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FISHER RF, HOLBROOK DJ, IRVIN JL. Density gradient isolation of rat liver nuclei with high DNA content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 17:231-6. [PMID: 13945294 PMCID: PMC2106197 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.17.2.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rat liver nuclei, after preliminary isolation in 2.2 molar sucrose solution, were separated into density classes by centrifugation at 95,000 g for 45 to 85 minutes in a sucrose density gradient (density range, 1.28 to 1.33). Nuclei from normal liver separated into three bands with average DNA phosphorus content per nucleus of 0.67, 0.84, and 0.93 picogram for top, middle, and bottom bands, respectively. Nuclei from regenerating liver (26 hours after one-third hepatectomy) yielded three bands and a pellet fraction with average DNA phosphorus content per nucleus of 0.76, 1.02, 1.38, and 1.51 picograms (top to bottom of tube). This method appears capable of yielding nuclei which have increased their DNA content prior to mitosis, and this procedure should be valuable in studies of biochemical changes which occur in nuclei preparing for mitosis.
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MAGGIO R, SIEKEVITZ P, PALADE GE. STUDIES ON ISOLATED NUCLEI. I. ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A NUCLEAR FRACTION FROM GUINEA PIG LIVER. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 18:267-91. [PMID: 14079489 PMCID: PMC2106307 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.18.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a method for the isolation of nuclei from guinea pig liver. It involves the homogenization of the tissue in 0.88 M sucrose-1.5 mM CaCl(2) followed by centrifugation in a discontinuous density gradient in which the upper phase is the homogenate and the lower phase is 2.2 M sucrose-0.5 mM CaCl(2). Based on DNA recovery, the isolated fraction contains 25 to 30 per cent of the nuclei of the original homogenate. Electron microscopical observations showed that approximately 88 per cent of the isolated nuclei come from liver cells (the rest from von Kupffer cells and leucocytes) and that approximately 90 per cent of the nuclei appear intact, with well preserved nucleoli, nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope, and pores. Cytoplasmic contamination is minimal and consists primarily of the nuclear envelope and its attached ribosomes. The nuclear fraction consists of approximately 22.3 per cent DNA, approximately 4.7 per cent RNA, and approximately 73 per cent protein, the DNA/RNA ratio being 4.7. Data on RNA extractibility by phosphate and salt and on the base composition of total nuclear RNA are included.
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DAVIS GA, SANTEN RJ, AGRANOFF BW. THE PRODUCTION OF A LINEAR DENSITY GRADIENT BY MEANS OF A PROPORTIONING PUMP. Anal Biochem 1996; 11:153-4. [PMID: 14328638 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(65)90056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schulte-Hermann R, Hoffmann V, Landgraf H. Adaptive responses of rat liver to the gestagen and anti-androgen cyproterone acetate and other inducers. III. Cytological changes. Chem Biol Interact 1980; 31:301-11. [PMID: 6157495 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(80)90018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of rats with cyproterone acetate (CPA) induces liver growth. Intact hepatocytes and cell nuclei were isolated from enlarged livers and their volumes or diameters were determined by electronic and microscopic methods. No changes in mean hepatocyte volume or ploidy were observed. However, there was a marked fall in the frequency of binuclear hepatocytes (from 43% to 7%) and a concomitant increase of nuclear ploidy. This effect probably resulted from CPA-induced replication of binuclear hepatocytes. The total number of hepatocytes replicating in response to CPA was estimated on the basis of these data and was found to be up to 75% of all parenchymal cells. Similar cytological changes were observed in the liver after treatment with pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) and, to a lesser extent, with alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH). In contrast, physiological liver growth in adolescent rats was characterized by only small changes in binuclearity and nuclear ploidy, and by increases of cellular ploidy. Thus, ploidy analyses may be a useful tool to characterize the type of growth stimulation. Following discontinuation of treatment the cytological changes induced by CPA or alpha-HCH were not reversible in a matter of 3 weeks.
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Tulp A, Welagen JJ, Westra JG. Binding of the chemical carcinogen N-hydroxy-acetyl-aminofluorene to ploidy classes of rat liver nuclei as separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Chem Biol Interact 1978; 23:293-303. [PMID: 719811 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(78)90091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A large sedimentation device was developed that allows separation of 5 X 10(8) rat liver nuclei by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Using the apparatus isolated rat liver nuclei were separated into classes of diploid stromal (Von Kuppfer, sinusoidal lining) nuclei, diploid parenchymal nuclei and tetraploid parenchymal nuclei respectively. DNA content and volume of the nuclei were measured. Diploid nuclei were 100% pure; tetraploid nuclei 98%. The in vivo binding of the liver carcinogen [3H]-N-hydroxy-AAF to these classes of nuclei was determined (total binding to protein, DNA and RNA). Binding and the subsequent removal of the fluorene derivatives was registered as a function of time. At all stages diploid stromal nuclei bound 2.6--5 times less carcinogen than did diploid parenchymal nuclei. Tetraploid parenchymal nuclei bound more than twice (2.3--3.95) the amount, that was present in their diploid counterpart. This effect became more pronounced 11 days after application of N-hydroxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. DNA was enzymatically purified from pooled classes of the various nuclear types. For purified DNA also it was found that DNA derived from diploid stromal nuclei bound 2.6--2.8 times less carcinogen than did DNA derived from diploid parenchymal nuclei.
