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Cyrklaff M, Frischknecht F, Kudryashev M. Functional insights into pathogen biology from 3D electron microscopy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:828-853. [PMID: 28962014 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, novel imaging approaches revolutionised our understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of microorganisms. These include advances in fluorescent probes, dynamic live cell imaging, superresolution light and electron microscopy. Currently, a major transition in the experimental approach shifts electron microscopy studies from a complementary technique to a method of choice for structural and functional analysis. Here we review functional insights into the molecular architecture of viruses, bacteria and parasites as well as interactions with their respective host cells gained from studies using cryogenic electron tomography and related methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Cyrklaff
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mikhail Kudryashev
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Strasse 17, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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2
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Shi H, Liu Z, Li A, Yin J, Chong AGL, Tan KSW, Zhang Y, Lim CT. Life cycle-dependent cytoskeletal modifications in Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61170. [PMID: 23585879 PMCID: PMC3621960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection of human erythrocytes is known to result in the modification of the host cell cytoskeleton by parasite-coded proteins. However, such modifications and corresponding implications in malaria pathogenesis have not been fully explored. Here, we probed the gradual modification of infected erythrocyte cytoskeleton with advancing stages of infection using atomic force microscopy (AFM). We reported a novel strategy to derive accurate and quantitative information on the knob structures and their connections with the spectrin network by performing AFM-based imaging analysis of the cytoplasmic surface of infected erythrocytes. Significant changes on the red cell cytoskeleton were observed from the expansion of spectrin network mesh size, extension of spectrin tetramers and the decrease of spectrin abundance with advancing stages of infection. The spectrin network appeared to aggregate around knobs but also appeared sparser at non-knob areas as the parasite matured. This dramatic modification of the erythrocyte skeleton during the advancing stage of malaria infection could contribute to the loss of deformability of the infected erythrocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Nano Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Infrastructure System Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ang Li
- Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Yin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alvin G. L. Chong
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin S. W. Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Zhang
- Nano Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Nano Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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3
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Cyrklaff M, Sanchez CP, Frischknecht F, Lanzer M. Host actin remodeling and protection from malaria by hemoglobinopathies. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:479-85. [PMID: 22980758 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many intracellular pathogens remodel the actin of their host cells, and the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is no exception to this rule. The surprising finding is that several hemoglobinopathies that protect carriers from severe malaria may do so by interfering with host actin reorganization. Here we discuss our current understanding of actin remodeling in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes, how hemoglobinopathies interfere with this process, and how impaired host actin remodeling affects the virulence of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Cyrklaff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Rug M, Prescott SW, Fernandez KM, Cooke BM, Cowman AF. The role of KAHRP domains in knob formation and cytoadherence of P falciparum-infected human erythrocytes. Blood 2006; 108:370-8. [PMID: 16507777 PMCID: PMC1895844 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-11-4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface protrusions of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes, called knobs, display focal aggregates of P falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), the adhesion ligand binding endothelial-cell receptors. The resulting sequestration of infected erythrocytes in tissues represents an important factor in the course of fatalities in patients with malaria. The main component of knobs is the knob-associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP), and it contributes to altered mechanical properties of parasite-infected erythrocytes. The role of KAHRP domains in these processes is still elusive. We generated stable transgenic P falciparum-infected erythrocytes expressing mutant versions of KAHRP. Using atomic force and electron microscopy we show that the C-terminal repeat region is critical for the formation of functional knobs. Elasticity of the membrane differs dramatically between cells with different KAHRP mutations. We propose that the 5' repeat region of KAHRP is important in cross-linking to the host-cell cytoskeleton and this is required for knob protrusion and efficient adhesion under physiologic flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rug
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
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Simões AP, Roelofsen B, Op den Kamp JA. Lipid compartmentalization in erythrocytes parasitized by Plasmodium spp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 8:18-21. [PMID: 15463520 DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(92)90305-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although reasonably well protected from the host immune system by the erythrocyte membrane, the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite has to make that membrane compatible with its own requirements for development and multiplication. The development of Plasmodium spp brings about major changes in the lipid composition of the host cell membrane, as well as in its physical properties. The parasite itself has a lipid composition that differs from that of the host cell and an intense lipid trafficking seems to occur between intracellular parasite and host cell membrane. Here, Ana Paula Simões, Ben Roelofsen and Jos Op den Kamp discuss how, despite serious methodological limitations and the existence of some conflicting results, an overall picture of lipid compartmentalization within the parasitized erythrocyte is perceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Simões
