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Base-pairing promotes leader selection to prime in vitro influenza genome transcription. Virology 2010; 409:17-26. [PMID: 21051068 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The requirements for alignment of capped leader sequences along the viral genome during influenza transcription initiation (cap-snatching) have long been an enigma. In this study, competition experiments using an in vitro transcription assay revealed that influenza virus transcriptase prefers leader sequences with base complementarity to the 3'-ultimate residues of the viral template, 10 or 11 nt from the 5' cap. Internal priming at the 3'-penultimate residue, as well as prime-and-realign was observed. The nucleotide identity immediately 5' of the base-pairing residues also affected cap donor usage. Application to the in vitro system of RNA molecules with increased base complementarity to the viral RNA template showed stronger reduction of globin RNA leader initiated influenza transcription compared to those with a single base-pairing possibility. Altogether the results indicated an optimal cap donor consensus sequence of (7m)G-(N)(7-8)-(A/U/G)-(A/U)-AGC-3'.
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Hann LE, Gehrke L. mRNAs containing the unstructured 5' leader sequence of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 translate inefficiently in lysates from poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. J Virol 1995; 69:4986-93. [PMID: 7609069 PMCID: PMC189315 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.8.4986-4993.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus infection is accompanied by translational control that precludes translation of 5'-capped mRNAs and facilitates translation of the uncapped poliovirus RNA by an internal initiation mechanism. Previous reports have suggested that the capped alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein mRNA (AIMV CP RNA), which contains an unstructured 5' leader sequence, is unusual in being functionally active in extracts prepared from poliovirus-infected HeLa cells (PI-extracts). To identify the cis-acting nucleotide elements permitting selective AIMV CP expression, we tested capped mRNAs containing structured or unstructured 5' leader sequences in addition to an mRNA containing the poliovirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Translations were performed with PI-extracts and extracts prepared from mock-infected HeLa cells (MI-extracts). A number of control criteria demonstrated that the HeLa cells were infected by poliovirus and that the extracts were translationally active. The data strongly indicate that translation of RNAs lacking an internal ribosome entry site, including AIMV CP RNA, was severely compromised in PI-extracts, and we find no evidence that the unstructured AIMV CP RNA 5' leader sequence acts in cis to bypass the poliovirus translational control. Nevertheless, cotranslation assays in the MI-extracts demonstrate that mRNAs containing the unstructured AIMV CP RNA 5' untranslated region have a competitive advantage over those containing the rabbit alpha-globin 5' leader. Previous reports of AIMV CP RNA translation in PI-extracts likely describe inefficient expression that can be explained by residual cap-dependent initiation events, where AIMV CP RNA translation is competitive because of a diminished quantitative requirement for initiation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Hann
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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4
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Langereis K, Neeleman L, Bol JF. Biologically active transcripts of cloned DNA of the coat protein messenger of two plant viruses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1986; 6:281-288. [PMID: 24307327 DOI: 10.1007/bf00015234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/1985] [Revised: 12/03/1985] [Accepted: 01/14/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To initiate infection, a mixture of the three genomic RNAs of alfalfa mosaic virus (AIMV) has to be supplemented with a small amount of coat protein or RNA 4, the subgenomic messenger for coat protein. The possibility to replace RNA 4 in the inoculum by in vitro synthesized transcripts of a cloned DNA copy of the coat protein cistron was investigated using the SP6 transcription system. Transcripts with or without the cap structure m(7)G(5')ppp(5')G were both translated in vitro in viral coat protein, but only capped transcripts yielded an infectious mixture when added to the AIMV genomic RNAs. This indicates that the cap structure is essential to the in vivo translatin of RNA 4. Similar results were obtained with RNAs transcribed in vitro from a DNA copy of the putative coat protein cistron of tobacco streak virus (TSV). re]19850822 rv]19851203 ac]19860114.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Langereis
