking angiotensin II and early atherogenesis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2000; 1:11-7. [PMID: 11967786 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2000.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose that Ang II exerts an as yet uncharacterized immunomodulatory effect on monocyte maturation, differentiation, or extravasation, which may depend on the myelomonocytic phenotype. Since the myelopoietic process originating at stem cells and culminating in release to the blood is at least 6 days, it is conceivable that the observation of reduced monocyte CD11b expression two weeks after completion of losartan treatment indicates a suppression of the CD11b phenotype in newly released CD14(+)/CD45(+) monocytes. Other studies employing suppression of AT(1)-receptors with deoxy-oligonucleotides have reported effects on blood pressure that surpass those predicted by the duration of the treatment.(87) These data would suggest that it is possible to interrupt a stimulatory signal by Ang II through a gene-related mechanism that in our experiments may reside in the mechanisms that regulate myelopoiesis. While our knowledge of the role of Ang II in the regulation of monocyte formation and function is incomplete, we have taken a first step in attempting to synthesize the data described above into a comprehensive hypothesis for further evaluation of the factors that initiate atherogenesis. Such effects may crucially contribute to the clinical benefit of AT(1)-receptor antagonists, independent of depressor effects, and may represent a paradigm for novel, anti-inflammatory actions by this class of drugs.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major age-related process and public health problem and its clinical manifestations (coronary heart disease [CHD] and cerebrovascular disease) continue to be responsible for approximately 50% of all deaths occurring annually. In addition, CHD is responsible for over 70 to 80% of deaths among men and women over 65 years old. As our population ages (35 million people over the age of 65 in the U.S. by the year 2030) and because of the increased morbidity and mortality associated with atherosclerosis, an understanding of the role of aging in the development of atherosclerosis is needed. Multiple risk factors such as smoking, gender, hypertension, and lipids contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. However, these risk factors in combination explain only about half of the individual variability in incidence of CHD, and it has been hypothesized that age-related conditions may play a role. To propectively evaluate the effects of age per se on atherosclerosis progression in humans would require observation over many years. Thus, animal models that are representative of both aging processes and atherosclerosis would be extremely valuable. As such, nonhuman primates have been used extensively in atherosclerosis research. However, studies that will specifically evaluate the role of aging per se in contributing to development of atherosclerosis in nonhuman primates have only recently been initiated. In this review, the contribution of nonhuman primates to atherosclerosis research will be discussed, as will the development of atherosclerosis in both human and nonhuman primates. In addition, a role for age-related conditions in atherosclerosis development in both human and nonhuman primates will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Suckling
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Welwyn, Herts, U.K
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