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Tulp A, Sluyser M. Different incorporation of glucocorticoid hormone into diploid and tetraploid liver nuclei. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 78:1347-53. [PMID: 921780 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tulp A, Emmelot P. Separation of intact rat hepatocytes and rat liver nuclei into ploidy classes by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 451:567-82. [PMID: 999869 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(76)90152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A system is described which permits the separation of isolated hepatocytes and isolated rat liver nuclei belonging to different ploidy classes by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. The problem of obtaining single cells suspensions is discussed and preparations were obtained that contained 96% single hepatocytes. By improving the sedimentation method, it took 2.5 h to separate rat liver nuclei on sucrose gradients into diploid and tetraploid ploidy classes. Recoveries were generally over 95%. The diploid band was 99% pure. DNA and protein content of the ploidy classes were measured. After partial hepatectomy and [3H]thymidine injection it was found that the label moved largely into the tetraploid compartment. Isolated hepatocytes were fractionated in 1 h on Ficoll gradients. Erythrocytes were separated from small nucleated cells and the population of hepatocytes was clearly separated from these two cell populations. Diploid hepatocytes were 80% and tetraploid hepatocytes were 99% pure. Viability was about 80% after fractionation. The gene dosage of NADPH cytochrome c reductase, succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase was estimated in diploid and tetraploid hepatocytes. Gene dosage was equal in diploid and tetraploid hepatocytes for succinate dehydrogenase and NADPH cytochrome c reductase. It is suggested, after correcting for non-viable tetraploid hepatocytes, that the gene dosage of lactate dehydrogenase was significantly lower in diploid than in tetraploid hepatocytes.
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Hermann RS, Deerberg F, Landgraf H. Changes in size, DNA content, and nuclear ploidy of rat liver produced by the environmental microflora. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1976; 20:71-6. [PMID: 816071 DOI: 10.1007/bf02890327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Effects of the environment microflora on rat liver were studied in the present investigation. Rats born under sterile conditions were bred either in a germfree or in a "SPF" environment. At 12 weeks of age the liver of the SPF rats was larger by 20% and contained more DNA than germfree rat liver. Volume analysis, by means of a particle counter, of isolated nuclei suggested that the increase of DNA was due to an increase of hepatic nuclear ploidy. The findings show that infections may influence liver size and ploidy. They indicate that the state of infection should be controlled in animal studies which concern the regulation of liver growth and ploidy or which use liver weight and DNA as reference standards.
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Isaacks RE, Santos BG, Musil G. Studies on nuclei of Paramecium aurelia. I. Isolation and purification by continuous or discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation and biochemical composition. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1973; 20:477-81. [PMID: 4731347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1973.tb00930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hermann RS, Koransky W, Leberl C, Noack G. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of rat liver induced by -hexachlorcyclohexane and butylhydroxytoluene. Retention of the hyperplasia during involution of the enlarged organ. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1971; 9:125-34. [PMID: 4108029 DOI: 10.1007/bf02894039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lentz PE, Di Luzio NR. Biochemical characterization of Kupffer and parenchymal cells isolated from rat liver. Exp Cell Res 1971; 67:17-26. [PMID: 4398202 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(71)90616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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McBride OW, Peterson EA. Separation of nuclei representing different phases of the growth cycle from unsynchronized mammalian cell cultures. J Cell Biol 1970; 47:132-9. [PMID: 5513550 PMCID: PMC2108399 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.47.1.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclei have been isolated from unsynchronized cultures of Chinese hamster fibroblasts after varying intervals of growth following the incorporation of thymidine (-3)H for 20 min. These nuclei were fractionated by unit gravity sedimentation in a stabilizing density gradient of sucrose, and fractions were analyzed for the concentration of nuclei, DNA, and radioactivity. A more rapidly sedimenting population of nuclei in the G(2) phase of the cell cycle was separated from a group of nuclei in the G(1) phase, and nuclei in progressive stages of DNA synthesis (S phase) were distributed between these two regions. The fractionation of intact cells by sedimentation according to their position in the cell cycle was found to be less satisfactory than the corresponding separation of nuclei. This probably results from the continuous accumulation of mass within individual cells throughout the entire cell cycle, whereas most of the mass of a nucleus is replicated during a relatively narrow interval of the total cell cycle.
