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Choi KH, Yee J, Song TJ, Park J, Gwak HS. Association between genetic polymorphisms in fibrinogen genes and bleeding risk in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2023; 52:340-347. [PMID: 38904499 DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to investigate the association between polymorphisms in fibrinogen genes and bleeding risk in patients receiving direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Method Patients treated with DOACs from June 2018 to December 2021 were enrolled in the study. Genotyping was done for rs2070011, rs6050, and rs2070022 in fibrinogen alpha chain (FGA); rs1800788, rs4220, and rs4463047 in fibrinogen beta chain (FGB); and rs2066865 and rs1800792 in fibrinogen gamma chain (FGG), along with F2 rs5896 and F10 rs5960. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the risk factors for bleeding and to develop a risk scoring system. Results A total of 468 patients were included in the analysis, 14 of whom experienced major bleeding and 36 experienced clinically relevant non-major bleeding. In the multivariable analysis, overdose, anaemia, F2 rs5896, and FGG rs1800792 were found to be significantly associated with bleeding risk. Specifically, patients with the TT genotype of F2 rs5896 and the CC genotype of FGG rs1800792 had 2.1 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-3.9) and 2.7 times (95% CI 1.2-5.9) higher bleeding risk than the C allele and T allele carriers, respectively. Based on the risk scoring system, patients with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 points were predicted to have 5.2%, 10.8%, 22.4%, 32.3%, 42.3%, and 61.8% of bleeding risk, respectively. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of polymorphisms in fibrinogen genes on DOAC response. After validation, these results will be useful for personalised DOAC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yee
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junbeom Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Gwak
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Singer M, Simon K, Forné I, Meissner M. A central CRMP complex essential for invasion in Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001937. [PMID: 36602948 PMCID: PMC9815656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexa are obligate intracellular parasites. While most species are restricted to specific hosts and cell types, Toxoplasma gondii can invade every nucleated cell derived from warm-blooded animals. This broad host range suggests that this parasite can recognize multiple host cell ligands or structures, leading to the activation of a central protein complex, which should be conserved in all apicomplexans. During invasion, the unique secretory organelles (micronemes and rhoptries) are sequentially released and several micronemal proteins have been suggested to be required for host cell recognition and invasion. However, to date, only few micronemal proteins have been demonstrated to be essential for invasion, suggesting functional redundancy that might allow such a broad host range. Cysteine Repeat Modular Proteins (CRMPs) are a family of apicomplexan-specific proteins. In T. gondii, two CRMPs are present in the genome, CRMPA (TGGT1_261080) and CRMPB (TGGT1_292020). Here, we demonstrate that both proteins form a complex that contains the additional proteins MIC15 and the thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing protein (TSP1). Disruption of this complex results in a block of rhoptry secretion and parasites being unable to invade the host cell. In conclusion, this complex is a central invasion complex conserved in all apicomplexans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Singer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Experimental Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Germany
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MS); (MM)
| | - Kathrin Simon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Experimental Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Germany
| | - Ignasi Forné
- Faculty of Medicine, Protein Analysis Unit, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus Meissner
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Experimental Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (MS); (MM)
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3
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Sparvoli D, Delabre J, Penarete‐Vargas DM, Kumar Mageswaran S, Tsypin LM, Heckendorn J, Theveny L, Maynadier M, Mendonça Cova M, Berry‐Sterkers L, Guérin A, Dubremetz J, Urbach S, Striepen B, Turkewitz AP, Chang Y, Lebrun M. An apical membrane complex for triggering rhoptry exocytosis and invasion in Toxoplasma. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111158. [PMID: 36245278 PMCID: PMC9670195 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites possess secretory organelles called rhoptries that undergo regulated exocytosis upon contact with the host. This process is essential for the parasitic lifestyle of these pathogens and relies on an exocytic machinery sharing structural features and molecular components with free-living ciliates. However, how the parasites coordinate exocytosis with host interaction is unknown. Here, we performed a Tetrahymena-based transcriptomic screen to uncover novel exocytic factors in Ciliata and conserved in Apicomplexa. We identified membrane-bound proteins, named CRMPs, forming part of a large complex essential for rhoptry secretion and invasion in Toxoplasma. Using cutting-edge imaging tools, including expansion microscopy and cryo-electron tomography, we show that, unlike previously described rhoptry exocytic factors, TgCRMPs are not required for the assembly of the rhoptry secretion machinery and only transiently associate with the exocytic site-prior to the invasion. CRMPs and their partners contain putative host cell-binding domains, and CRMPa shares similarities with GPCR proteins. Collectively our data imply that the CRMP complex acts as a host-molecular sensor to ensure that rhoptry exocytosis occurs when the parasite contacts the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sparvoli
