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Hofstetrová K, Uzlíková M, Tůmová P, Troell K, Svärd SG, Nohýnková E. Giardia intestinalis: aphidicolin influence on the trophozoite cell cycle. Exp Parasitol 2009; 124:159-66. [PMID: 19735659 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study is a thorough examination of the effects of the DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin on the nuclear cycle and cell cycle progression characteristics, as well as their reversibility, in Giardia intestinalis. Giardia trophozoites are arrested in the G1/S-junction after aphidicolin treatment according to their DNA content. However, cell growth continues and trophozoites arrested with aphidicolin resemble cells in the G2 phase and trophozoites in ageing cultures. Extensive treatment with aphidicolin causes side effects and we detected positive signals for phosphorylated histone H2A, which, in mammalian cells, is involved in a signalling pathway triggered as a reaction to double stranded DNA breaks. These results suggest that aphidicolin causes dissociation of the nuclear and cytoplasmic cycles, a phenomenon that has also been described for other inhibitors in mammalian cell lines. Thus, if aphidicolin is used for synchronization of Giardia trophozoites, this fact must be accounted for, and treatment with aphidicolin must be minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Hofstetrová
- 3rd Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Bulovka, Czech Republic
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2
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Reiner DS, Ankarklev J, Troell K, Palm D, Bernander R, Gillin FD, Andersson JO, Svärd SG. Synchronisation of Giardia lamblia: identification of cell cycle stage-specific genes and a differentiation restriction point. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:935-44. [PMID: 18289546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia undergoes cell differentiations that entail entry into and departure from the replicative cell cycle. The pathophysiology of giardiasis depends directly upon the ability of the trophozoite form to replicate in the host upper small intestine. Thus, cell proliferation is tightly linked to disease. However, studies of cell cycle regulation in Giardia have been hampered by the inability to synchronise cultures. Here we report that Giardia isolates of the major human genotypes A and B can be synchronised using aphidicolin, a mycotoxin that reversibly inhibits replicative DNA polymerases in eukaryotic cells. Aphidicolin arrests Giardia trophozoites in the early DNA synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle. We identified a set of cell cycle orthologues in the Giardia genome using bioinformatic analyses and showed that synchronised parasites express these genes in a cell cycle stage-specific manner. The synchronisation method also showed that during encystation, exit from the ordinary cell cycle occurs preferentially in G(2) and defines a restriction point for differentiation. Synchronisation opens up possibilities for further molecular and cell biological studies of chromosome replication, mitosis and segregation of the complex cytoskeleton in Giardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Reiner
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103-8416, USA
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3
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Li JL, Cox LS. Characterisation of a sexual stage-specific gene encoding ORC1 homologue in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Int 2003; 52:41-52. [PMID: 12543146 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(02)00079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The origin recognition complex (ORC) is a multisubunit protein composed of six polypeptides that binds to replication origins and is essential for the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Using the Vectorette technique, we have isolated a novel gene encoding an ORC1-like protein from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The gene has no introns and encodes a protein (PfORC1) of 1189 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 139 kDa. PfORC1 contains all conserved sequences in the ORC1/Cdc6/Cdc18 family and displays the highest homology to the Schizosaccharomyces pombe ORC1. However, PfORC1 possesses an extensive N-terminal segment with several interesting features including multiple potential phosphorylation sites, a large proportion of charged amino acids, four copies of a heptamer repeat, two nuclear localisation signals, and a leucine zipper motif. Southern blot analyses show that the Pforc1 gene is present as a single copy per haploid genome and is located on chromosome 12. A 5600 nucleotide transcript of this gene is expressed predominantly in the sexual erythrocytic stage, indicating that PfORC1 may be involved in gametogenesis during which DNA is quickly replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Liang Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Li JL, Warren AV, Cox LS. Identification of a second proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the human malarial pathogen Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32:1683-92. [PMID: 12464414 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen seems to exist as a single form in higher eukaryotic cells and plays multiple roles in nucleic acid metabolism. We have identified a second additional proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PfPCNA2) in Plasmodium falciparum on the basis of several lines of evidence. (1) PfPCNA2, consisting of 264 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 30.2kDa, shares only 29% identity and 53% similarity with PfPCNA1 at the amino acid level. (2) Southern blot analyses revealed that the hybridisation pattern of the Pfpcna2 gene is completely