- Centre for Biomembranes and Lipid Enzymology, University of Utrecht, PO Box 80054, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Cooke BM, Mohandas N, Coppel RL. The malaria-infected red blood cell: structural and functional changes. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2001; 50:1-86. [PMID: 11757330 PMCID: PMC7130133 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(01)50029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The asexual stage of malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium invade red blood cells of various species including humans. After parasite invasion, red blood cells progressively acquire a new set of properties and are converted into more typical, although still simpler, eukaryotic cells by the appearance of new structures in the red blood cell cytoplasm, and new proteins at the red blood cell membrane skeleton. The red blood cell undergoes striking morphological alterations and its rheological properties are considerably altered, manifesting as red blood cells with increased membrane rigidity, reduced deformability and increased adhesiveness for a number of other cells including the vascular endothelium. Elucidation of the structural changes in the red blood cell induced by parasite invasion and maturation and an understanding of the accompanying functional alterations have the ability to considerably extend our knowledge of structure-function relationships in the normal red blood cell. Furthermore, interference with these interactions may lead to previously unsuspected means of reducing parasite virulence and may lead to the development of novel antimalarial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Cooke
- Department of Microbiology, P.O. Box 53, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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7
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Garcia CR, Takeuschi M, Yoshioka K, Miyamoto H. Imaging Plasmodium falciparum-infected ghost and parasite by atomic force microscopy. J Struct Biol 1997; 119:92-8. [PMID: 9245748 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.1997.3886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy was used to image the membrane cytoskeleton network of normal and P. falciparum-infected ghosts. The membrane cytoskeleton network was examined in air-dried ghost preparations from normal and infected cells. We found that the spectrin network was changed in infected ghosts. The thickness of the normal red cell membrane was about 15.05 +/- 2.27 nm, while the thickness of the P. falciparum-infected membrane was found to be 22.97 +/- 3.84 nm. The ghost containing ring stage parasites exhibited areas of particle-like protrusions ranging in size from 0.2 to 0.7 micron. The surface of the P. falciparum parasite was also imaged in air-dried samples, showing the existence of a large protrusion extending from the parasite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Garcia
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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Le Scanf C, Fandeur T, Morales-Betoulle ME, Mercereau-Puijalon O. Plasmodium falciparum: altered expressions of erythrocyte membrane-associated antigens during antigenic variation. Exp Parasitol 1997; 85:135-48. [PMID: 9030664 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1996.4121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The O and R antigenic variants of the Plasmodium falciparum Palo Alto strain present differences in the morphology of the infected red blood cell membrane, in their adhesion properties, surface immunofluorescence, and agglutination specificities and importantly, induce a variant-specific protection after a primary infection in Saimiri sciureus monkeys. To identify potential targets of variant-specific immunity, we have compared the antigenic makeup of both variants by immunoblot. O-specific monkey sera generated similar profiles on both parasite types, while R-specific sera showed a consistent difference on a high-molecular-mass undefined antigen. Distinct antibody specificities were eluted from the surface of O- or R-infected erythrocytes, generating variant-specific agglutination, surface immunofluorescence, and immunoblot profiles. An antiserum raised to Pf60.1, predicted to cross-react with the cytoplasmic domain of PfEMP1, reacted with specific, SDS-soluble antigens in both variants. Antigens associated with the membrane of the infected red blood cells were further investigated using several specific antisera. The 85-kDa HRP1 gene product was more abundant in O than in R parasites, while the reverse was observed for the PfEMP3 protein. These data indicate that O and R parasites differ in the expression of several antigens associated with the membrane of the infected red blood cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Le Scanf
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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9
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Ruangjirachuporn W, Udomsangpetch R, Carlsson J, Drenckhahn D, Perlmann P, Berzins K. Plasmodium falciparum: analysis of the interaction of antigen Pf155/RESA with the erythrocyte membrane. Exp Parasitol 1991; 73:62-72. [PMID: 2055301 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(91)90008-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The location of the Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate antigen Pf155/RESA in the membrane of infected erythrocytes was analzyed by means of selective surface radioiodination and immunofluorescence of surface-modified cells. The lack of radiolabel in Pf155/RESA as well as its localization by immunofluorescence similar to that of the N-terminal region of erythrocyte band 3 suggests that the antigen is associated with the cytoplasmic phase of the erythrocyte membrane. In concordance with this, Pf155/RESA was detected by immunofluorescence on the surface of inside out membrane vesicles from P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Pf155/RESA from spent culture medium also bound to inside out membrane vesicles of normal erythrocytes as well as to cytoskeletal shells of such vesicles, but failed to bind to sealed right-side out membrane vesicles. Depletion of spectrin from the vesicles abolished antigen binding, suggesting that Pf155/RESA association with the erythrocyte cytoskeleton is mediated by spectrin.