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Leiden, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Sonenberg N, Trachsel H. Probing the function of the eukaryotic 5'-cap structure using monoclonal antibodies to cap-binding proteins. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1982; 21:65-88. [PMID: 6754270 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152821-8.50007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Sonenberg N, Guertin D, Cleveland D, Trachsel H. Probing the function of the eucaryotic 5' cap structure by using a monoclonal antibody directed against cap-binding proteins. Cell 1981; 27:563-72. [PMID: 6101207 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody directed against cap-binding proteins was used to elucidate the possible mechanism by which cap-binding proteins function in initiation of eucaryotic translation. The monoclonal antibody preparation employed in this study exhibited a marked differential effect in inhibiting the translation of folded, capped eucaryotic-mRNAs to a far greater extent than naturally uncapped mRNAs or native capped mRNAs that do not possess extensive 5' end secondary structure. These findings were consistent with the effects of the antibody on initiation complex formation with three different types of reovirus mRNA: native reovirus mRNA; inosine-substituted reovirus mRNA, which has a relaxed secondary structure; and bromouridine-substituted reovirus mRNA, in which base pairing is enhanced relative to regular reovirus mRNA. The extent that translation initiation complex formation was inhibited by the monoclonal antibody directly correlated to the degree of secondary structure present in the mRNA. Binding of bromouridine-substituted reovirus mRNA to ribosomes was inhibited to the greatest extent, while binding of inosine-substituted reovirus mRNA was not inhibited at all in the reticulocyte lysate system or was slightly inhibited in a wheat-germ system. These results support the hypothesis that cap-binding proteins are involved in unwinding of the 5' terminal, secondary structure of many eucaryotic mRNAs, thus facilitating the attachment of ribosomes to mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Nuss DL, Peterson AJ. In Vitro Synthesis and Modification of mRNA by Exvectorial Isolates of Wound Tumor Virus. J Virol 1981; 39:954-7. [PMID: 16789212 PMCID: PMC171330 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.39.3.954-957.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontransmissible (exvectorial) isolates of wound tumor virus retain the ability to catalyze in vitro synthesis of RNA. Furthermore, exvectorial virus particles exhibit mRNA-2′-
O
-methyltransferase activity even after long-term (30-year) passage in a host that lacks this enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Nuss
- Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201
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Koper-Zwarthoff EC, Brederode FT, Veeneman G, van Boom JH, Bol JF. Nucleotide sequences at the 5'-termini of the alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs and the intercistronic junction in RNA 3. Nucleic Acids Res 1980; 8:5635-47. [PMID: 6927843 PMCID: PMC324331 DOI: 10.1093/nar/8.23.5635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sequences at the 5'-termini of the alfalfa mosaic virus genomic RNAs and the intercistronic junction in RNA 3 were deduced and compared to identify possible common recognition signals for replicating enzymes in the corresponding minus-stranded viral RNAs. Homology between the 5'-terminal sequences is less than 11 nucleotides and no complementarity with the homologous sequence occurring at the 3'-end of the viral RNAs was observed. Homology between the 5'-terminus and intercistronic region in RNA 3 is compatible with the synthesis of subgenomic RNA 4 by internal initiation of transcription on the RNA 3 minus strands. The sequence around the intercistronic junction can be folded into a very stable secondary structure.
