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Bera S, Moreno-Pérez MG, García-Figuera S, Pagán I, Fraile A, Pacios LF, García-Arenal F. Pleiotropic Effects of Resistance-Breaking Mutations on Particle Stability Provide Insight into Life History Evolution of a Plant RNA Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:e00435-17. [PMID: 28679755 PMCID: PMC5571237 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00435-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In gene-for-gene host-virus interactions, virus evolution to infect and multiply in previously resistant host genotypes, i.e., resistance breaking, is a case of host range expansion, which is predicted to be associated with fitness penalties. Negative effects of resistance-breaking mutations on within-host virus multiplication have been documented for several plant viruses. However, understanding virus evolution requires analyses of potential trade-offs between different fitness components. Here we analyzed whether coat protein (CP) mutations in Pepper mild mottle virus that break L-gene resistance in pepper affect particle stability and, thus, survival in the environment. For this purpose, CP mutations determining the overcoming of L 3 and L 4 resistance alleles were introduced in biologically active cDNA clones. The kinetics of the in vitro disassembly of parental and mutant particles were compared under different conditions. Resistance-breaking mutations variously affected particle stability. Structural analyses identified the number and type of axial and side interactions of adjacent CP subunits in virions, which explained differences in particle stability and contribute to understanding of tobamovirus disassembly. Resistance-breaking mutations also affected virus multiplication and virulence in the susceptible host, as well as infectivity. The sense and magnitude of the effects of resistance-breaking mutations on particle stability, multiplication, virulence, or infectivity depended on the specific mutation rather than on the ability to overcome the different resistance alleles, and effects on different traits were not correlated. Thus, the results do not provide evidence of links or trade-offs between particle stability, i.e., survival, and other components of virus fitness or virulence.IMPORTANCE The effect of survival on virus evolution remains underexplored, despite the fact that life history trade-offs may constrain virus evolution. We approached this topic by analyzing whether breaking of L-gene resistance in pepper by Pepper mild mottle virus, determined by coat protein (CP) mutations, is associated with reduced particle stability and survival. Resistance-breaking mutations affected particle stability by altering the interactions between CP subunits. However, the sense and magnitude of these effects were unrelated to the capacity to overcome different resistance alleles. Thus, resistance breaking was not traded with survival. Resistance-breaking mutations also affected virus fitness within the infected host, virulence, and infectivity in a mutation-specific manner. Comparison of the effects of CP mutations on these various traits indicates that there are neither trade-offs nor positive links between survival and other life history traits. These results demonstrate that trade-offs between life history traits may not be a general constraint in virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayanta Bera
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel G Moreno-Pérez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara García-Figuera
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis F Pacios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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Fraile A, Hily JM, Pagán I, Pacios LF, García-Arenal F. Host resistance selects for traits unrelated to resistance-breaking that affect fitness in a plant virus. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:928-39. [PMID: 24441034 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition by parasites of the capacity to infect resistant host genotypes, that is, resistance-breaking, is predicted to be hindered by across-host fitness trade-offs. All analyses of costs of resistance-breaking in plant viruses have focused on within-host multiplication without considering other fitness components, which may limit understanding of virus evolution. We have reported that host range expansion of tobamoviruses on L-gene resistant pepper genotypes was associated with severe within-host multiplication penalties. Here, we analyze whether resistance-breaking costs might affect virus survival in the environment by comparing tobamovirus pathotypes differing in infectivity on L-gene resistance alleles. We predicted particle stability from structural models, analyzed particle stability in vitro, and quantified virus accumulation in different plant organs and virus survival in the soil. Survival in the soil differed among tobamovirus pathotypes and depended on differential stability of virus particles. Structure model analyses showed that amino acid changes in the virus coat protein (CP) responsible for resistance-breaking affected the strength of the axial interactions among CP subunits in the rod-shaped particle, thus determining its stability and survival. Pathotypes ranked differently for particle stability/survival and for within-host accumulation. Resistance-breaking costs in survival add to, or subtract from, costs in multiplication according to pathotype. Hence, differential pathotype survival should be considered along with differential multiplication to understand the evolution of the virus populations. Results also show that plant resistance, in addition to selecting for resistance-breaking and for decreased multiplication, also selects for changes in survival, a trait unrelated to the host-pathogen interaction that may condition host range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) and E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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Santos JLR, Bispo JAC, Landini GF, Bonafe CFS. Proton dependence of tobacco mosaic virus dissociation by pressure. Biophys Chem 2004; 111:53-61. [PMID: 15450375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an intensely studied model of viruses. This paper reports an investigation into the dissociation of TMV by pH and pressure up to 220 MPa. The viral solution (0.25 mg/ml) incubated at 277 K showed a significant decrease in light scattering with increasing pH, suggesting dissociation. This observation was confirmed by HPLC gel filtration and electron microscopy. The calculated volume change of dissociation (DeltaV) decreased (absolute value) from -49.7 ml/mol of subunit at pH 3.8 to -21.7 ml/mol of subunit at pH 9.0. The decrease from pH 9.0 to 3.8 caused a stabilization of 14.1 kJ/mol of TMV subunit. The estimated proton release calculated from pressure-induced dissociation curves was 0.584 mol H(+)/mol of TMV subunit. These results suggest that the degree of virus inactivation by pressure and the immunogenicity of the inactivated structures can be optimized by modulating the surrounding pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L R Santos
