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Goring DR, Breitman ML, Tsui LC. Temporal regulation of six crystallin transcripts during mouse lens development. Exp Eye Res 1992; 54:785-95. [PMID: 1623964 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(92)90034-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and RNA blot analysis, we have examined the differential expression patterns of the gamma-crystallins during lens development. Since only four of these genes had been previously characterized, the cDNAs for the remaining two genes, gamma C and gamma F, were isolated and sequenced. The steady-state mRNA profiles were then determined by RNA blot analysis of samples from embryonic stages to 180 days after birth, with gene-specific probes for gamma A, gamma B, gamma C, and gamma D, and a common probe for gamma E and gamma F. Due to the paucity of mismatches between the gamma E and gamma F-crystallin genes, the PCR technique was exploited to determine their relative abundance. The data showed that while all six gamma-crystallin genes were expressed in the embryonic lens, they were differentially regulated during development. At early stages, the levels of gamma B and gamma C mRNAs were found to be relatively low in comparison to those for gamma A, gamma D, gamma E and gamma F. After 30-40 days, however, the levels of gamma A, gamma E, and gamma F mRNAs declined rapidly, and the gamma B, gamma C and gamma D transcripts became the major gamma-crystallin mRNA species. The utility of the PCR technique in studying the relative abundance of steady-state gamma-crystallin mRNAs was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Goring
- Genetics Department, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Ohno M, Sakamoto H, Yasuda K, Okada TS, Shimura Y. Nucleotide sequence of a chicken delta-crystallin gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1985; 13:1593-606. [PMID: 2987831 PMCID: PMC341098 DOI: 10.1093/nar/13.5.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of one of the two non-allelic delta-crystallin genes in the chicken, arbitrarily designated delta-gene 1, using a genomic clone (lambda g delta 106) containing the entire gene sequence. By comparison of the genomic sequence and the delta-crystallin cDNA sequence previously determined, we have identified exon sequences in the genomic sequence. Thus, the presence of 17 exons and 16 introns in the gene has been clarified. The delta-crystallin polypeptide deduced from the exon sequences consists of 465 amino acids which is larger, by 19 amino acid residues, than the polypeptide deduced from the cDNA sequence previously reported. Re-examination of the cDNA sequence using the same cDNA clone previously used shows that the present exon sequences are correct and the molecular weight of the deduced delta-crystallin polypeptide is 50,615 daltons instead of the previously reported value of 48,447 daltons. In addition, some structural features of the delta-crystallin gene including putative expression signals are discussed.
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Narebor EM, Slingsby C. Characterization and crystallization of delta-crystallin from the eye lens of adult turkey: comparison with delta-crystallin from adult quail and young chick. Exp Eye Res 1985; 40:273-83. [PMID: 3979465 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(85)90012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
delta-Crystallin, purified from either adult turkey or quail lenses, and characterized by amino acid composition and circular dichroism spectroscopy, is shown to be similar to delta-crystallin purified from 3-day-old chick lenses. Crystallization of turkey delta-crystallin is reported along with the characterization of the crystal unit cell by X-ray diffraction techniques. Variation in unit cell parameters is observed and is correlated with hydration.
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Abstract
delta-Crystallin is a major structural protein of avian and reptilian lenses that is absent from the lenses of fish, amphibia and mammals. It appears to be a tetrameric protein with a native molecular weight near 200 000 (200K) and polypeptide molecular weight near 50K and 48K) (see Note added in proof). The alpha-crystallin polypeptides are extremely similar, associate in various combinations of four and are held together by hydrophobic interactions. Although principally cytoplasmic, delta-crystallin may associate with the cell membrane. delta-Crystallin differs from other lens crystallins in its alpha-helical content, native and subunit molecular weights, antigenicity, low wavelength of maximum fluorescence emission (315 nm) after excitation at 280 nm and amino acid composition (high in leucine; low in aromatic residues en no cysteine). Analyses of peptides, native and subunit molecular weights, and circular dichroism spectra indicate that the primary, secondary, tertiary and subunit structures of delta-crystallin have been generally conserved during evolution. There are at least two tandemly arranged delta-crystallin containing 13-15 introns in the chicken; a similar structure exists for a cloned delta-crystallin gene in the duck. Experiments with chicken show that delta-crystallin synthesis occurs principally in the embryo, especially during lens fiber cell differentiation. delta-Crystallin synthesis also takes place during lens fiber cell differentiation in culture. There is evidence for both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of delta-crystallin synthesis. Current studies on the crystallographic and primary structures of delta-crystallin, on the structure, evolution and expression of the delta-crystallin genes, and on the translation of delta-crystallin mRNAs make this specialized lens protein an active area of investigation.
