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Aloisi A, Della Torre A, De Benedetto A, Rinaldi R. Bio-Recognition in Spectroscopy-Based Biosensors for *Heavy Metals-Water and Waterborne Contamination Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E96. [PMID: 31366137 PMCID: PMC6784378 DOI: 10.3390/bios9030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
: Microsystems and biomolecules integration as well multiplexing determinations are key aspects of sensing devices in the field of heavy metal contamination monitoring. The present review collects the most relevant information about optical biosensors development in the last decade. Focus is put on analytical characteristics and applications that are dependent on: (i) Signal transduction method (luminescence, colorimetry, evanescent wave (EW), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), surface plasmon resonance (SPR)); (ii) biorecognition molecules employed (proteins, nucleic acids, aptamers, and enzymes). The biosensing systems applied (or applicable) to water and milk samples will be considered for a comparative analysis, with an emphasis on water as the primary source of possible contamination along the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Aloisi
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Della Torre
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Angelantonio De Benedetto
- Mathematics and Physics "E. De Giorgi" Department, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosaria Rinaldi
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Mathematics and Physics "E. De Giorgi" Department, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- ISUFI, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Rahman A, Khan KM, Rao MS. Exposure to low level of lead during preweaning period increases metallothionein-3 expression and dysregulates divalent cation levels in the brain of young rats. Neurotoxicology 2018; 65:135-143. [PMID: 29452138 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a neurotoxic heavy metal, but the mechanism of its neurotoxicity is not clearly understood. Expression of metallothioneins (MTs) is induced in response to heavy metal exposure as a protective mechanism against heavy metal toxicity. There are several isoforms of MTs (MT-1 to 4), of which MT-3 is the neuron specific isoform, which also has neurite growth inhibitory effects. Whereas, the induction of MT-1 and 2 in response to Pb has been reported, the effect of Pb on the expression of MT-3 in the brain has not been documented. This study aimed at investigating the effect of Pb exposure on the expression of MT-3 in the cerebrum and hippocampus. Wistar rat pups were exposed to Pb via their dams' drinking water (0.2% lead acetate in deionized water) from postnatal day (PND) 0 to 21 and directly via drinking water until PND30. Expression of MT-3 was measured by Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR. MT-3 localization was done by immunohistochemistry. Divalent metal ions were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Levels of Pb in blood and cerebrum were significantly increased, while that of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) were significantly decreased in the Pb-exposed rats at both PND21 and PND30. MT-3 protein was significantly increased in the cerebrum (by 2.5-fold) and in hippocampus (1.4 to 3.2-fold) in both PND21 and PND30 Pb-exposed rats over controls. MT-3 gene expression also increased in the cerebrum (by 42%), and in the hippocampus (by 65% and 43% in the PND21 and PND30 rats, respectively), in the Pb-exposed rats over controls, but the increase was statistically significant (p < 0.05) only in the PND30 rats. Pb exposure significantly increased (p < 0.05) percentage of MT-3 immunoreactive cells in Cornu Ammonis and dentate gyrus regions in the PND21 rats, and in the Cornu Ammonis 1, dentate gyrus and cortex regions in the PND30 rats. Our data thus provide convincing evidence that exposure to low levels of Pb during preweaning period increases the expression of MT-3 in the brain of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rahman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
| | - Khalid M Khan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Muddanna S Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
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Asano T, Wang PC, Iwasaki A. Spectrophotometric detection of labile zinc(II) released from metallothionein: A simple method to evaluate heavy metal toxicity. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109:638-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Ciucu A. Fast Spectrometric Method for Mercury(II) Determination Based on Glucose-Oxidase Inhibition. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903518781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Kouisni L, Rochefort D. Confocal microscopy study of polymer microcapsules for enzyme immobilisation in paper substrates. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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6
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Novel determination of cadmium ions using an enzyme self-assembled monolayer with surface plasmon resonance. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
A review of thermistor-based calorimetric measurement is presented. The principles of thermometric measurements are highlighted in the introduction followed by the instrumentation, materials and methods. Various applications relating to enzyme activity measurements, clinical monitoring, process monitoring, multianalyte determination, hybrid sensing, environmental monitoring, non-aqueous measurements and other miscellaneous applications are described. A brief note on future developments and a detailed reference list is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ramanathan
- Department of Pure & Applied Biochemistry, Box. 124 Center for Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden.
