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Moorjani S. Miniaturized Technologies for Enhancement of Motor Plasticity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:30. [PMID: 27148525 PMCID: PMC4834582 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that the damaged brain can functionally reorganize itself – so when one part fails, there lies the possibility for another to substitute – is an exciting discovery of the twentieth century. We now know that motor circuits once presumed to be hardwired are not, and motor-skill learning, exercise, and even mental rehearsal of motor tasks can turn genes on or off to shape brain architecture, function, and, consequently, behavior. This is a very significant alteration from our previously static view of the brain and has profound implications for the rescue of function after a motor injury. Presentation of the right cues, applied in relevant spatiotemporal geometries, is required to awaken the dormant plastic forces essential for repair. The focus of this review is to highlight some of the recent progress in neural interfaces designed to harness motor plasticity, and the role of miniaturization in development of strategies that engage diverse elements of the neuronal machinery to synergistically facilitate recovery of function after motor damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Moorjani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and the Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
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Neural correlates of habituation and dark adaptation in the visual cortex of the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03332992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
For practical clinical purposes, as well as because of their deep philosophical implications, it becomes increasingly important to be aware of contemporary studies of the brain mechanisms that generate subjective experiences. Current research has progressed to the point where plausible theoretical proposals can be made about the neurophysiological and neurochemical processes which mediate perception and sustain subjective awareness. An adequate theory of consciousness must describe how information about the environment is encoded by the exogenous system, how memories are stored in the endogenous system and released appropriately for the present circumstances, how the exogenous and endogenous systems interact to produce perception, and explain how consciousness arises from that interaction. Evidence assembled from a variety of neuroscience areas, together with the invariant reversible electrophysiological changes observed with loss and return of consciousness in anesthesia as well as distinctive quantitative electroencephalographic profiles of various psychiatric disorders, provides an empirical foundation for this theory of consciousness. This evidence suggests the need for a paradigm shift to explain how the brain accomplishes the transformation from synchronous and distributed neuronal discharges to seamless global subjective awareness. This chapter undertakes to provide a detailed description and explanation of these complex processes by experimental evidence marshaled from a wide variety of sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roy John
- Brain Research Laboratories, NYU School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA.
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Shulgina GI. The neurophysiological validation of the hyperpolarization theory of internal inhibition. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2005; 8:86-99. [PMID: 15875461 DOI: 10.1017/s1138741600004996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The experiments in conscious non-immobilized rabbits showed that cessation of the reactions without reinforcement (elaboration of the internal inhibition) is accompanied by an enhanced phasic state, by alternation of activation and inhibition of neuron firing, and by the corresponding slow potential oscillation (SPO). These changes can be either localized, predominantly in the structures of conditioned stimulus, or, under enhancement of the inhibitory state, generalized in the brain structures. On the basis of our experience and published data, it is concluded that the above event results from relative enhancement of the inhibitory hyperpolarizing processes due to increase in reactivity of the inhibitory systems to stimulus, which acquires inhibitory properties during learning. Changes in the excitability and reactivity of neuron populations appearing during enhancement of the hyperpolarizing inhibition, and differing in the various brain structures, play an active role in the execution of the main function of the internal inhibition: limitation of excitation transmission to the effectors. An inhibitory mediator gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is of great importance in inhibiting the excitation in response to the stimulus which lost its biological significance. These experimental data and their interpretation in the light of published data give the basis for the development of the hyperpolarization theory of internal inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina I Shulgina
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117465 Moscow, Butlerova 5A, Russia.
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John ER, Easton P, Isenhart R. Consciousness and cognition may be mediated by multiple independent coherent ensembles. Conscious Cogn 1997; 6:3-39; discussion 40-1, 50-5, 65-6. [PMID: 9170558 DOI: 10.1006/ccog.1996.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Short-term or working memory (WM) provides temporary storage of information in the brain after an experience and is associated with conscious awareness. Neurons sensitive to the multiple stimulus attributes comprising an experience are distributed within many brain regions. Such distributed cell assemblies, activated by an event, are the most plausible system to represent the WM of that event. Studies with a variety of imaging technologies have implicated widespread brain regions in the mediation of WM for different categories of information. Each kind of WM may thus be expected to involve many brain regions rather than a local, uniquely dedicated set of cells. Neurons in a distributed "cell assembly" may be self-selected by their temporally coherent activations. The process by which this fragmented representation of the recent past is reassembled to accomplish essentially automatic and reliable recognition of a recurrent event constitutes an important problem. One plausible mechanism to achieve the identification of past with previous events would require that the representational system mediating WM must coexist in spatial extent and somehow overlap in temporal activation with cell ensembles registering input from subsequent events. The detection of such a postulated mechanism required an experimental approach which would focus upon spatial patterns of coherent activation while information about different events was stored in WM and retrieved, rather than focusing upon the temporal sequences of activation in localized regions of interest. For this purpose, the familiar delayed matching from sample (DMS) task was modified. A series of information-free flashes, or "noncontingent probes," was presented before an initial series of visual information items, the Priming Sample, which were to be held in WM during a Delay Period. A second series of visual information items were then presented, the Matching Sample. The task required detection of any item in the second series which had been absent from the initial series. Thirty such trials with a particular category of visual information constituted a single task. Several DMS tasks with this standardized design, but with different categories of visual information, were presented within each test session. The information categories included letters of the alphabet, single digit numbers, or faces from a school yearbook. Event-related potentials (ERPs), were computed from 21 standardized electrode placements, separately for information-free probes and for information items in each interval of the trials within a task. Because each electrode is particularly sensitive to coherent activation of neurons in the immediately underlying brain regions, topographic maps were constructed and interpolated across the surface of the scalp. The momentary fluctuations of the resulting voltage "landscapes" throughout the task were then subjected to quantitative analysis. Distinctive landscapes sometimes persisted for prolonged periods, implying sustained engagement of very large populations of neurons. "Difference landscapes" were constructed by subtraction of topographic maps evoked by noncontingent probes during the Delay Period from maps of probe ERPs before the presentation of the initial information in the Priming Sample. Such probe difference landscapes displayed recurrent high similarity to momentary landscapes elicited during subsequent presentation of the information items in the Matching Sample. It seemed as if the distributed cell assembly continuously engaged by mediation of WM of the diverse attributes of the initial stimuli was being dynamically compared to the ensembles engaged by registration of the subsequent stimuli. Spatial Principal Component Analysis was applied to the sequences of momentary voltage landscapes observed throughout trials of each task. This method sought a small number of spatial patterns with which these large sets of inhomogeneous spatial distributions of voltage co
