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Identification and Partial Characterization of an L-Tyrosine Aminotransferase (TAT) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Res Int 2010; 2010:549572. [PMID: 21188077 PMCID: PMC3005984 DOI: 10.1155/2010/549572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminotransferase gene family in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana consists of 44 genes. Twenty six of these enzymes are classified as characterized meaning that the reaction(s) that the enzyme catalyzes are documented using experimental means. The remaining 18 enzymes are uncharacterized and are therefore deemed putative. Our laboratory is interested in elucidating the function(s) of the remaining putative aminotransferase enzymes. To this end, we have identified and partially characterized an aminotransferase (TAT) enzyme from Arabidopsis annotated by the locus tag At5g36160. The full-length cDNA was cloned and the purified recombinant enzyme was characterized using in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro analysis showed that the enzyme is capable of interconverting L-Tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, and L-Phenylalanine and phenylpyruvate. In vivo analysis by functional complementation showed that the gene was able to complement an E. coli with a background of aminotransferase mutations that confers auxotrophy for L-Tyrosine and L-Phenylalanine.
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Rogalski J, Wojtas-Wasilewska M, Apalovic R, Leonowicz A. Affinity chromatography as a rapid and convenient method for purification of fungal laccases. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 37:770-7. [PMID: 18600674 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260370812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and convenient method for graduation, isolation, and purification of laccase from Trametes versicolor and Fomes fomentarius culture fluids was developed. For purification affinity chromatography on syringyl- and vanillyl-controlled porosity glass (CPG) columns was applied. The purified laccase of F. fomentarius was immobilized on porous glass. Some properties of the immobilized enzyme in comparison to the free one are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rogalski
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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Wilchek M, Hexter CS. The purification of biologically active compounds by affinity chromatography. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 23:347-85. [PMID: 187896 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110430.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Kotorman M, Simon LM, Szajani B. Coenzyme production using immobilized enzymes. III. Immobilization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from bakers' yeast. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994; 16:974-8. [PMID: 7765412 DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) from Bakers' yeast was immobilized with the highest activity on polyacrylamide beads possessing carboxylic functional groups activated by a water-soluble carbodiimide. The optimal pH values for the catalytic activity of the soluble and the immobilized glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were practically identical, lying between pH 9.0 and 9.2. The optimal temperature for both the soluble and the immobilized enzyme was about 50 degrees C. The apparent Km values of the immobilized enzyme were slightly higher than those of the soluble enzyme. The immobilization improved the stability of the enzyme in the pH range 6.0-9.0 at 45 degrees C. The operational stability of the immobilized glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase proved favorable in a column experiment during 37 days of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kotorman
- Department of Biochemistry, Attila Jozsef University, Szeged, Hungary
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Rogalski J, Dawidowicz AL, Leonowicz A. Purification and immobilization of the inducible form of extracellular laccase of the fungus trametes versicolor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/abio.370100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Horváth L, Abrahám M, Boross L, Szajáni B. Immobilization of pig muscle aldolase on a silica-based support. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1989; 22:223-35. [PMID: 2556962 DOI: 10.1007/bf02921758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pig muscle aldolase was covalently attached to a silica-based support possessing aldehyde functional groups. The activity of the immobilized enzyme was 37 U/g solid, and the specific activity calculated on a bound protein basis was 1.9 U/mg protein. The optimum pH for the catalytic activity was pH 7.5. The apparent optimum temperature was found to be 45 degrees C. The Km app value of the immobilized aldolase with D-fructose 1,6-diphosphate as substrate was 1.25 X 10(-4) M. The conformational stability was improved by the immobilization. The immobilized aldolase was used for the continuous splitting of D-fructose 1,6-diphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Horváth
- Department of Biochemistry, Attila József University, Szeged, Hungary
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7
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Sharma CP, Gehring H. The precursor of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase is translocated into mitochondria as apoprotein. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Korpela TK, Saarinen R. Affinity chromatography of B6-vitamin-dependent enzymes: purification of pig-heart branched-chain amino acid transaminase. J Chromatogr A 1985; 318:333-41. [PMID: 3980626 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)90694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pig-heart branched-chain amino acid transaminase (EC 2.6.1.42) was purified to near homogeneity with a yield of 27%. A prepurification was performed by heat treatment, gel chromatography and DEAE-Sepharose methods. For the final step, several affinity gels were tested and the one containing cycloserine coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B was selected. This effected an additional five-fold purification with a yield of 60%. The present affinity results are compared with corresponding studies with other aminotransferases in an attempt to find possible universal techniques for their purification.