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Elrod LH, Patrick LC, Anderson NG. Analytical techniques for cell fractions. 13. Rotor A-XVI, a plastic gradient-reorienting rotor for isolating nuclei. Anal Biochem 1969; 30:230-48. [PMID: 5809666 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(69)90395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Johnston IR, Mathias AP, Pennington F, Ridge D. The fractionation of nuclei from mammalian cells by zonal centrifugation. Biochem J 1968; 109:127-35. [PMID: 4876099 PMCID: PMC1186761 DOI: 10.1042/bj1090127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
1. Purified liver nuclei from adult rats separate into two main zones when centrifuged in the slow-speed zonal rotor. One zone contains diploid nuclei, the other tetraploid. 2. The effect of age on the pattern of rat liver ploidy was examined. Tetraploid nuclei are virtually absent from young animals. They increase in proportion steadily with age. Partial hepatectomy disturbs the pattern of ploidy. 3. The zonal centrifuge permits the separation of diploid, tetraploid, octaploid and hexadecaploid nuclei from mouse liver. 4. Rat liver nuclei are isopycnic with sucrose solutions of density 1.35 at 5 degrees .
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Kraus H, Sandritter W. [Interference microscopy and cytophotometry studies on the analysis of cell nuclei. I. Experiments on determination of the globulin fraction]. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1968; 15:99-117. [PMID: 5741857 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Schulte-Hermann R, Thom R, Schlicht I, Koransky W. Zahl und Ploidiegrad der Zellkerne der Leber unter dem Einflu� k�rperfremder Stoffe. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00537867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Umaña R. STUDY OF SOME FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUCLEAR VOLUMES IN PREPARATIONS OF RAT LIVER NUCLEI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1139/o67-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the homogenization procedure, the centrifugation scheme, and the composition of the suspension medium on the distribution of nuclear volumes has been studied.It has been shown that the Waring Blendor not only destroys a greater number of the nuclei during homogenization, but also that this destruction is a selective one. At neutral pH values, no direct relationship appears to exist between the DNA content of the nuclei and their density. For this reason, purification in concentrated sucrose solutions produces a selective loss of the lighter nuclei, which includes small diploid stromal nuclei and some of the larger polyploid type of parenchymal nuclei.The study of the effect of increasing the calcium and magnesium ion concentrations (from 0.001 to 0.005 M) on the nuclear distribution showed that these ions produce a selective shrinkage and condensation of the nuclei, probably through different mechanisms.
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[50] The isolation and purification of mammalian cell nuclei. Methods Enzymol 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(67)12060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Abstract
A method for isolating pure and unaltered nuclei from rat brain by means of differential centrifugation is described. The isolated nuclei are further separated into discrete fractions of neuronal, astrocytic, and glial nuclei, with a yield amounting to 20 to 25% of the DNA of the original homogenate. Both the morphology and size of the nuclei remained unchanged. Problems concerning the composition of the isolation media, the use of detergents, as well as those raised by density gradient centrifugation in sucrose, Ficoll, and Dextran are discussed. Some values for the density of each type of brain nuclei are suggested.
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Iype PT, Bhargava PM, Tasker AD. Some aspects of the chemical and cellular composition of adult rat liver. Exp Cell Res 1965; 40:233-51. [PMID: 5855284 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(65)90257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
A method employing aqueous media for isolation of nuclei from rat skeletal muscle is described. The technique involves (a) mincing and then homogenizing in a 0.32 M sucrose-salt solution with a Potter-Elvehjem type homogenizer using a Delrin (an acetal resin) pestle and a carefully controlled, relatively large pestle-to-glass clearance, (b) filtering through fiberglass and stainless steel screens of predetermined mesh size to remove myofibrils and connective tissue, and (c) centrifuging in a 2.15 M sucrose-salt solution containing 0.7 mM ATP. Electron and phase-contrast microscopic observations show that the nuclei are intact, unencumbered by cytoplasmic tags, and possess well preserved distinct nucleoli, nucleoplasm, and nuclear membranes. Cytoplasmic contamination is minimal and mainly mitochondrial. Chemical assays of the nuclear fraction show that the DNA/protein and RNA/DNA ratios are comparable to those obtained in other tissues. These ratios, as well as the low specific activity obtained for cytochrome c oxidase and the virtual absence of myofibrillar ATPase, indicate a high degree of purity with minimal mitochondrial and myofibrillar contamination. The steps comprising the technique and the reasons for their selection are discussed.
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Santen RJ. Automated estimation of diploid and tetraploid nuclei with an electronic particle counter. Exp Cell Res 1965; 40:413-20. [PMID: 5322848 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(65)90274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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