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Krawczyński vel Krawczyk T, Moszczyńska M, Trojanowicz M. Inhibitive determination of mercury and other metal ions by potentiometric urea biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2001; 15:681-91. [PMID: 11213229 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(00)00085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The biosensor with urease entrapped in PVC layer at the surface of pH-sensitive iridium oxide electrode was applied for testing of mercury and other metal ions inhibition on enzymatic reaction. The calculation of inhibition effect was based on the measurement of initial rate of decrease of biosensor potential (proportional to the initial rate of enzymatic reaction) after addition of substrate after inhibition step. Some differences of inhibition extent were observed for various mercury forms (Hg(NO3)2, HgCl2, PhHgCl and Hg2(NO3)2) as well as for other heavy metal ions investigated as potential interferents. Because the method was not specific, it was applied for the determination of total inhibition effect caused by heavy metal ions in water samples. In the case of most cations tested the total recovery of enzyme activity was possible using Tris buffer solution with EDTA and thioacetamide after less than 10 min regeneration time.
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Han S, Zhu M, Yuan Z, Li X. A methylene blue-mediated enzyme electrode for the determination of trace mercury(II), mercury(I), methylmercury, and mercury-glutathione complex. Biosens Bioelectron 2001; 16:9-16. [PMID: 11261858 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(00)00114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A methylene blue-mediated enzyme biosensor has been developed for the detection of inhibitors including mercury(II), mercury(I), methylmercury, and mercury-glutathione complex. The inhibition to horseradish peroxidase was apparently reversible and noncompetitive in the presence of HgCl2 in less than 8 s and irreversibly inactivated when incubated with different concentrations of HgCl2 for 1-8 min. The binding site of horseradish peroxidase with HgCl2 probably was a cysteine residue SH. Mercury compounds can be assayed amperometrically with the detection limits 0.1 ng ml(-1) Hg for HgCl2 and methylmercury, 0.2 ng ml(-1) Hg for Hg2(NO3)2 and 1.7 ng ml(-1) Hg for mercury glutathione complex. Inactivation of the immobilized horseradish peroxidase was displayed in the AFM images of the enzyme membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Han
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Bertocchi P, Ciranni E, Compagnone D, Magearu V, Palleschi G, Pirvutoiu S, Valvo L. Flow injection analysis of mercury(II) in pharmaceuticals based on enzyme inhibition and biosensor detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 20:263-9. [PMID: 10704031 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
An enzymatic amperometric procedure for measurement of mercury(II) in pharmaceuticals, based on the inhibition of invertase and on a glucose electrode was studied. Analytical parameters for measurements in batch and flow injection analysis (FIA) have been optimised. Mercury(II) was detected in the 10-60 ppb range with RSD < or =2%. A sample throughput of 6 h(-1) for batch and 15 h(-1) for FIA was obtained. The total mercury(II) from thimerosal (thiomersal, sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate) in eye-drop samples was measured with the amperometric procedure after oxidative cleavage treatment. Results for both batch and FIA procedures correlated well with atomic absorbtion spectroscopy (AAS) data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bertocchi
- Laboratorio di Chimica del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
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11
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Xie B, Ramanathan K, Danielsson B. Principles of enzyme thermistor systems: applications to biomedical and other measurements. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999; 64:1-33. [PMID: 9933974 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-49811-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of thermistor-based calorimetric measurements. Bioanalytical applications are emphasized from both the chemical and biomedical points of view. The introductory section elucidates the principles involved in the thermometric measurements. The following section describes in detail the evolution of the various versions of enzyme-thermistor devices. Special emphasis is laid on the description of modern "mini" and "miniaturized" versions of enzyme thermistors. Hybrid devices are also introduced in this section. In the sections on applications, the clinical/biomedical areas are dealt with separately, followed by other applications. Mention is also made of miscellaneous applications. A special section is devoted to future developments, wherein novel concepts of telemedicine and home diagnostics are highlighted. The role of communication and information technology in telemedicine is also mentioned. In the concluding sections, an attempt is made to incorporate the most recent references on specific topics based on enzyme-thermistor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Xie
- Department of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Sweden
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12
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Lammers F, Scheper T. Thermal biosensors in biotechnology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999; 64:35-67. [PMID: 9933975 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-49811-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The application of enzyme thermistor devices for the continuous monitoring of enzymatic processes is described. Different hardware concepts are presented and discussed, practical results are also given. These devices were used to analyze the enantiomeric excess in biotransformation processes and for thermal immunoanalysis. In addition, the biosensors were applied for the monitoring and control of an L-ornithine producing process and for the application in hemodialysis monitoring. A review section discusses the use of thermal biosensors for monitoring biotechnological processes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lammers
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Hannover, Germany.
