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Dianthin and Its Potential in Targeted Tumor Therapies. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100592. [PMID: 31614697 PMCID: PMC6832487 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dianthin enzymes belong to ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) of type 1, i.e., they only consist of a catalytic domain and do not have a cell binding moiety. Dianthin-30 is very similar to saporin-S3 and saporin-S6, two RIPs often used to design targeted toxins for tumor therapy and already tested in some clinical trials. Nevertheless, dianthin enzymes also exhibit differences to saporin with regard to structure, efficacy, toxicity, immunogenicity and production by heterologous expression. Some of the distinctions might make dianthin more suitable for targeted tumor therapies than other RIPs. The present review provides an overview of the history of dianthin discovery and illuminates its structure, function and role in targeted toxins. It further discusses the option to increase the efficacy of dianthin by endosomal escape enhancers.
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Martínez-Jothar L, Beztsinna N, van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE, Oliveira S. Selective Cytotoxicity to HER2 Positive Breast Cancer Cells by Saporin-Loaded Nanobody-Targeted Polymeric Nanoparticles in Combination with Photochemical Internalization. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1633-1647. [PMID: 30817164 PMCID: PMC6448105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In cancer treatment, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) can serve as a vehicle for the delivery of cytotoxic proteins that have intracellular targets but that lack well-defined mechanisms for cellular internalization, such as saporin. In this work, we have prepared PEGylated poly(lactic acid- co-glycolic acid- co-hydroxymethyl glycolic acid) (PLGHMGA) NPs for the selective delivery of saporin in the cytosol of HER2 positive cancer cells. This selective uptake was achieved by decorating the surface of the NPs with the 11A4 nanobody that is specific for the HER2 receptor. Confocal microscopy observations showed rapid and extensive uptake of the targeted NPs (11A4-NPs) by HER2 positive cells (SkBr3) but not by HER2 negative cells (MDA-MB-231). This selective uptake was blocked upon preincubation of the cells with an excess of nanobody. Nontargeted NPs (Cys-NPs) were not taken up by either type of cells. Importantly, a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect was only observed on SkBr3 cells when these were treated with saporin-loaded 11A4-NPs in combination with photochemical internalization (PCI), a technique that uses a photosensitizer and local light exposure to facilitate endosomal escape of entrapped nanocarriers and biomolecules. The combined use of saporin-loaded 11A4-NPs and PCI strongly inhibited cell proliferation and decreased cell viability through induction of apoptosis. Also the cytotoxic effect could be reduced by an excess of nanobody, reinforcing the selectivity of this system. These results suggest that the combination of the targeting nanobody on the NPs with PCI are effective means to achieve selective uptake and cytotoxicity of saporin-loaded NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martínez-Jothar
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nataliia Beztsinna
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F. van Nostrum
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division
of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bolognesi A, Bortolotti M, Maiello S, Battelli MG, Polito L. Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from Plants: A Historical Overview. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121627. [PMID: 27898041 PMCID: PMC6273060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a historical overview of the research on plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), starting from the first studies at the end of eighteenth century involving the purification of abrin and ricin, as well as the immunological experiments of Paul Erlich. Interest in these plant toxins was revived in 1970 by the observation of their anticancer activity, which has given rise to a large amount of research contributing to the development of various scientific fields. Biochemistry analyses succeeded in identifying the enzymatic activity of RIPs and allowed for a better understanding of the ribosomal machinery. Studies on RIP/cell interactions were able to detail the endocytosis and intracellular routing of ricin, thus increasing our knowledge of how cells handle exogenous proteins. The identification of new RIPs and the finding that most RIPs are single-chain polypeptides, together with their genetic sequencing, has aided in the development of new phylogenetic theories. Overall, the biological properties of these proteins, including their abortifacient, anticancer, antiviral and neurotoxic activities, suggest that RIPs could be utilized in agriculture and in many biomedical fields, including clinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefania Maiello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Giulia Battelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Plants Producing Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins in Traditional Medicine. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111560. [PMID: 27869738 PMCID: PMC6273415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are enzymes that deadenylate nucleic acids and are broadly distributed in the plant kingdom. Many plants that contain RIPs are listed in the pharmacopoeias of folk medicine all over the world, mostly because of their toxicity. This review analyses the position occupied in traditional medicine by plants from which RIPs have been isolated. The overview starts from the antique age of the Mediterranean area with ancient Egypt, followed by the Greek and Roman classic period. Then, the ancient oriental civilizations of China and India are evaluated. More recently, Unani medicine and European folk medicine are examined. Finally, the African and American folk medicines are taken into consideration. In conclusion, a list of RIP-expressing plants, which have been used in folk medicine, is provided with the geographical distribution and the prescriptions that are recommended by traditional healers. Some final considerations are provided on the present utilization of such herbal treatments, both in developing and developed countries, often in the absence of scientific validation. The most promising prospect for the medicinal use of RIP-expressing plants is the conjugation of purified RIPs to antibodies that recognise tumour antigens for cancer therapy.