different from that of the Pfpcna1 gene. (3) Chromosomal localisation studies showed that Pfpcna2 is located on chromosome 12 while Pfpcna1 is located on chromosome 13. Northern blot analyses revealed two different transcripts of Pfpcna2, one expressed in both asexual and sexual erythrocytic stages, while the other existed only in the sexual stage, implying that PfPCNA2 may play multiple roles in DNA metabolism in different stages of the parasite. Recombinant protein of PfPCNA2, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, has been purified to near homogeneity and shown to form an oligomer, probably a trimer, as revealed by a size-exclusion chromatography and a native gel electrophoresis, suggesting that PfPCNA2, like its higher eukaryotic counterparts, may serve as a sliding platform which is capable of interaction with diverse proteins and regulation of their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Liang Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Li JL, Cox LS. Identification of an MCM4 homologue expressed specifically in the sexual stage of Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol 2001; 31:1246-52. [PMID: 11513894 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins play an essential role in DNA replication initiation. We have isolated a novel gene encoding an MCM-like protein from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum using the vectorette technique. The gene has no introns and comprises an open reading frame encoding 1005 amino acid residues with a predicted Mr of 115 kDa. The encoded protein, termed PfMCM4, contains all conserved sequences in the MCM family and displays the highest homology to the Cdc54 (MCM4) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, PfMCM4 possesses five unique amino acid inserts with sizes ranging from seven to 75 residues. Southern blotting of genomic DNA digests and chromosomal separations showed that the Pfmcm4 gene is present as a single copy per haploid genome and is located on chromosome 13. A 4000-nucleotide transcript of this gene is expressed specifically in the sexual erythrocytic stage, indicating that PfMCM4 may be involved in gametogenesis in which DNA is quickly replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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6
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Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmitr P, Chawprom S, Naesens L, Balzarini J, Wilairat P. Partial purification and characterization of mitochondrial DNA polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Int 2000; 49:279-88. [PMID: 11077262 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(00)00057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (K1 strain) were isolated from mature trophozoites by differential centrifugation. The mitochondrial marker enzyme cytochrome c reductase was employed to monitor the steps of mitochondria isolation. Partial purification of DNA polymerase from P. falciparum mitochondria was performed using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). DNA polymerase of P. falciparum mitochondria was characterized as a gamma-like DNA polymerase based on its sensitivity to the inhibitors aphidicolin, N-ethylmaleimide and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine-5'-triphosphate. In contrast, the enzyme was found to be strongly resistant to 2',3'-dideoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate (IC(50)>400 microM) and differed in this aspect from the human homologue, possibly indicating structural differences between human and P. falciparum DNA polymerase gamma. In addition, the DNA polymerase of parasite mitochondria was shown to be resistant (IC(50)>1 mM) to the nucleotide analogue (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl]adenine diphosphate (HPMPApp).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmitr
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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7
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Haltiwanger BM, Matsumoto Y, Nicolas E, Dianov GL, Bohr VA, Taraschi TF. DNA base excision repair in human malaria parasites is predominantly by a long-patch pathway. Biochemistry 2000; 39:763-72. [PMID: 10651642 DOI: 10.1021/bi9923151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells repair apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in DNA by two distinct pathways: a polymerase beta (pol beta)-dependent, short- (one nucleotide) patch base excision repair (BER) pathway, which is the major route, and a PCNA-dependent, long- (several nucleotide) patch BER pathway. The ability of a cell-free lysate prepared from asexual Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites to remove uracil and repair AP sites in a variety of DNA substrates was investigated. We found that the lysate contained uracil DNA glycosylase, AP endonuclease, DNA polymerase, flap endonuclease, and DNA ligase activities. This cell-free lysate effectively repaired a regular or synthetic AP site on a covalently closed circular (ccc) duplex plasmid molecule or a long (382 bp), linear duplex DNA fragment, or a regular or reduced AP site in short (28 bp), duplex oligonucleotides. Repair of the AP sites in the various DNA substrates involved a long-patch BER pathway. This biology is different from mammalian cells, yeast, Xenopus, and Escherichia coli, which predominantly repair AP sites by a one-nucleotide patch BER pathway. The apparent absence of a short-patch BER pathway in P. falciparum may provide opportunities to develop antimalarial chemotherapeutic strategies for selectively damaging the parasites in vivo and will allow the characterization of the long-patch BER pathway without having to knock-out or inactivate a short-patch BER pathway, which is necessary in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Haltiwanger