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13
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Determination of mercury(II), methylmercury and ethylmercury in the ng/ml range with an electrochemical enzyme glucose probe. Mikrochim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01248250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A screening method for trace mercury analysis using flow injection with urease inhibition and fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)00032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Gayet JC, Haouz A, Geloso-Meyer A, Burstein C. Detection of heavy metal salts with biosensors built with an oxygen electrode coupled to various immobilized oxidases and dehydrogenases. Biosens Bioelectron 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-5663(93)85030-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Mattiasson B, Berdén P, Ling TG. Flow-injection binding assays: a way to increase the speed in binding analyses. Anal Biochem 1989; 181:379-82. [PMID: 2817400 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A flow-injection analysis system was equipped with a small column containing immobilized concanavalin A. Pulses containing glucosides or glycoproteins were passed over the column, the lectin bound the carbohydrates. By using horseradish peroxidase as a labeled carbohydrate and letting it compete with other glucosides or mannosides a competitive binding assay for the latter was set up. When the enzyme activity had been evaluated, the column was rinsed and reconditioned, allowing a new assay to be run. To speed up the assay, substrates for the enzyme marker, peroxidase, were present in the perfusing buffer. A computerized evaluation of the absorbance peak allowed the time of the assay cycle to be reduced to 70 s. The sensitivity of this binding assay was fully comparable with those reported for other systems using the same reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mattiasson
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Lund, Sweden
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19
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Winquist F, Lundström I, Danielsson B. Trace Level Analysis of Mercury Using Urease in Combination with an Ammonia Gas Sensitive Semiconductor Structure. ANAL LETT 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718808066348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Yerian T, Christian G, Ruzicka J. Flow injection analysis as a diagnostic technique for development and testing of chemical sensors. Anal Chim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)86342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Ögren L. Determination and on-site sampling of inorganic and organic mercury in aqueous samples with enzyme reactors. Anal Chim Acta 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)85048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Enzyme Thermistor Devices and Their Analytical Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-041103-0.50008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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28
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Martinek K, Mozhaev VV, Berezin IV. Reactivation of enzymes irreversibly denatured at elevated temperature. Trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin covalently immobilized on Sepharose 4B and in polyacrylamide gel. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 615:426-35. [PMID: 7417456 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(80)90509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.2) covalently immobilized on Sepharose or in polyacrylamide gel has been irreversibly denatured at 70--90 degrees C and then reactivated in an almost 100% yield. Thermoinactivated enzyme is first made to unfold under the action of urea with S-S bonds being simultaneously reduced and then made to refold (under the optimal conditions for the thiol-disulfide exchange) into its native conformation. It is demonstrated that the 'irreversible monomolecular thermoinactivation-reactivation' cycle can be repeated many times. The contribution of various mechanisms to thermoinactivation of the enzymes is discussed. Based on the data obtained, the irreversible thermoinactivation of enzymes under investigation should be ascribed only to changes in their secondary and teritary structures; the primary structure is not likely to be affected.
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Keith Grime J. Biochemical and clinical analysis by enthalpimetric measurements — a realistic alternative approach? Anal Chim Acta 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)93597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Ngo TT. Bioanalytical applications of immobilized enzymes. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 11:459-65. [PMID: 6991305 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(80)90253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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31
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Mattiasson B, Rieke E, Munnecke D, Mosbach K. Enzymic analysis of organophosphate insecticides using an enzyme thermistor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02998680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Danielsson B, Mattiasson B, Karlsson R, Winqvist F. Use of an enzyme thermistor in continuous measurements and enzyme reactor control. Biotechnol Bioeng 1979; 21:1749-66. [PMID: 114246 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260211005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme thermistor measures the heat produced by the action of an immobilized enzyme on a substrate present in the sample. Its application in analysis of discrete samples, e.g., in clinical chemistry, is well documented, but it has not been used so far for continuous measurements. We decribe here the application of the enzyme thermistor for continuous monitoring and control of enzyme reactors. An enzyme thermistor filled with coimmobilized glucose oxidase and catalase was used to measure the amount of glucose in the outflow from a column reactor containing immobilized lactase acting on a lactose solution pumped through the reactor. The lactose conversion was kept on a constant level, irrespective of the actual enzymatic activity in the reactor, by regulating the flow through the reactor. The experiments were carried out with aqueous solutions of lactose as well as with whey from cow's milk.
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