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Kappel WK, Olson RE. Covalent modification of the solubilized rat liver vitamin K-dependent carboxylase with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 235:521-8. [PMID: 6440487 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The carboxylation of the pentapeptide substrate, Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Ile, by a rat microsomal vitamin K-dependent carboxylase was stimulated two- to threefold at pyridoxal-5'-P concentrations between 0.5 and 1.0 mM. This stimulation was reduced at concentrations higher than 1.0 mM. The Km for the pentapeptide was lowered twofold in the presence of 1 mM pyridoxal-5'-P. The activation by pyridoxal-5'-P is specific, as 1 mM pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxine-5'-P, pyridoxamine, pyridoxamine-5'-P, or 4-pyridoxic acid did not stimulate the pentapeptide carboxylation rate. All six analogs, as well as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, inhibited the carboxylation reaction in a concentration-dependent manner. The activation of the carboxylase by pyridoxal-5'-P appeared to be mediated by its direct binding to the enzyme via Schiff base formation. Sodium borohydride reduction of solubilized microsomes in the presence of pyridoxal-5'-P, followed by dialysis to remove unbound material, resulted in a carboxylase preparation with a specific activity twice that of the untreated control microsomes. The derivatized enzyme was not further stimulated by added pyridoxal-5'-P. This derivatized carboxylase could be obtained in the absence of pentapeptide and divalent cations. The stimulation of the carboxylase activity by divalent cations and pyridoxal-5'-P was mediated at separate site(s) on the enzyme. Studies of the NH2-terminal pyridoxalated pentapeptide with both a normal and PLP-modified enzyme, in the presence and absence of PLP, demonstrated competition of the pentapeptide PLP moiety to a PLP site on the enzyme. It was concluded that pyridoxal-5'-P forms a covalent attachment to an epsilon-NH2 of a lysine near the active site of the carboxylase.
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Kamio Y, Terawaki Y. Purification and properties of Selenomonas ruminantium lysine decarboxylase. J Bacteriol 1983; 153:658-64. [PMID: 6401702 PMCID: PMC221682 DOI: 10.1128/jb.153.2.658-664.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenomonas ruminantium, a strictly anaerobic, gram-negative bacterium isolated from sheep rumen, contains lysine decarboxylase (Y. Kamio et al., J. Bacteriol. 145:122-128, 1981). This report describes the synthesis, purification, and characterization of the enzyme. Lysine decarboxylase was synthesized in cells grown in chemically defined medium without lysine. The enzyme was purified approximately 1,800-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity. The native enzyme of approximate molecular weight 88,000 consisted of two identical subunits, each with a molecular weight of 44,000. Several properties of the enzyme were determined and compared with those of the lysine decarboxylases from Escherichia coli and Bacterium cadaverisis.
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Gray C, D'Silva C, Barker S. Yeast aspartate aminotransferase: preparation of the apoenzyme and its interaction with coenzyme analogues. Enzyme Microb Technol 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(82)90074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Vergé D, Arrio-Dupont M. A rapid preparation of the apo-holo hybrid of aspartate aminotransferase. FEBS Lett 1981; 130:39-42. [PMID: 7286224 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Jensen RA, Calhoun DH. Intracellular roles of microbial aminotransferases: overlap enzymes across different biochemical pathways. Crit Rev Microbiol 1981; 8:229-66. [PMID: 7009061 DOI: 10.3109/10408418109085080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Savany A, Cronenberger L. [Purification and detection of multiple forms of histidine decarboxylase in rat gastric mucosa (author's transl)]. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 526:247-58. [PMID: 28778 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(78)90309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A specific histidine decarboxylase from rat gastric mucosa has been obtained at high purity and good yield (purification about 600-fold). The purification procedure included double (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography, preparative isoelectric focusing in a granulated gel and gel filtration. Only the specific histidine enzyme was obtained by that procedure; DOPA decarboxylase, a non-specific enzyme, was absent in our final preparation. Each step of the purification was visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical isoelectric focusing. The purified enzyme was apparently homogenous by criteria of electrophoresis and gel filtration and has a molecular weight of 94 000. Several protein bands appeared after isoelectric focusing and the enzyme activity was localized in 3 distinct peaks. The gastric enzyme consists of 3 active forms which could be distinguished by their isoelectric points: 5.4, 5.75 and 6. Moleculare weights estimated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 97 000, 93 000 and 90 000, and no subunits were observed. Pyridoxal phosphate was required as a coenzyme and resolution of the holoenzyme agreed with a portion of the coenzyme tightly bound to the apoenzyme. The purified enzyme was stable at low ionic strength, near neutral pH; concentrated reducing agents inhibit the enzyme.