- Laboratório de Termodinâmica de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
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Butler PJ. Self-assembly of tobacco mosaic virus: the role of an intermediate aggregate in generating both specificity and speed. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1999; 354:537-50. [PMID: 10212933 PMCID: PMC1692540 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1999.0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particle was the first macromolecular structure to be shown to self-assemble in vitro, allowing detailed studies of the mechanism. Nucleation of TMV self-assembly is by the binding of a specific stem-loop of the single-stranded viral RNA into the central hole of a two-ring sub-assembly of the coat protein, known as the 'disk'. Binding of the loop onto its specific binding site, between the two rings of the disk, leads to melting of the stem so more RNA is available to bind. The interaction of the RNA with the protein subunits in the disk cause this to dislocate into a proto-helix, rearranging the protein subunits in such a way that the axial gap between the rings at inner radii closes, entrapping the RNA. Assembly starts at an internal site on TMV RNA, about 1 kb from its 3'-terminus, and the elongation in the two directions is different. Elongation of the nucleated rods towards the 5'-terminus occurs on a 'travelling loop' of the RNA and, predominantly, still uses the disk sub-assembly of protein subunits, consequently incorporating approximately 100 further nucleotides as each disk is added, while elongation towards the 3'-terminus uses smaller protein aggregates and does not show this 'quantized' incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Butler
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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Okada Y. Historical overview of research on the tobacco mosaic virus genome: genome organization, infectivity and gene manipulation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1999; 354:569-82. [PMID: 10212936 PMCID: PMC1692538 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1999.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in the development of molecular biology, TMV RNA was widely used as a mRNA [corrected] that could be purified easily, and it contributed much to research on protein synthesis. Also, in the early stages of elucidation of the genetic code, artificially produced TMV mutants were widely used and provided the first proof that the genetic code was non-overlapping. In 1982, Goelet et al. determined the complete TMV RNA base sequence of 6395 nucleotides. The four genes (130K, 180K, 30K and coat protein) could then be mapped at precise locations in the TMV genome. Furthermore it had become clear, a little earlier, that genes located internally in the genome were expressed via subgenomic mRNAs. The initiation site for assembly of TMV particles was also determined. However, although TMV contributed so much at the beginning of the development of molecular biology, its influence was replaced by that of Escherichia coli and its phages in the next phase. As recombinant DNA technology developed in the 1980s, RNA virus research became more detached from the frontier of molecular biology. To recover from this setback, a gene-manipulation system was needed for RNA viruses. In 1986, two such systems were developed for TMV, using full-length cDNA clones, by Dawson's group and by Okada's group. Thus, reverse genetics could be used to elucidate the basic functions of all proteins encoded by the TMV genome. Identification of the function of the 30K protein was especially important because it was the first evidence that a plant virus possesses a cell-to-cell movement function. Many other plant viruses have since been found to encode comparable 'movement proteins'. TMV thus became the first plant virus for which structures and functions were known for all its genes. At the birth of molecular plant pathology, TMV became a leader again. TMV has also played pioneering roles in many other fields. TMV was the first virus for which the amino acid sequence of the coat protein was determined and first virus for which cotranslational disassembly was demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. It was the first virus for which activation of a resistance gene in a host plant was related to the molecular specificity of a product of a viral gene. Also, in the field of plant biotechnology, TMV vectors are among the most promising. Thus, for the 100 years since Beijerinck's work, TMV research has consistently played a leading role in opening up new areas of study, not only in plant pathology, but also in virology, biochemistry, molecular biology, RNA genetics and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okada
- Department of Bioscience, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Japan
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6
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Wilson TM, McNicol JW. A conserved, precise RNA encapsidation pattern in Tobamovirus particles. Arch Virol 1995; 140:1677-85. [PMID: 7487499 DOI: 10.1007/bf01322541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The bidirectional RNA encapsidation pathway in nine sequenced Type 1 Tobamovirus genomes will result in RNA-coat protein assembly, up to and including the first transcribed G, adjacent to the 5'-cap structure (m7 Gppp). This precision is highly conserved, despite wide interstrain variations in the absolute position of the phase-determining core of the origin-of-assembly sequence (Gxx)n and in overall genome length (6311-6507 nts). A Type 2 Tobamovirus genome did not comply with this pattern. All genomes had a statistically significant bias for G at every third (or 3n) position, resulting in a preponderance of GNN codons and hence a high Val, Ala, Gly, Asp, Glu content, at least in the large (126/183 kDa) and amino-coterminal replicase protein genes. Contrary to predictions from the X-ray fibre diffraction structure of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV, U1 strain), only one (pepper mild mottle virus) of the nine Type 1 Tobamoviruses positioned the preferred G-repeat in the most favourable (5') position of the trinucleotide binding site on each coat protein (CP) subunit. In all but one of the eight remaining Type 1 Tobamovirus genomes, G would predominate in the CP 3'-site. The significance of these observations for TMV particle assembly, disassembly and host cell interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Wilson