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Bouloy M, Plotch SJ, Krug RM. Both the 7-methyl and the 2'-O-methyl groups in the cap of mRNA strongly influence its ability to act as primer for influenza virus RNA transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:3952-6. [PMID: 6933444 PMCID: PMC349745 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of eukaryotic mRNAs to serve as primers for influenza virus RNA transcription depends on the presence of a 5'-terminal methylated can structure, the absence of which eliminates essentially all priming activity [Plotch, S. J., Bouloy, M. & Krug, R. M. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 1618-1622]. The present study was undertaken to determine the extent to which each of the methyl groups in the cap influences the priming activity of a mRNA. To assess the importance of the 2'-O-methyl group on the penultimate base of the cap, we used several plant viral RNAs containing the monomethylated cap 0 structure, m7GpppG. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA 4 stimulated influenza virus RNA transcription only about 10-15% as effectively as did globin mRNA, which has a cap with a 2'-O-methyl group. When the cap of BMV RNA 4 was enzymatically 2'-O-methylated, its priming activity was increased 14-fold. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with other plant virus RNAs. To assess the importance of the terminal 7-methyl group, BMV RNA 4 containing the cap structure GpppGm was prepared by a series of chemical and enzymatic steps. These molecules were found to be only about 15% as active in priming as BMV RNA 4 molecules containing the fully methylated cap, m7GpppGm, indicating that the terminal 7-methyl group also strongly enhances priming activity. These results indicate that the cap 1 structure (m7GpppXm) found in all mammalian cellular mRNAs is more stringently required for priming influenza virus RNA transcription than for translation in cell-free systems.
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Smit C, Jaspars E. Activation of the genome of alfalfa mosaic virus is enhanced by the presence of the coat protein on all three genome parts. Virology 1980; 104:454-61. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/1980] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Haugland RA, Cline MG. Post-transcriptional modifications of oat coleoptile ribonucleic acids. 5'-Terminal capping and methylation of internal nucleosides in poly(A)-rich RNA. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 104:271-7. [PMID: 6154573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is presented for the occurrence of 5'-terminal capping structures in poly(A)-rich RNAs from oat coleoptile tissue. Similar to the cap structures in mRNA from other eukaryotic organisms, the 5' terminus of these oat coleoptile RNA molecules consists of 7-methylguanosine joined 5' to 5' with the adjacent (penultimate) nucleoside by means of three phosphate groups in two pyrophosphate linkages. The penultimate nucleoside contains primarily purine bases, but small amounts of pyrimidines (cytidine) are also detectable. Some monophosphorylated 5'-termini were also detected, however, they appear to occur as a result of RNA degradation. In addition to the 5 cap, oat RNA molecules are also post-transcriptionally modified with a low frequency of N6-methylations of internal adenosines.
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Breter HJ, Malek LT, Hellmann GM, Rhoads RE. Determination of 7-methylguanosine-containing 5'-termini of messenger ribonucleic acid by NaB[3H]4 labeling and high-performance liquid anion-exchange chromatography. Anal Biochem 1979; 98:102-11. [PMID: 120686 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Poly(A)-containing RNA was isolated from maize embryos by chromatography on columns of oligo(dT)-cellulose and exhaustively digested with ribonucleases T2, T1, and A. Fractionation of the digests by two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed the presence of three 7-methylguanosine-terminated 'cap structures' of the type m7GpppNp.
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The presence of a cap structure at the 5′-end of barley stripe mosaic virus RNA. Virology 1979; 95:208-10. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/1979] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Hidaka S, Shimotohno K, Miura K, Takanami Y, Kubo S. Nucleotide sequence near the 5'-terminal of cucumber mosaic virus RNA No. 5 segment. FEBS Lett 1979; 98:115-8. [PMID: 428526 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)80165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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van Tol RG, van Vloten-Doting L. Translation of alfalfa-mosaic-virus RNA 1 in the mRNA-dependent translation system from rabbit reticulocyte lysates. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 93:461-8. [PMID: 217681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb12844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Translation of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) RNAs in the mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system was examined using different RNA concentrations. The pattern of products synthesized under the direction of AMV RNA 2, 3 and 4 was not or almost not influenced by their concentration. However, depending on the RNA 1 concentration either a very large protein of Mr 115,000 or a mixture of two smaller proteins, Mr 58,000 and 62,000 respectively, was formed. These three proteins represent overlapping peptide chains with identical N-termini. Addition of the cap analogue 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate (m7GMP) or AMV RNA 3 stimulated the production of the 115,000-Mr protein at the expense of the 58,000-Mr and 62,000-Mr proteins. Both m7GMP and RNA 3 probably reduce the active concentration of RNA 1 by competing for (a) cellular component(s) necessary for translation. These experimental results suggest that the rate of translation beyond the C termini of the 58,000-Mr and 62,000-Mr proteins is reduced or completely inhibited owing to the limited availability of the succeeding tRNA(s).