- Department of Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Kumagai M, Makioka A, Ohtomo H, Kobayashi S, Takeuchi T. Entamoeba invadens: reversible effects of aphidicolin on the growth and encystation. Exp Parasitol 1998; 90:294-7. [PMID: 9806876 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1998.4341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Kumagai
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
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9
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Makioka A, Ohtomo H, Kobayashi S, Takeuchi T. Comparison of DNA polymerase between Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar. Parasitol Int 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(97)00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Malaria is increasing as a global problem. Many of the drugs that were effective earlier in this century are now becoming obsolete as the parasite develops resistance to them and, despite earlier hopes, an affordable and effective vaccine remains elusive. It is hoped that a deeper understanding of the parasite's cell and molecular biology will give us a resource for the future and help us to achieve effective control. One aspect of parasite metabolism that has been the subject of recent studies is DNA replication: its timing during parasite development, the enzymes involved and the genes encoding them. In this review John White and Brian Kilbey report on the present status of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H White
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Edinburgh University, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, UK
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Makioka A, Kobayashi S, Takeuchi T. Detection and characterization of DNA polymerase activity in Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitol Res 1996; 82:87-9. [PMID: 8825452 DOI: 10.1007/s004360050074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase activity was detected and characterized in nuclear extracts from trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica. The activity was high at pH 2 to pH 6, but at pH 8 and 10 the activity was very low. The presence of K+ was inhibitory for the activity and a higher concentration of K+ markedly inhibited the activity. Magnesium ions (Mg2+) were absolutely required for activity and its optimal concentration was 6 to 8 mM. The activity was markedly inhibited by aphidicolin which is an inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases alpha, delta, and epsilon and also by N-ethylmaleimide which is an inhibitor of DNA polymerases, alpha, gamma, delta and epsilon. However, inhibition of the activity by 2', 3'-dideoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate which is an inhibitor of DNA polymerases beta and gamma was relatively weak. Thus sensitivity of the E. histolytica enzyme to these inhibitors was similar to that of mammalian DNA polymerases (alpha, delta and epsilon) of the alpha family. Monoclonal antibodies against human DNA polymerase alpha did not bind to DNA polymerase of E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Makioka
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Venegas J, Solari A. Purification and characterization of a beta-like DNA polymerase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1995; 73:53-62. [PMID: 8577347 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(94)00091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A DNA polymerase was purified to near homogeneity from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. This preparation had a major polypeptide of 50 kDa and a minor band of 45 kDa. SDS-PAGE studies and a novel colorimetric activity gel technique demonstrated that the 50-kDa polypeptide chain is the catalytic subunit of this T. cruzi DNA polymerase. Western blot analysis of different purification stage fractions strongly suggests that this 50-kDa protein is the intact catalytic subunit and does not correspond to a degradation product from a larger one. This T. cruzi DNA polymerase is insensitive to aphidicolin, butylphenyldeoxyguanosine triphosphate, berenil, ethidium bromide and N-ethylmaleimide, but is markedly inhibited by the dideoxythymidine triphosphate analogue. Studies with different DNA templates showed that the DNA polymerase prefers activated DNA as substrate and that it cannot elongate oligoriboadenylate primers. The data presented in this paper are consistent with the hypothesis that this enzyme corresponds to a beta-like DNA polymerase present in the parasitic protozoon T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Venegas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- A Makioka
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Chavalitshewinkoon P, de Vries E, Stam JG, Franssen FF, van der Vliet PC, Overdulve JP. Purification and characterization of DNA polymerases from Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1993; 61:243-53. [PMID: 8264728 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90070-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fractionation of Plasmodium falciparum cellular extracts by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) identified at least two different DNA polymerases. An aphidicolin-sensitive activity co-purified with a primase activity. This, in combination with other characteristics (processivity, sensitivity to other inhibitors), most likely classifies this enzyme as an alpha-like DNA polymerase. It was, however, relatively resistant to N2-(p-n-butylphenyl)deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate (IC50 = 6.6 microM) and differs in this aspect from the host homologue, possibly indicating structural differences between host and parasite DNA polymerase alpha. The other DNA polymerase matched eukaryotic DNA polymerase gamma in all properties tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chavalitshewinkoon