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host InteractionsUMR 5235 CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Jason Delabre
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host InteractionsUMR 5235 CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Shrawan Kumar Mageswaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Lev M Tsypin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
- Present address:
Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Justine Heckendorn
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host InteractionsUMR 5235 CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Liam Theveny
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Marjorie Maynadier
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host InteractionsUMR 5235 CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Marta Mendonça Cova
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host InteractionsUMR 5235 CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Laurence Berry‐Sterkers
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host InteractionsUMR 5235 CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Amandine Guérin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Jean‐François Dubremetz
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host InteractionsUMR 5235 CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Serge Urbach
- IGFUniversité de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Aaron P Turkewitz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Yi‐Wei Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Maryse Lebrun
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host InteractionsUMR 5235 CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
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4
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Peng H, Wang M, Wang N, Yang C, Guo W, Li G, Huang S, Wei D, Liu D. Different N-Glycosylation Sites Reduce the Activity of Recombinant DSPAα2. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3930-3947. [PMID: 36135182 PMCID: PMC9497888 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bat plasminogen activators α2 (DSPAα2) has extremely high medicinal value as a powerful natural thrombolytic protein. However, wild-type DSPAα2 has two N-glycosylation sites (N185 and N398) and its non-human classes of high-mannose-type N-glycans may cause immune responses in vivo. By mutating the N-glycosylation sites, we aimed to study the effect of its N-glycan chain on plasminogen activation, fibrin sensitivity, and to observe the physicochemical properties of DSPAα2. A logical structure design was performed in this study. Four single mutants and one double mutant were constructed and expressed in Pichia pastoris. When the N398 site was eliminated, the plasminogen activator in the mutants had their activities reduced to ~40%. When the N185 site was inactivated, there was a weak decrease in the plasminogen activation of its mutant, while the fibrin sensitivity significantly decreased by ~10-fold. Neither N-glycosylation nor deglycosylation mutations changed the pH resistance or heat resistance of DSPAα2. This study confirms that N-glycosylation affects the biochemical function of DSPAα2, which provides a reference for subsequent applications of DSPAα2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huakang Peng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Caifeng Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenfang Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gangqiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sumei Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Di Wei
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Dehu Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence:
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5
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Zhang H, Hu Y, Pan D, Xv Y, Shen W. Genetic Analysis of a Pedigree With Antithrombin and Prothrombin Compound Mutations and Antithrombin Heterozygotes. Front Genet 2022; 13:832582. [PMID: 35444682 PMCID: PMC9014201 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.832582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Antithrombin (AT) is the most important physiological inhibitor in vivo, and coagulation factor II (FII) or prothrombin is a coagulation factor vital to life. The purpose of our research was to illustrate the connection between gene mutations and the corresponding deficiencies of AT and FII. Methods: Functional and molecular analyses were performed. The possible impact of the mutation was analyzed by online bioinformatics software. ClustalX-2.1-win and PyMol/Swiss-Pdb Viewer software were used for conservative analyses and to generate molecular graphic images, respectively. Results: The proband showed a lower limb venous thrombosis and acute pulmonary embolism infarction with reduced AT activity (50%). His mother, with subcutaneous ecchymosis, had reduced activities of AT and FII, of 44 and 5%, respectively. Molecular analysis showed that both the proband and his mother carried c.964A > T (p.Lys322stop) heterozygotes in SERPINC1. The difference was that his mother carried homozygous c.494C > T (p.Thr165Met) in F2, while the proband was wild type. Bioinformatics and model analysis indicated that mutations may destroy the function and structure of AT and FII protein. Conclusion: This study identified a novel mutation of SERPINC1 and a missense mutation of F2, which may be the molecular mechanism leading to AT and FII deficiency in this family. It will help genetic diagnosis and counseling for thrombotic families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yiling Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Dongli Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yuehua Xv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Weifeng Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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Apolipoprotein (a)/Lipoprotein(a)-Induced Oxidative-Inflammatory α7-nAChR/p38 MAPK/IL-6/RhoA-GTP Signaling Axis and M1 Macrophage Polarization Modulate Inflammation-Associated Development of Coronary Artery Spasm. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9964689. [PMID: 35096275 PMCID: PMC8793348 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9964689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Apolipoprotein (a)/lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), a major carrier of oxidized phospholipids, and α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) may play an important role in the development of coronary artery spasm (CAS). In CAS, the association between Lp(a) and the α7-nAChR-modulated inflammatory macrophage polarization and activation and smooth muscle cell dysfunction remains unknown. Methods. We investigated the relevance of Lp(a)/α7-nAChR signaling in patient monocyte-derived macrophages and human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) using expression profile correlation analyses, fluorescence-assisted cell sorting flow cytometry, immunoblotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and clinicopathological analyses. Results. There are increased serum Lp(a) levels (3.98-fold,
) and macrophage population (3.30-fold,
) in patients with CAS compared with patients without CAS. Serum Lp(a) level was positively correlated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (
,
), IL-6 (
,
), and α7-nAChR (
,
) in patients with CAS, but not in patients without CAS. Compared with untreated or low-density lipoprotein- (LDL-) treated macrophages, Lp(a)-treated macrophages exhibited markedly enhanced α7-nAChR mRNA expression (
) and activity (
), in vitro and ex vivo. Lp(a) but not LDL preferentially induced CD80+ macrophage (M1) polarization and reduced the inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and the subsequent NO production. While shRNA-mediated loss of α7-nAChR function reduced the Lp(a)-induced CD80+ macrophage pool, both shRNA and anti-IL-6 receptor tocilizumab suppressed Lp(a)-upregulated α7-nAChR, p-p38 MAPK, IL-6, and RhoA-GTP protein expression levels in cultures of patient monocyte-derived macrophages and HCASMCs. Conclusions. Elevated Lp(a) levels upregulate α7-nAChR/IL-6/p38 MAPK signaling in macrophages of CAS patients and HCASMC, suggesting that Lp(a)-triggered inflammation mediates CAS through α7-nAChR/p38 MAPK/IL-6/RhoA-GTP signaling induction, macrophage M1 polarization, and HCASMC activation.
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7
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Patthy L. Miguel Llinás and the Structure of the Kringle Fold. Protein J 2021; 40:450-453. [PMID: 33791899 PMCID: PMC8373733 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-09981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Patthy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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8
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Abstract
Generation of plasmin in the vicinity of a blood clot has proven to be an effective approach for treating thrombotic disorders, particularly myocardial infarction. Conceptually, the ideal thrombolytic agent would initiate the formation of plasmin, primarily in association with fibrin incorporated into the occlusive thrombus. Thus, thrombolytic agents that exhibit relative fibrin specificity and, thus, presumably clot selectivity (e.g., tissue plasminogen activator) were expected to have a marked clinical benefit compared to agents that do not display affinity for fibrin (e.g., streptokinase). However, results obtained recently from clinical trials indicate that these 2 agents essentially were equally effective in treating myocardial infarction. With these findings in mind, efforts are being made to develop novel thrombolytic agents that might achieve more rapid and specific thrombolysis than that achieved by presently available agents and, thus, could be administered earlier because of an improved margin of safety. The available data suggest that tissue-type PA (tPA) mutants possessing resistance to endogenous inhibitors, altered fibrin affinity, and/or slower rates of clearance may prove beneficial in this regard. In addition, adjunctive therapies (i.e., anti-platelet and anti-thrombin compounds) have been found to decrease the time necessary to achieve reperfusion and have reduced rates of reocclusion. These efforts are expected to yield therapeutic agents in the 1990s and beyond that, when administered in combination, would exhibit increased efficacy in the treatment of myocardial infarction and other thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A. Erickson
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Biology Research, Upjohn Laboratories, Kalamazoo, Michigan
| | - Keith R. Marotti
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Biology Research, Upjohn Laboratories, Kalamazoo, Michigan
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9
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Singh BP, Asthana A, Basu A, Tangirala R, Mohan Rao C, Swamy MJ. Conserved core tryptophans of FnII domains are crucial for the membranolytic and chaperone-like activities of bovine seminal plasma protein PDC-109. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:509-518. [PMID: 31552690 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The fibronectin type II (FnII) domain, present in diverse vertebrate proteins, plays crucial roles in several fundamental biological processes. PDC-109, the major bovine seminal plasma protein, contains two FnII domains that bind to choline phospholipids on sperm plasma membrane and induce lipid efflux crucial for successful fertilization. PDC-109 also exhibits chaperone-like activity and protects other proteins against various types of stress. Here, we show that a core tryptophan residue is highly conserved across species in the FnII domains. Mutation of conserved tryptophan residues W47, W93, and W106 in the FnII domains of PDC-109 to alanine leads to drastic decrease or complete abolition of membrane-binding and chaperone-like activities. These observations suggest that conserved tryptophans are important for the function of FnII proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amrita Basu