- Department of Virology, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, U.K
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Culver JN, Dawson WO, Plonk K, Stubbs G. Site-directed mutagenesis confirms the involvement of carboxylate groups in the disassembly of tobacco mosaic virus. Virology 1995; 206:724-30. [PMID: 7831832 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(95)80096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic repulsion between carboxylate groups across subunit interfaces has for many years been recognized as important in the disassembly of simple plant viruses. In the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), the amino acids Glu50 and Asp77 have been proposed as examples of such carboxylate groups. Site-directed mutagenesis has been used to replace these amino acids by Gln and Asn, respectively. Increased virion stability, together with reduced infectivity and reduced capacity for long-distance transport within the host plant confirms that the negative charges on the side chains of these amino acids are involved in the disassembly of TMV. Mixing purified mutant coat proteins with wild-type virions under appropriate conditions stabilizes the virions to alkaline disassembly and reduces their infectivity. It is suggested that transgenic plants expressing such mutant coat proteins could have enhanced resistance to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Culver
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park 20742
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8
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Dore I, Weiss E, Altschuh D, Van Regenmortel MH. Visualization by electron microscopy of the location of tobacco mosaic virus epitopes reacting with monoclonal antibodies in enzyme immunoassay. Virology 1988; 162:279-89. [PMID: 2448951 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The binding of monoclonal antibodies obtained after immunization with tobacco mosaic protein was analyzed by electron microscopy. A method was developed for visualizing the viral antigen reacting in different ELISA procedures. It was found that the use of a pH 9.6 buffer during the coating of ELISA plates led to the dissociation of virions into subunits which bound preferentially to the solid phase. MAbs that reacted with both virions and subunits in ELISA were found to bind to one of the two extremities of viral rods. These MAbs also reacted with viral protein aggregated in the form of disks. In contrast, MAbs reacting only with virions in ELISA were found to bind over the entire surface of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dore
- Laboratoire d'Immunochimie, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
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9
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Evidence that tobacco mosaic virus particles disassemble contranslationally in vivo. Virology 1986; 148:326-36. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/1985] [Accepted: 10/18/1985] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wilson T, Perham R. Modification of the coat protein charge and its effect on the stability of the U1 strain of tobacco mosaic virus at alkaline pH. Virology 1985; 140:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/1984] [Accepted: 09/05/1984] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Wilson T. Cotranslational disassembly of tobacco mosaic virus in vitro. Virology 1984; 137:255-65. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/1984] [Accepted: 05/30/1984] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Palukaitis P, García-Arenal F, Sulzinski MA, Zaitlin M. Replication of tobacco mosaic virus VII. Further characterization of single- and double-stranded virus-related RNAs from TMV-infected plants. Virology 1983; 131:533-45. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/1983] [Accepted: 09/13/1983] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hunter T, Jackson R, Zimmern D. Multiple proteins and subgenomic mRNAs may be derived from a single open reading frame on tobacco mosaic virus RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1983; 11:801-21. [PMID: 6835837 PMCID: PMC325754 DOI: 10.1093/nar/11.3.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It has previously been shown that messenger activity for a protein of Mr = ca. 30k exists in RNA fractions extracted from particles of either native or alkali stripped U1 TMV, or from cowpea strain TMV, that are smaller than full genomic length. Analysis of sucrose gradient fractions containing this activity reveals a number of slightly smaller template activities directing synthesis of proteins between 18.5k and 29k in size. All of these messenger activities, including that for the 30k protein, respond to cap analogues in anomalous ways. Discrete RNA species that include active mRNAs for these proteins can be demonstrated in the same fractions by labelling with preparations of vaccinia capping enzyme and [alpha-32P] GTP without prior beta-elimination. Detailed analysis of three of these proteins (of Mr's ca. 30k, 29k and 23k) by peptide mapping and translation of purified vaccinia-labelled RNA demonstrates that all three are unrelated to the large early TMV proteins, but are related to each other in such a way as to form a nested set with staggered N termini and identical C termini. mRNAs of chain lengths ca. 1900 and 1500 bases direct synthesis of the 30k and 23k proteins respectively, an mRNA of about 1850 bases directs both 29k and (perhaps because of cross-contamination) 30k synthesis. Initiation codons for the 29k and 23k proteins have been mapped at positions 4960-4962 and 5191-5193 respectively on TMV RNA. Since all three encapsidated templates have similar properties we conclude that either there is a family of 30k-related proteins with unusual mRNAs, or that none of these in vitro translation products are directed by physiological templates.