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Wang RR, Au KY, Zheng HY, Gao LM, Zhang X, Luo RH, Law SKY, Mak ANS, Wong KB, Zhang MX, Pang W, Zhang GH, Shaw PC, Zheng YT. The recombinant maize ribosome-inactivating protein transiently reduces viral load in SHIV89.6 infected Chinese Rhesus Macaques. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:156-69. [PMID: 25606813 PMCID: PMC4303820 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) inhibit protein synthesis by depurinating the large ribosomal RNA and some are found to possess anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity. Maize ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) has an internal inactivation loop which is proteolytically removed for full catalytic activity. Here, we showed that the recombinant active maize RIP protected chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) 89.6-infected macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells from lysis ex vivo and transiently reduced plasma viral load in SHIV89.6-infected rhesus macaque model. No evidence of immune dysregulation and other obvious side-effects was found in the treated macaques. Our work demonstrates the potential development of maize RIP as an anti-HIV agent without impeding systemic immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Ka-Yee Au
- Center for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Liang-Min Gao
- Division of HIV/AIDS and STI Control, Yuxi Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuxi 653100, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Sue Ka-Yee Law
- Center for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Amanda Nga-Sze Mak
- Center for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- Center for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ming-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Gao-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Center for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
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Saporin-S6: a useful tool in cancer therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1698-722. [PMID: 24105401 PMCID: PMC3813907 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5101698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty years ago, the type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) saporin-S6 (also known as saporin) was isolated from Saponaria officinalis L. seeds. Since then, the properties and mechanisms of action of saporin-S6 have been well characterized, and it has been widely employed in the construction of conjugates and immunotoxins for different purposes. These immunotoxins have shown many interesting results when used in cancer therapy, particularly in hematological tumors. The high enzymatic activity, stability and resistance to conjugation procedures and blood proteases make saporin-S6 a very useful tool in cancer therapy. High efficacy has been reported in clinical trials with saporin-S6-containing immunotoxins, at dosages that induced only mild and transient side effects, which were mainly fever, myalgias, hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia and vascular leak syndrome. Moreover, saporin-S6 triggers multiple cell death pathways, rendering impossible the selection of RIP-resistant mutants. In this review, some aspects of saporin-S6, such as the chemico-physical characteristics, the structural properties, its endocytosis, its intracellular routing and the pathogenetic mechanisms of the cell damage, are reported. In addition, the recent progress and developments of saporin-S6-containing immunotoxins in cancer immunotherapy are summarized, including in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies and clinical trials.