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Julliard JH, Gautheron DC. Glutamate transport in pig heart mitochondria. Binding and structural properties of high-glutamate affinity proteolipid: reconstitution studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 503:223-37. [PMID: 687605 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(78)90184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously, a proteolipid that can bind glutamate with high affinity has been isolated from pig heart mitochondrial membranes. A final affinity chromatography on gamma-methylglutamate-albumin coreticulated on glass fiber was necessary. This procedure includes long dialysis steps which tend to denature the high-glutamate affinity proteolipid. Here is described a new method of isolation which avoids long dialysis steps and yields greater amounts of the high-glutamate affinity proteolipid. The binding of glutamate or aspartate on high-glutamate affinity proteolipid has been studied by gel filtration, by equilibrium dialysis or by a new procedure of rapid centrifugation based on the insolubility of high-glutamate affinity proteolipid in water. The latter method permits the detection of low and high affinity sites for glutamate with a Kd 60 mM and 55 muM, respectively. Among a series of analogues, aspartate appeared to be the best competitor: Kd = 30 muM and two Ki values, 0.37 mM (at high glutamate concentration) and 3.8 muM (at low glutamate concentration). High-glutamate affinity proteolipid binds 0.4 nmol of glutamate but only 0.1 nmol of aspartate per mg protein. The sites for glutamate and aspartate appear to be different but interdependent. In the presence of high-glutamate affinity proteolipid, externally added glutamate stimulated the efflux of aspartate from preloaded liposomes. High-glutamate affinity proteolipid contains cardiolipin, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine the distribution of which is different from that of the inner membrane. The effects of various phospholipases, trypsin, and thiol reagents were studied on the binding of glutamate. High-glutamate affinity proteolipid binds 9 nmol N-ethylmaleimide per mg protein but only 6.1 nmol in the presence of glutamate. The dissociation of high-glutamate affinity proteolipid caused by thiol reagents yielded a soluble protein fraction with higher affinity for glutamate. Electrophoresis and an immunological approach allowed the detection and titration of the glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase present in high-glutamate affinity proteolipid in inhibited forms, the latter being 26-fold more concentrated than the former.
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Gosling JP, Fottrell PF. Purification and characterisation of D-amino acid aminotransferase from Rhizobium japonicum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 522:84-9. [PMID: 620041 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(78)90324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobium japonicum has D-amino acid aminotransferase and alanine racemase activities. The D-amino-acid aminotransferase has been partially purified and characterized. This enzyme has a broad specificity and is very active with D-alpha-aminobutyrate and D-aspartate as well as D-alanine and D-glutamate. The stereospecificity of the enzyme for D-amino acids was apparently absolute with respect to product inhibition, pyridoxamine formation as well as catalytic activity. The apparent molecular weight was 58,000 and the pH optimum was 7.8-7.9. The equilibrium constant in the direction of D-glutamate formation was 1.9. Initial-velocity kinetic studies indicate the enzyme acts by a ping-pong mechanism. The dissociation constant for pyridoxal phosphate and the Michaelis constants (+/- standard errors) for D-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate were determined to be 0.51 +/- 0.06 micrometer, and 2.13 +/- 0.18 and 0.058 +/- 0.005 mM respectively. The enzyme is moderately inhibited (30%) by 4 mM p-chloromercuribenzoate.
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Ikeda A, Hara H, Sugimoto S, Fukui S. Immobilized derivative of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Application to affinity chromatography of tryptophanase and tyrosine phenol-lyase. FEBS Lett 1975; 56:307-11. [PMID: 1098936 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)81115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lee YH, Churchich JE. Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase-independent function of the catalytic binding sites. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Chan PH, Hassid WZ. One step purification of D-galactose and L-arabinose kinases from Phaseolus aureus seedlings by ATP-sepharose affinity chromatography. Anal Biochem 1975; 64:372-9. [PMID: 165743 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(75)90445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Ikeda SI, Hara H, Fukui S. Preparation and characterization of several new immobilized derivatives of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(74)90202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Junowicz E, Paris JE. Affinity chromatography by enzyme-substrate interaction. Purification of some rat liver glycosidases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 321:234-45. [PMID: 4584393 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(73)90078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Lowe CR, Harvey MJ, Craven DB, Kerfoot MA, Hollows ME, Dean PD. The purification of nicotinamide nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases on immobilized cofactors. Biochem J 1973; 133:507-13. [PMID: 4147413 PMCID: PMC1177728 DOI: 10.1042/bj1330507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. The general applicability of affinity chromatography to the purification of nicotinamide nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases on immobilized cofactors is illustrated with several examples taken from crude systems. 2. Methods for overcoming the inevitable loss of selectivity experienced with these polymers are suggested. Effective use of the appropriate nucleotide, the second substrate and other interacting ligands can be made to selectively alter the chromatographic behaviour of the desired enzyme.
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Ikeda S, Fukui S. Preparation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-bound sepharose and its use for immobilization of tryptophanase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 52:482-8. [PMID: 4575958 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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