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Agranovsky AA, Dolja VV, Kavsan VM, Atabekov JG. Detection of polyadenylate sequences in RNA components of barley stripe mosaic virus. Virology 1978; 91:95-105. [PMID: 726268 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Asselbergs FA, Peters WH, van Venrooij WJ, Bloemendal H. The effect of the messenger RNA concentration on the competitive inhibition of translation by cap-analogues. Mol Biol Rep 1978; 4:177-80. [PMID: 739985 DOI: 10.1007/bf00777520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of translation of several mRNA species in a micrococcal nuclease treated reticulocyte lysate by cap analogues was compared with the competition between two mRNAs. Inhibition characteristics were very similar, only complete mRNA molecules inhibited at concentrations 150 times lower than m7 G5'ppp5'G. The inhibition of mRNA translation by cap analogues could be neutralized by the addition of extra mRNA in a manner predicted from the competitive nature of the inhibition by cap analogues.
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Houwing CJ, Jaspars EM. Coat protein binds to the 3'-terminal part of RNA 4 of alfalfa mosaic virus. Biochemistry 1978; 17:2927-33. [PMID: 99164 DOI: 10.1021/bi00607a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All four RNAs of alfalfa mosaic virus contain a limited number of sites with a high affinity for coat protein [Van Boxsel, J. A. M. (1976), Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden]. In order to localize these sites in the viral RNAs, RNA 4 Tthe subgenomic messenger for coat protein) was subjected to a very mild digestion with ribonucleast T1. The ten major fragments, apparently resulting from five preferential hits, were separated and tested for messenger activity in a wheat germ cell-free system, as well as for the capacity to withdraw coat protein from intact particles. Fragments which stimulated amino acid incorporation were assumed to contain the 5 terminus. Strong evidence was obtained for the location of sites with a high affinity for coat protein near the 3' terminus. The smallest fragment which has the 3'-terminal cytosine comprises only 10% of the length of intact RNA 4 but still possesses these sites. Evidence is presented that the complete coat protein cistron is in the complementing 90% fragment. Possibly, the high-affinity sites are entirely located in the 3'-terminal extracistronic part of RNA 4. They will have the same position in RNA 3 and, possibly, also in the other parts of the genome of alfalfa mosaic virus. The need of this genome for coat protein in order to become infectious may therefore find its explanation in the fact that a conformational change at the 3' ends of the genome parts brought about by the coat protein is required for recognition by the viral replicase.
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Sonenberg N, Shatkin AJ, Ricciardi RP, Rubin M, Goodman RM. Analysis of terminal structures of RNA from potato virus X. Nucleic Acids Res 1978; 5:2501-12. [PMID: 673859 PMCID: PMC342180 DOI: 10.1093/nar/5.7.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5'-end structure of potato virus X RNA was determined following enzymatic methylation in vitro. A single 3H-methyl group was introduced into the 2'-position of the 5'-penultimate residue and the end structure was determined as m7GpppG(m)pAp(Xp)3G. This part of the RNA apparently is involved in binding to ribosomes since it can be partially protected against RNase digestion by wheat germ 40S ribosomes. PVX RNA was not retained by poly(U)-sepharose, indicating that it does not contain a 3'-terminal poly(A) tract.