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de Virgilio M, Lombardi A, Caliandro R, Fabbrini MS. Ribosome-inactivating proteins: from plant defense to tumor attack. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2699-737. [PMID: 22069572 PMCID: PMC3153179 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2112699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are EC3.2.32.22 N-glycosidases that recognize a universally conserved stem-loop structure in 23S/25S/28S rRNA, depurinating a single adenine (A4324 in rat) and irreversibly blocking protein translation, leading finally to cell death of intoxicated mammalian cells. Ricin, the plant RIP prototype that comprises a catalytic A subunit linked to a galactose-binding lectin B subunit to allow cell surface binding and toxin entry in most mammalian cells, shows a potency in the picomolar range. The most promising way to exploit plant RIPs as weapons against cancer cells is either by designing molecules in which the toxic domains are linked to selective tumor targeting domains or directly delivered as suicide genes for cancer gene therapy. Here, we will provide a comprehensive picture of plant RIPs and discuss successful designs and features of chimeric molecules having therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessio Lombardi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy;
| | - Rocco Caliandro
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Serena Fabbrini
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy;
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8
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Parente A, Berisio R, Chambery A, Di Maro A. Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from the Ombú Tree (Phytolacca dioica L.). TOXIC PLANT PROTEINS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12176-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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9
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Abstract
The main results of the research performed in the last 30 years on ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are reviewed, with emphasis on the new, controversial and uncertain aspects. The nature, distribution, mechanism of action and properties of these proteins are briefly reported, together with their possible applications. A pattern appears of a still largely unexplored subject, whose role in nature is probably important, and not limited to the biology of plants, since RIPs have been found also in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Stirpe
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, I-40125 Bologna, Italy.
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10
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Nielsen K, Boston RS. RIBOSOME-INACTIVATING PROTEINS: A Plant Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 52:785-816. [PMID: 11337416 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxic N-glycosidases that depurinate the universally conserved alpha-sarcin loop of large rRNAs. This depurination inactivates the ribosome, thereby blocking its further participation in protein synthesis. RIPs are widely distributed among different plant genera and within a variety of different tissues. Recent work has shown that enzymatic activity of at least some RIPs is not limited to site-specific action on the large rRNAs of ribosomes but extends to depurination and even nucleic acid scission of other targets. Characterization of the physiological effects of RIPs on mammalian cells has implicated apoptotic pathways. For plants, RIPs have been linked to defense by antiviral, antifungal, and insecticidal properties demonstrated in vitro and in transgenic plants. How these effects are brought about, however, remains unresolved. At the least, these results, together with others summarized here, point to a complex biological role. With genetic, genomic, molecular, and structural tools now available for integrating different experimental approaches, we should further our understanding of these multifunctional proteins and their physiological functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Nielsen
- Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7612; e-mail: ;
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11
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Battelli MG, Barbieri L, Bolognesi A, Buonamici L, Valbonesi P, Polito L, Van Damme EJ, Peumans WJ, Stirpe F. Ribosome-inactivating lectins with polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity. FEBS Lett 1997; 408:355-9. [PMID: 9188793 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lectins from Aegopodium podagraria (APA), Bryonia dioica (BDA), Galanthus nivalis (GNA), Iris hybrid (IRA) and Sambucus nigra (SNAI), and a new lectin-related protein from Sambucus nigra (SNLRP) were studied to ascertain whether they had the properties of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP). IRA and SNLRP inhibited protein synthesis by a cell-free system and, at much higher concentrations, by cells and had polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity, thus behaving like non-toxic type 2 (two chain) RIP. APA and SNAI had much less activity, and BDA and GNA did not inhibit protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Battelli
- Dipartimento di Patologia sperimentale dell'Università di Bologna, Italy
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12
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Roncuzzi L, Gasperi-Campani A. DNA-nuclease activity of the single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins dianthin 30, saporin 6 and gelonin. FEBS Lett 1996; 392:16-20. [PMID: 8769306 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins (scRIPs) from plant origin are antiviral and antiproliferative agents employed in the preparation of immunotoxins. Similarly to the A-chains of ricin, sc-RIPs act as rRNA N-glycosidases. We demonstrate here that dianthin 30, saporin 6 and gelonin exert a specific nuclease activity on supercoiled DNA. Four specific sites of cleavage introduced by dianthin 30 and by saporin 6 and two specific sites of cleavage introduced by gelonin have been identified and mapped in pBR322.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Roncuzzi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Italy