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Counis MF, Chaudun E, Courtois Y, Carreau JP, Jack J, Clayton R. Differential protein synthesis of chick embryonic lenses during in vitro differentiation. Exp Eye Res 1982; 34:861-76. [PMID: 7084347 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(82)90066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Brahma SK, Van der Starre H. Biosynthesis of soluble eye lens proteins in mallard (Anas platyrynchos) as revealed by isoelectric focusing and autoradiography. Exp Eye Res 1981; 33:515-24. [PMID: 7318951 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4835(81)80126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Beebe DC, Piatigorsky J. Translational regulation of delta-crystallin synthesis during lens development in the chicken embryo. Dev Biol 1981; 84:96-101. [PMID: 7250504 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Jones RE, DeFeo D, Piatigorsky J. Initial studies on cultured embryonic chick lens epithelial cells infected with a temperature-sensitive Rous sarcoma virus. Vision Res 1981; 21:5-9. [PMID: 6168103 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(81)90130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Piatigorsky J, Shinohara T, Bhat SP, Reszelbach R, Jones RE, Sullivan MA. Correlated changes in delta-crystallin synthesis and ion concentrations in the embryonic chick lens: summary, current experiments and speculations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980; 339:265-79. [PMID: 6930833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb15983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Brahma SK. Isofocusing and immunoelectrophoretic studies of soluble eye lens proteins from regenerated and normally developed Xenopus laevis. Exp Eye Res 1980; 30:269-75. [PMID: 6156856 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(80)90007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Counis MF, Chaudun E, Simonneau L, Courtois Y. DNA repair in lens cells during chick embryo development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 561:85-98. [PMID: 420856 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(79)90493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
When chick lens epithelium is cultured in vitro, differentiation into lens fiber cells is accompanied by DNA degradation. This phenomenom of terminal differentiation was studied in the epithelium from embryos at the 6th and 11th days of development. DNA size and the ability of the cells to repair DNA damage induced by X-rays were analysed in alkaline sucrose gradients. In the 6-day epithelium a rapid degradation and complete lack of DNA repair were recorded. Similar observations have been made in previous studies on the 11-day sample, but here degradation is progressive and occurs after a lag of several days. In the younger epithelium, internal irradiation by [3H]thymidine also had a drastic effect resembling that caused by X-rays. In order to assess the process of differentiation in our experimental system the synthesis of delta- and alpha-crystallins was monitored. Stage-related modifications in the rates of synthesis were recorded. The results confirm that the DNA repair system is impaired during terminal differentiation. The differences observed between the two stages may reflect either a developmental modification in DNA repair mechanisms or a change in the relative proportions of differentiating cells. An hypothesis is proposed in support of the latter case.
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Reszelbach R, Shinohara T, Piatigorsky J. Resolution of two distinct embryonic chick delta-crystallin bands by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea. Exp Eye Res 1977; 25:583-93. [PMID: 590385 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(77)90137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Shinohara T, Piatigorsky J. Quantitation of delta-crystallin messenger RNA during lens induction in chick embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:2808-12. [PMID: 1066691 PMCID: PMC430756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.8.2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic chick cells of the presumptive lens ectoderm are induced to differentiate into a lens by the optic vesicle, an outgrowth from the developing brain. This lens induction involves formation of the lens placode by cell elongation between about 44 and 50 hr of development, followed by invagination of the placode between about 50 and 55 hr of development. The amount of delta-crystallin messenger RNA (mRNA) in heads of embryos between 48 and 72 hr of development was determined by molecular hybridization with [3H]DNA complementary to purified delta-crystallin mRNA. An average of approximately 0.5 pg of delta-crystallin mRNA was found per embryonic head at 48 hr of development. This leads to approximately 265 molecules of delta-crystallin mRNA per lens cell, if one assumes that the mRNA is confined to the lens rudiment, as is indicated by immunofluorescence studies of delta-crystallin performed by other investigators. Pulse-labeling experiments with [35S]methionine indicated that the delta-crystallin mRNA is being translated already at this time. delta-Crystallin mRNA accumulated at an average rate of 1 molecule per cell per minute between 48 and 72 hr of development. Thus, by extrapolation, the initiation of delta-crystallin mRNA accumulation coincides with the initiation of lens placode formation at approximately 43-44 hr of development, which is some 8-9 hr after the initiation of lens induction by the optic vesicle. These data suggest that delta-crystallin synthesis is regulated by the accumulation of delta-crystallin mRNA during lens induction in chick embryos.
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Piatigorsky J. Subunit composition of delta-crystallin from embryonic chick lens. Analysis of methionine-containing tryptic peptides and cyanogen bromide peptides. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Beebe DC. Differential synthesis of crystallin and noncrystallin polypeptides during lens fiber cell differentiation in vitro. Exp Eye Res 1976; 22:237-49. [PMID: 1269545 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(76)90051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Milstone LM, Zelenka P, Piatigorsky J. Delta-crystallin mRNA in chick lens cells: mRNA accumulates during differential stimulation of delta-crystallin synthesis in cultured cells. Dev Biol 1976; 48:197-204. [PMID: 1254080 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(76)90084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Brahma SK, Starre H. Studies on biosynthesis of soluble lens crystallin antigens in the chick by isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide gel. Exp Cell Res 1976; 97:175-83. [PMID: 1281 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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SHINOHARA TOSHIMICHI. A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF DELTA CRYSTALLIN IN CHICK LENS DIFFERENTIATION. Dev Growth Differ 1975. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.1975.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shinohara T, Katoh A. Delta-crystallin synthesis during chick lens differentiation. II. Expression of programmed potential in vitro. Exp Eye Res 1975; 20:341-7. [PMID: 1126400 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(75)90116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Milstone LM, Piatigorsky J. Rates of protein synthesis in explanted embryonic chick lens epithelia: differential stimulation of delta-crystallin synthesis. Dev Biol 1975; 43:91-100. [PMID: 1149925 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(75)90133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Piatigorsky J, Zelenka P, Simpson RT. Molecular weight and subunit structure of delta-crystallin from embryonic chick lens fibers. Exp Eye Res 1974; 18:435-46. [PMID: 4834398 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(74)90080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mitotic activity in the lens rudiment of the chicken embryo before and after the onset of crystallin synthesis. Dev Genes Evol 1974; 175:13-25. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00573221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/1973] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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