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Klootwijk J, Klein I, Zabel P, van Kammen A. Cowpea mosaic virus RNAs have neither m7GpppN ... nor mono-, di- or triphosphates at their 5' ends. Cell 1977; 11:73-82. [PMID: 872220 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
32P-labeled cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) RNAs were analyzed for their 5' termini by three different fingerprinting standard procedures. These analyses showed unequivocally that CPMV RNAs lack a structure like m7GpppN ... at their 5' termini. In addition, neither mono-, di- or triphosphorylated [(p)(p)pN ....] termini were found in the respective fingerprints. The inability to label the 5' termini treatment with gamma-32P-ATP and polynucleotide kinase, either per se or after pretreatment with alkaline phosphatase, strongly suggests the absence of a free 5'-OH and a free 5'-phosphate at the 5' terminal nucleotide in CPMV RNAs. The various analyses also showed that no 2' -O-methylated nucleotides, N6-methyladenosines or pseudo-uridines are present in CPMV RNAs.
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27
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Dubin DT, Stollar V, Hsuchen CC, Timko K, Guild GM. Sindbis virus messenger RNA: the 5'-termini and methylated residues of 26 and 42 S RNA. Virology 1977; 77:457-70. [PMID: 193248 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Moss B. Utilization of the guanylyltransferase and methyltransferases of vaccinia virus to modify and identify the 5'-terminals of heterologous RNA species. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 74:374-83. [PMID: 836293 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)90314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Haidar MA, Hirth L. 5'-terminal structure of tobacco rattle virus RNA: evidence for polarity of reconstitution. Virology 1977; 76:173-85. [PMID: 835228 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Surrey S, Nemer M. Methylated blocked 5' terminal sequences of sea urchin embryo messenger RNA classes containing and lacking poly(A). Cell 1976; 9:589-95. [PMID: 1009578 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sea urchin embryo mRNAs of three distinct classes--histone mRNA, nonhistone mRNA containing poly(A), "[+A] mRNA," and nonhistone mRNA lacking poly(A), "[-A]mRNA"--all contain blocked 5' terminal sequences in which 7-methylguanosine is linked 5'-5' via a triphosphate bridge to a 2'-0-methylated nucleotide. Only one general type of 5' terminal structure, 7mGpppXmpYp, is present. Additional 2'-0-methylation in the Y residue has not been found either in early or late stage embryos. A substantial proportion of the polyribosomal mRNAs in all three classes contain this blocked structure. Whereas both classes of nonhistone mRNAs have internal base methylations, histone mRNAs lack such modifications.
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Klein C, Fritsch C, Briand JP, Richards KE, Jonard G, Hirth L. Physical and functional heterogeneity in TYMV RNA: evidence for the existence of an independent messenger coding for coat protein. Nucleic Acids Res 1976; 3:3043-61. [PMID: 1005112 PMCID: PMC343150 DOI: 10.1093/nar/3.11.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA can be separated into two distinct components of 2 times 10(6) and 300 000 daltons molecular weight after moderate heat treatment in the presence of SDS or EDTA. The two species cannot have arisen by accidental in vitro degradation of a larger RNA, as they both possess capped 5' ends. Analysis of the newly synthesized proteins resulting from translation of each RNA by a wheat germ extract shows that the 300 000 molecular weight RNA can be translated very efficiently into coat protein. When translated in vitro the longer RNA gave a series of high molecular weight polypeptides but only very small amounts of a polypeptide having about the same mass as the coat protein. Thus our results suggest that the small RNA is the functional messenger for coat protein synthesis in infected cells.
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Both GW, Furuichi Y, Muthukrishnan S, Shatkin AJ. Effect of 5'-terminal structure and base composition on polyribonucleotide binding to ribosomes. J Mol Biol 1976; 104:637-58. [PMID: 950671 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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35
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Shinshi H, Miwa M, Sugimura T. Enzyme cleaving the 5'-terminal methylated blocked structure of messenger RNA. FEBS Lett 1976; 65:254-7. [PMID: 179892 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Roman R, Brooker JD, Seal SN, Marcus A. Inhibition of the transition of a 40 S ribosome-Met-tRNA-i-Met complex to an 80 S ribosome-Met-tRNA-i-Met- complex by 7-Methylguanosine-5'-phosphate. Nature 1976; 260:359-60. [PMID: 1256580 DOI: 10.1038/260359a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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37
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