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Affiliation(s)
- E R John
- New York University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, New York 10016, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Thatcher
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33620, USA
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Aalexandrov Y, Jarvilehto T. Activity Versus Reactivity in Psychology and Neurophysiology. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1207/s15326969eco0501_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Electrophysiological and Radiographic Evidence for the Mediation of Memory by an Anatomically Distributed System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71531-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Squire LR. Memory: Neural Organization and Behavior. Compr Physiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp010508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Téllez-Villagra C, Vázquez-Pereyra F. Evolution of evoked potentials during conditioning in immobilized cats. Physiol Behav 1986; 37:939-44. [PMID: 3786486 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(86)80016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To establish the relevancy of motor feedback in the evolution of evoked potentials during conditioning, recordings were made from the Caudate Nucleus (CN), the Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB), the Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MRF), the Occipital Cortex (OC) and the Cerebellar Cortex (Cer. C) in immobilized and non-immobilized cats before and during classical conditioning. As a result of the conditioning we observed an enhancement of the average evoked potentials (AEP) recorded in CN and in LGB in those animals able to perform the conditioned response. In contrast, the AEP recorded in CN diminished in the immobilized animals, and no changes were observed in the recordings made from the other structures, except for the appearance of polyphasic components of small amplitude and high frequency (200 Hz) in the average evoked potentials' 2nd peak, recorded from LGB. From these results we conclude that the motor feedback produced by the execution of the response is important to establish the AEP changes observed in the CN.
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Sensory Factors in the Behavioral Ontogeny of Altricial Birds. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Grossberg S. Some psychophysiological and pharmacological correlates of a developmental, cognitive and motivational theory. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1984; 425:58-151. [PMID: 6146280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb23523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Andry DK. Drug-induced dissociation of evoked responses and performance in mice. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1976; 17:17-29. [PMID: 938409 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(76)90212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ramos A, Schwartz E, John ER. An examination of the participation of neurons in readout from memory. Brain Res Bull 1976; 1:77-86. [PMID: 974797 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(76)90051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult cats were implanted with a movable microelectrode and were trained to perform for food reward in response to diffuse light flicker at two different frequencies. After substantial overtraining, the patterns of cell response (poststimulus histogram) were obtained during generalization trials, using an intermediate frequency stimulus. An average of 29% of the cells examined in lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex traverses showed statistically significant differences in the late component of the neuronal response when different responses to the same generalization stimulus were compared.
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Abstract
Cats with permanently implanted electrodes were trained to discriminate between trains of flashes or clicks at two different repetition frequencies. After substantial overtraining with these sensory stimuli, high levels of stimulus generalization were obtained to electrical stimulation of the reticular formation at either frequency stimultaneously with contradictory flicker or click stimulation at the opposite frequency resulted in control of the behavior by the reticualr stimulus. Lateral geniculate stimulation failed to show this effect.
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Masland RH. A minimal system for recording from single cells in moving animals. MEDICAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 1974; 12:564-6. [PMID: 4465577 DOI: 10.1007/bf02478618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ranck JB. Studies on single neurons in dorsal hippocampal formation and septum in unrestrained rats. I. Behavioral correlates and firing repertoires. Exp Neurol 1973; 41:461-531. [PMID: 4355646 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(73)90290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 874] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gasanov UG. Correlation between unit activity of the auditory cortex and the conditioned blink reflex in cats. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 1973; 6:189-96. [PMID: 4586799 DOI: 10.1007/bf01190342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Howe RC, Sterman MB. Somatosensory system evoked potentials during waking behavior and sleep in the cat. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1973; 34:605-18. [PMID: 4122396 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(73)90006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Masland RH, Schwartzkroin PA, Chow KL. Responses of single lateral geniculate cells during performance of a visually guided discrimination. Brain Res 1972; 45:271-7. [PMID: 5075341 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Rosenfeld JP, Fox SS. Movement-related macropotentials in cat cortex. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1972; 32:75-80. [PMID: 4109917 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(72)90229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Brakel S, Babb T, Mahnke J, Verzeano M. A compact amplifier for extracellular recording. Physiol Behav 1971; 6:731-3. [PMID: 4948154 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(71)90264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Eight cats with implanted electrodes were trained to obtain food on presentation of one flicker frequency and to avoid shock on presentation of a second flicker frequency. A third flicker frequency, midway between the first and the second, was then presented. Differential generalization ensued, in which either the food response or the avoidance response was performed. Average evoked potentials from generalization trials with different outcomes were significantly different. The wave shape elicited by the stimulus for generalization closely resembled the usual response to the appropriate signal for the behavior which was displayed. This constitutes evidence for release of a neural process representing previous experience. The release of this process begins about 35 milliseconds after stimulation.
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