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Makioka A, Stavros B, Ellis JT, Johnson AM. Detection and characterization of DNA polymerase activity in Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology 1993; 107 ( Pt 2):135-9. [PMID: 8414667 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000067238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A DNA polymerase activity has been detected and characterized in crude extracts from tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii. The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 6.4 S, corresponding to an approximate molecular weight of 150,000 assuming a globular shape. Like mammalian DNA polymerase alpha, the DNA polymerase of T. gondii was sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide and inhibited by high ionic strength. However, the enzyme activity was not inhibited by aphidicolin which is an inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases alpha, delta and epsilon and also cytosine-beta-D-arabinofuranoside-5'-triphosphate which is an inhibitor of alpha polymerase. The activity was inhibited by 2',3'-dideoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate which is an inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase beta and gamma. Magnesium ions (Mg2+) were absolutely required for activity and its optimal concentration was 6 mM. The optimum potassium (K+) concentration was 50 mM and a higher concentration of K+ markedly inhibited the activity. Activity was optimal at pH 8. Monoclonal antibodies against human DNA polymerase alpha did not bind to DNA polymerase of T. gondii. Thus the T. gondii enzyme differs from the human enzymes and may be a useful target for the design of toxoplasmacidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Makioka
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Jaikaria NS, Rozario C, Ridley RG, Perkins ME. Biogenesis of rhoptry organelles in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1993; 57:269-79. [PMID: 8433718 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90203-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Biogenesis of the rhoptry organelle of Plasmodium falciparum was studied by examining the synthesis and assembly of rhoptry proteins at different stages of intraerythrocytic development. Rhoptry proteins examined in this study were those of the high molecular weight complex of 140/130/110 kDa and referred to as Rhop-H1,2,3 and the low molecular weight complex of 80 and 42 kDa referred to as Rhop-L1,2. Co-ordinate, stage-specific expression of three proteins, Rhop-H3, Rhop-L1 and Rhop-L2, was observed; maximum levels of mRNA at the 8 nucleus stage correlated with the onset of protein synthesis. In contrast, mRNA levels for DNA polymerase-alpha, a marker for DNA replication during schizogony, was maximum just prior to the onset of the first nuclear division, indicating that rhoptry biogenesis is not co-ordinate with nuclear division. The assembly of newly synthesized rhoptry proteins was followed by subcellular fractionation of schizonts at different stages of development. At the four-nucleus stage a vesicle could be isolated by sucrose gradient fractionation which had a peak density of 1.12 g ml-1 and contained only Rhop-H2 and Rhop-H3 proteins. This vesicle could represent an intermediate or pre-rhoptry compartment. At the 8-nucleus stage, the Rhop-L1 protein was also detected in a vesicle of low density. At the 16-nucleus stage, the proteins were present in vesicles having a significantly greater density in sucrose, 1.16 g ml-1, similar to that of the mature organelle. The study suggested that the rhoptry proteins first accumulate in a low density vesicle and that assembly into this compartment is staggered. Immunoelectronmicroscopy studies indicated that the Rhop-H3 protein is first present in small granular compartments that becomes more electron dense and enlarges due to the stage-dependent incorporation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Jaikaria
- Laboratory of Biochemical Parasitology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
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Ridley RG, White JH, McAleese SM, Goman M, Alano P, de Vries E, Kilbey BJ. DNA polymerase delta: gene sequences from Plasmodium falciparum indicate that this enzyme is more highly conserved than DNA polymerase alpha. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:6731-6. [PMID: 1762904 PMCID: PMC329302 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.24.6731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding proteins homologous to the catalytic subunits of DNA polymerase alpha and delta have been cloned from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. These are among the first cellular replicative DNA polymerase genes to be cloned and their sequences allow us to make new statements about the relative degrees of conservation of these two enzymes. The most important finding was that P. falciparum Pol delta showed considerable homology to the only other Pol delta enzyme for which published sequence is available, that of S. cerevisiae, displaying an overall amino acid identity of 45% and identity over a highly conserved central region of 59%. In contrast, the level of identity shown over the equivalent central region of Pol alpha between the P. falciparum and S. cerevisiae sequences is only 32%. The sequence data also allowed us to examine the degree of conservation in putative exonuclease domains of Pol delta. The Pol delta gene of P. falciparum maps to chromosome 10 and evidence is presented for the presence of different sized Pol delta mRNA's in the asexual and sexual erythrocytic stages of parasite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Ridley
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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