Bibliography on muscle receptors; Their morphology, pathology and physiology

Encapsulated sensory receptors within intraorbital skeletal muscles of a camel

BACKGROUND

The occurrence of encapsulated sensory receptors in extrinsic ocular muscles differs among and within orders of mammals. Beyond indications that neuromuscular and neurotendinous spindles are present in extraocular muscles of the family Camilidae, little is known of their distributional characteristics. In fact there appear to be no distribution maps for any animal that show both major types of encapsulated muscle receptor in a full set of intraorbital skeletal muscles.

METHOD

Serial histological sections of all skeletal muscles from one orbit of an adult, one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) were examined for encapsulated receptors.

RESULTS

Encapsulated receptors were apparent in all the intraorbital skeletal muscles. Muscle spindles outnumbered tendon organs in the fleshy part of each muscle. For all muscles, spindles were most abundant in the half of the muscle near the origin; levator palpebrae superioris had a more even distribution of spindles along its length than did extraocular muscles. These longitudinal patterns of distribution for muscle spindles related in a general way to the nerve entry zone. Tendon organs occurred anywhere along a muscle's length, but they tended to be more frequent on either side of the major concentration of muscle spindles. Both types of encapsulated receptors were generally located nearer the perimeter than the center of cross sections through muscles.

CONCLUSIONS

Encapsulated receptors of classic appearance are plentiful and have distinctive configurations within intraorbital skeletal muscles of the adult dromedary. When analyzed in conjunction with other studies, the present data give rise to testable explanations for the variability among genera in the number of encapsulated receptors in extraocular muscles.

Discharge from total populations of Ia and II afferent fibers in the cat's deefferented medial gastrocnemius muscle during static stretch

Estimates were made of the changing volumes of discharge arising from the total populations of Ia and II spindle afferent fibers in the cat's deefferented medial gastrocnemius as the muscle was extended stepwise over its excursion range. The estimates were based on values reported elsewhere for (i) the incidence of active units and (ii) their rates of discharge at static muscle lengths normalized against the excursion range of the particular muscle, together with (iii) the numbers of Ia and II afferent fibers in the medial gastrocnemius as derived from a critical review of published information. Curves representing the total discharge of the two afferent types are similar and show three phases: an initial level of spontaneous activity, a somewhat curvilinear rise associated with early recruitment of units during stretch, and rectilinear increase after full recruitment. There was no appearance of saturation. Completion of recruitment of both types of units occurred about halfway in the extension range of the passive muscle. Over most of the excursion range, inflow from the group II population was about one-third greater than that from the Ia units.

An ultrastructural study of nerve terminal degeneration in muscle spindles of the tenuissimus muscle of the cat

Muscle spindles in the tenuissimus muscle of the cat were studied between 12 and 168 h after cutting or freezing the nerve to this muscle. Degenerative changes in sensory and motor nerve terminals on intrafusal muscle fibres were observed using the electron microscope. Comparisons were made with spindles from unoperated or sham-operated cats. The earliest degenerative changes were seen in sensory and motor terminals at 20-24 h after the lesion. No nerve endings were seen by 114 h after denervation. The most consistent initial signs of degeneration were: (1) the presence of abnormal mitochondria and dense bodies in sensory terminals, and (2) a decrease in the number and clumping of synaptic vesicles combined with an increase in glycogen and neurofilaments in motor endings. Intrafusal fibres participate in the removal of degenerating sensory endings. Schwann cells phagocytose degenerating motor terminals. The disappearance of nerve terminals precedes the complete degeneration of preterminal myelinated fibres within the muscle spindle.