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Wilson TM, Glover JF. The origin of multiple polypeptides of molecular weight below 110 000 encoded by tobacco mosaic virus RNA in the messenger-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 739:35-41. [PMID: 6830802 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(83)90041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple polypeptides encoded by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA in the messenger-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate are not attributable to contaminating 3'-coterminal RNA fragments, multiple leaky termination codons or endonuclease activity opening-up legitimate or spurious internal initiation sites. Quantitative analysis of polypeptides encoded over a range of added RNA concentrations from 0.09 microgram X ml-1 to 180 micrograms X ml-1 compared with those synthesized in response to size-fractionated RNAs from a crude virus preparation, or with RNA extracted from the alkali-stable fraction of TMV suggest that apart from four legitimate virus-coded products of apparent Mr approx. 165 000, 110 000, 30 000 and 17 500 all other polypeptides arise from the overlapping 5'-proximal cistrons either by (i) site-selective endonucleolytic cleavage, (ii) sense codon misreading, or (iii) specific regions of secondary structure on TMV RNA which impede ribosome translocation.
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Kaplan I, Kozlov Y, Pshennikova E, Taliansky M, Atabekov J. A study of TMV ts mutant Ni2519 III. Location of the reconstitution initiation sites on Ni2519 RNA. Virology 1982; 118:317-23. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/1981] [Accepted: 10/31/1981] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Goelet P, Karn J. Tobacco mosaic virus induces the synthesis of a family of 3' coterminal messenger RNAs and their complements. J Mol Biol 1982; 154:541-50. [PMID: 7077671 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(82)80013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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18
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The polar alkaline disassembly of papaya mosaic virus. Virology 1981; 113:637-43. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/1981] [Accepted: 05/08/1981] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zelcer A, Weaber KF, Balázs E, Zaitlin M. The detection and characterization of viral-related double-stranded RNAs in tobacco mosaic virus-infected plants. Virology 1981; 113:417-27. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/1981] [Accepted: 04/07/1981] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Hirth L, Richards KE. Tobacco mosaic virus: model for structure and function of a simple virus. Adv Virus Res 1981; 26:145-99. [PMID: 7223542 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
Assembly of tobacco mosaic virus is initiated by the binding of a specific loop of the RNA into the central hole of the disk aggregate of protein subunits. Since the nucleation loop is located about five-sixths along the RNA molecule, subsequent elongation must be bidirectional. We have now measured the rates of elongation in the two directions by determining the lengths of RNA protected from nuclease digestion at different times and using either intact TMV rNA, or RNA with most of the longer tail removed. Comparison of the rates with the protein supplied as either a mixture of disks with A-protein (a mixture of less aggregated states) or just A-protein, shows that different mechanisms and protein aggregates are used for the most rapid growth. When disks are present, they add more rapidly along the longer RNA tail but do not appear to add directly on the shorter tail. In contrast, smaller aggregates (A-protein) can add at both ends of the rod, but do so more slowly. Mechanisms for these processes are discussed. Preliminary results on the binding of the specific hexanucleotide AAGAAG to the disk are given and compared with the known changes on binding nonspecific hexanucleotides or the trinucleotide AAG.