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Ruangjirachuporn W, Afzelius BA, Paulie S, Wahlgren M, Berzins K, Perlmann P. Cytoadherence of knobby and knobless Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Parasitology 1991; 102 Pt 3:325-34. [PMID: 1866180 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200006426x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to melanoma cells was analysed using strains or isolates of parasites expressing or not expressing knobs (K+ or K- phenotype) on the erythrocyte surface. Both K+ and K- parasites had the capacity to cytoadhere to melanoma cells. Using a panel of melanoma cell lines with different surface expression of the cytoadherence receptors CD36, thrombospondin and ICAM-1 indicated that CD36 was the major receptor for parasites of both K+ and K- phenotypes. Binding competition experiments between K+ and K- -infected erythrocytes suggested that K+ cytoadherence is of higher affinity than that of K- parasites. However, some K- cytoadherence was also found in isolates containing mixed populations of K+ and K- parasites. The interaction of the two types of infected erythrocytes with melanoma cells also differed ultrastructurally, erythrocytes of K+ phenotype showing intimate interdigitations with microvilli on the melanoma cells, while erythrocytes of K- phenotype displayed more separated interactions with fewer sites of contact and involving only a few melanoma cell microvilli. One and the same infected erythrocyte may co-express the ligand for CD36-mediated cytoadherence and the structures mediating binding of uninfected erythrocytes to form rosettes.
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11
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Berzins K. Pf I 55/RESA is not a surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991; 7:193-4. [PMID: 15463491 DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(91)90136-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Berzins
- Deportment of Immunology, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Baruch D, Cabantchik ZI. Passive modulation of antigenic expression in the surface of normal and malaria-infected erythrocytes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1989; 36:127-37. [PMID: 2475777 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(89)90185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The membranes of Plasmodium falciparum-infected human red blood cells contain antigens of demonstrably cryptic character. We show here, by a cell surface radioimmunoassay using anti-human red cell membrane antisera, that raising the membrane microviscosity of intact cells leads to a marked increase in the cell surface antigen reactivity of normal cells, and even more so in cells infected in vitro with two strains of P. falciparum. A variety of sera from adults and children living in endemic areas and from malaria patients, all of which showed no detectable surface reactivity with either normal or infected red cells, were demonstrably surface-reactive to infected cells whose sterol membrane content has been raised by means conservative of cell integrity. New epitopes become exposed on the surface of infected cells after lipid modification. The present studies indicate that the reduced membrane viscosity reported in malaria-infected cells determines to a considerable extent the expression of cell surface antigens of both host and parasite, and could play a significant role in parasite immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baruch
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Taylor DW, Parra M, Chapman GB, Stearns ME, Rener J, Aikawa M, Uni S, Aley SB, Panton LJ, Howard RJ. Localization of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 1 in the erythrocyte skeleton under knobs. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1987; 25:165-74. [PMID: 2444884 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(87)90005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum parasites that induce knobs in the host erythrocyte membrane (K+ phenotype) synthesize a 90 kDa histidine-rich protein (PfHRP-1), whereas knobless variants do not. A monoclonal antibody (mAb 89) to PfHRP-1, in combination with cryo-thin section immunoelectron microscopy, localized the antigen in the parasitophorous vacuolar space and vesicles within the erythrocyte cytosol. Additional immunoelectron microscopic studies showed that PfHRP-1 was also associated with submembranous electron-dense material under knobs and with microfilaments of the host erythrocyte skeletal network. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy of intact, non-fixed K+ infected erythrocytes using mAb 89 and a rabbit antiserum raised against purified PfHRP-1, failed to identify any surface exposed epitopes. These antibodies also failed to block cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes to C32 melanoma cells or to affect macrophage phagocytosis of infected erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Taylor
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
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