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13
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Battelli MG, Buonamici L, Bolognesi A, Stirpe F. In vivo and in vitro uptake of an anti-CD30/saporin immunotoxin by rat liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells. Hepatology 1994; 20:940-7. [PMID: 7927236 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840200424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A Ber-H2/saporin immunotoxin, consisting of the single-chain ribosome-inactivating protein saporin-S6 and the anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody Ber-H2, gave encouraging results in the treatment of refractory Hodgkin's disease but caused a transient hepatotoxicity. The accumulation of Ber-H2/saporin conjugate and of its components by rat liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells was studied. The in vivo concentration of intravenously injected Ber-H2/saporin, saporin or Ber-H2 in nonparenchymal cells was 4-, 25- and 11-fold higher, respectively, than that in parenchymal cells. Adherent in vitro cultured nonparenchymal cells, mostly Kupffer cells, accumulated the proteins approximately 10 times more than parenchymal cells; traces of free saporin were taken up by both types of cells. In vitro protein synthesis by both cell types was inhibited by 50% at nanomolar concentrations of saporin. Nonparenchymal cells were sensitive to Ber-H2/saporin at picomolar concentrations, whereas parenchymal cells were unaffected by the immunotoxin up to 100 pmol/L. The results of the uptake of, and the sensitivity to, the immunotoxin suggest that the sensitivity of liver cells is proportional to the uptake and that the in vivo damage to parenchymal cells is at least in part mediated by the toxicity to nonparenchymal liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Battelli
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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14
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Barbieri L, Battelli MG, Stirpe F. Ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1154:237-82. [PMID: 8280743 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(93)90002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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15
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Parente A, De Luca P, Bolognesi A, Barbieri L, Battelli MG, Abbondanza A, Sande MJ, Gigliano GS, Tazzari PL, Stirpe F. Purification and partial characterization of single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins from the seeds of Phytolacca dioica L. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1216:43-9. [PMID: 8218414 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90035-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Three ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) similar to those already known (Stirpe et al. (1992) Bio/Technology 10, 405-412) were purified from the seeds of Phytolacca dioica. These proteins, called Phytolacca dioica RIPs (PD-S1, PD-S2 and PD-S3 RIPs), are glycoproteins, with M(r) approx. 30,000, inhibit protein synthesis by a rabbit reticulocyte lysate and phenylalanine polymerization by isolated ribosomes, and depurinate rat liver rRNA in an apparently identical manner as the A-chain of ricin and other RIPs (Endo et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5908-5912). Part of the purified rat liver ribosomes appeared resistant to the action of PD-S RIPs. The most abundant protein, PD-S2 RIP, gave a weak or nil cross-reaction with sera against various other RIPs, including a pokeweed antiviral protein from the roots of Phytolacca americana. PD-S2 RIP was linked to a monoclonal antibody (Ber-H2) against the CD30 human lymphocyte antigen and the resulting immunotoxin was selectively toxic to the CD30 + Hodgkin's lymphoma-derived L540 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parente
- Dipartimento di Chimica organica e biologica, Università di Napoli, Italy
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16
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Abstract
PROBLEM Infection has been proposed to initiate abortion, and the role of viruses in spontaneous resorption in mice has not been tested. METHOD The anti-viral drug ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) was fed to CBA/J and C3H/HeJ female mice beginning on the morning after mating with DBA/2J males. RESULTS Ribavirin treatment increased the rate of abortion (resorption) on day 13.5, and this was associated with retardation of the rate of embryo development and hypoplasia of the trophoblast. There was a reduction in trophoblast-dependent decidua-associated soluble suppressor activity, but there was no maternal mononuclear cell infiltrate of the type reported in association with resorption of semiallogeneic and xenogeneic mouse embryos. This may be due to an immunosuppressive effect of ribavirin. Ribavirin was able to potently suppress proliferation of mouse trophoblast and mastocytoma cell lines in vitro. CONCLUSIONS There are several drug-induced murine abortion models that provide useful insights into potential mechanisms underlying spontaneous pregnancy failure, but in the ribavirin mode, a direct impairment of trophoblast development appears to be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Clark
- Molecular Virology-Immunology Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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