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22
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Pelcher LE, Walmsley SL, Mackenzie SL. The effects of heterologous and homologous coat protein on alkaline disassembly of tobacco and tomato isolates of tobacco mosaic virus. Virology 1980; 105:287-90. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/1980] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lomonossoff GP, Butler PJ. Assembly of tobacco mosaic virus: elongation towards the 3'-hydroxyl terminus of the RNA. FEBS Lett 1980; 113:271-4. [PMID: 7389898 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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24
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Pelcher L, Halasa M. A comparative study of the alkaline disassembly of two strains of tobacco mosaic virus. Virology 1979; 98:489-92. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/1979] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Pelcher L, Halasa M. Reassembly of particles using the RNA from partially disassembled tobacco mosaic virus. Virology 1979; 97:488-91. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/1979] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Fukuda M, Okada Y, Otsuki Y, Takebe I. Infectivity of partially encapsidated tobacco mosaic virus RNA. Virology 1979; 95:232-4. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/1979] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Nicolaïeff A, Lebeurier G. Polar uncoating of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and subsequent reassembly of partially stripped TMV. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1979; 171:327-33. [PMID: 286871 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) strip tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) stepwise from the 3'end. The RNA tail increases in length up to 2,000 nucleotides (nu) reaching a region of very strong protein-RNA affinity. Thereafter, uncoating occurs from the other end and produces a second RNA tail 500 nu long. Further stripping of TMV proceeds from both ends, the long tail increasing in length up to 4,000 nu and the short one increasing more moderately and remaining below 2,000 nu. The region of strongest protein-RNA affinity is located between 4,000 and 5,000 nu away from the 3' end. Using the same conditions as for in vitro TMV reassembly, it is possible to recoat the RNA tails with viral protein preferentially in the 5' direction. The advantages of DMSO in studies of TMV protein-RNA interactions are discussed.
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Lomonossoff GP, Butler PJ. Location and encapsidation of the coat protein cistron of tobacco mosaic virus. A bidirectional elongation of the nucleoprotein rod. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 93:157-64. [PMID: 108098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb12806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coat protein cistron of tobacco mosaic virus has been located on the viral RNA starting between 975 and 1050 nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxyl end. This locates its 5' end close to the origin for virus assembly, where the first protein disk interacts with RNA. It also means that the coat protein mRNA must have a short 5'-untranslated tail and a long (over 500 nucleotides) 3' one. The recovery of characteristic oligonucleotides in nuclease-protected rods during the growth from RNA and a protein disk preparation shows that elongation of the nucleated rods proceeds independently in both directions though, on average, much more rapidly along the longer 5' tail than the shorter 3' tail. Protected RNA of length equal to that in the complete virion is first seen within 6 min, showing that the most rapidly elongated particles are substantially complete by this time.
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Asselin A, Zaitlin M. Characterization of a second protein associated with virions of tobacco mosaic virus. Virology 1978; 91:173-81. [PMID: 726261 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Intermediates in the disassembly of tobacco mosaic virus at alkaline pH Infectivity, self-assembly, and translational activities. Virology 1978; 89:475-83. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/1978] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wilson TM. The polarity of stripping of coat protein subunits from the RNA in tobacco mosaic virus by dimethylsulphoxide. FEBS Lett 1978; 87:17-20. [PMID: 631329 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Perham RN, Wilson TM. The characterization of intermediates formed during the disassembly of tobacco mosaic virus at alkaline pH. Virology 1978; 84:293-302. [PMID: 23605 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Butler PJ, Finch JT, Zimmern D. Configuration of tobacco mosaic virus, RNA during virus assembly. Nature 1977; 265:217-9. [PMID: 834264 DOI: 10.1038/265217a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When TMV reassembles, the uncoated RNA is folded back along the growing rod, probably down the central hole. This surprising configuration is essential for rapid elongation--presumably supplying RNA to its site of incorporation while keeping the bulk of the free RNA out of the way.
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Ohno T, Okada Y. Polarity of stripping of tobacco mosaic virus by alkali and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Virology 1977; 76:429-32. [PMID: 13534 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Jonathan P, Butler G, Durham AC. Tobacco mosaic virus protein aggregation and the virus assembly. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1977; 31:187-251. [PMID: 337776 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zimmern D, Wilson TM. Location of the origin for viral reassembly on tobacco mosaic virus RNA and its relation to stable fragment. FEBS Lett 1976; 71:294-8. [PMID: 826409 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wilson TM, Perham RN, Finch JT, Butler PJ. Polarity of the RNA in the tobacco mosaic virus particle and the direction of protein stripping in sodium dodecyl sulphate. FEBS Lett 1976; 64:285-9. [PMID: 6327 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hunter TR, Hunt T, Knowland J, Zimmern D. Messenger RNA for the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus. Nature 1976; 260:759-64. [PMID: 1264250 DOI: 10.1038/260759a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
TMV RNA is not an efficient template for translation of the viral coat protein, in spite of containing nucleotide sequences coding for the protein. Efficient translation requires the prior synthesis within infected cells of a smaller RNA carrying only a portion of the information encoded in the whole genome.
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