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, India
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10
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Huang H, Liu H, Zhou H, Liang Z, Song D, Zhang Y, Huang W, Zhao X, Wu B, Ye G, Huang Y. Drug-release system of microchannel transport used in minimally invasive surgery for hemostasis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:881-896. [PMID: 30880920 PMCID: PMC6420104 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s180842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Sucrose allyl ether (SAE) containing hemostatic drugs and a photoinitiator was established to treat mild postpartum hemorrhage or long-term continuous abnormal uterine bleeding in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) using a photopolymerization method. Methods and results Real-time infrared spectroscopy and rheological experiments showed that the SAE monomer with shear-thinning characteristics could polymerize rapidly into a transparent membrane. Cytotoxicity experiments in vitro showed that this system could elicit a long-term hemostatic effect. Tissue adhesion was also evaluated. The photo-stability of four delivered antifibrinolytic drugs (6-aminocaproic acid, ethylenediaminediacetic acid, tranexamic acid and p-(aminomethyl) benzoic acid) was tested by ultraviolet-photolysis experiments and illustrated by time-dependent density functional theory. Sustained-release experiments revealed that the formed film could be used as a drug carrier. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics were done to investigate the binding mechanism between hemostatic drugs as ligands and the human plasminogen kringle-1 (1HPK) as a target. Conclusion It has been suggested that SAE with tranexamic acid could be a drug-release system of microchannel transport used in MIS. This system could tackle the dilemma of fluidity and adhesion in MIS. The photo-stable tranexamic acid was the most suitable drug according to its satisfactory binding energy, good photo-stability, and sustained release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Houhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China, ;
| | - Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Zhiling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China, ;
| | - Dandan Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China, ;
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China, ;
| | - Wanqiu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China, ;
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China, ;
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China, ;
| | - Guodong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China, ;
| | - Yugang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China, ;
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Fibrinolytic Enzymes for Thrombolytic Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1148:345-381. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7709-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Uche UU, Piccirillo AR, Kataoka S, Grebinoski SJ, D'Cruz LM, Kane LP. PIK3IP1/TrIP restricts activation of T cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt. J Exp Med 2018; 215:3165-3179. [PMID: 30429249 PMCID: PMC6279406 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates a role for the transmembrane regulator of PI3K (TrIP) in restricting early T cell activation, at least in part through effects on PI3K. It is also shown that levels of TrIP decrease preceding full T cell activation. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases (PI3Ks) modulate cellular growth, proliferation, and survival; dysregulation of the PI3K pathway can lead to autoimmune disease and cancer. PIK3IP1 (or transmembrane inhibitor of PI3K [TrIP]) is a putative transmembrane regulator of PI3K. TrIP contains an extracellular kringle domain and an intracellular domain with homology to the inter-SH2 domain of the PI3K regulatory subunit p85, but the mechanism of TrIP function is poorly understood. We show that both the kringle and p85-like domains are necessary for TrIP inhibition of PI3K and that TrIP is down-modulated from the surface of T cells during T cell activation. In addition, we present evidence that the kringle domain may modulate TrIP function by mediating oligomerization. Using an inducible knockout mouse model, we show that TrIP-deficient T cells exhibit more robust activation and can mediate clearance of Listeria monocytogenes infection faster than WT mice. Thus, TrIP is a negative regulator of T cell activation and may represent a novel target for immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzodinma U Uche
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Interdisciplinary Biomedical Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ann R Piccirillo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Stephanie J Grebinoski
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Louise M D'Cruz
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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13
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Könning D, Kolmar H. Beyond antibody engineering: directed evolution of alternative binding scaffolds and enzymes using yeast surface display. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:32. [PMID: 29482656 PMCID: PMC6389260 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pioneered exactly 20 years ago, yeast surface display (YSD) continues to take a major role in protein engineering among the high-throughput display methodologies that have been developed to date. The classical yeast display technology relies on tethering an engineered protein to the cell wall by genetic fusion to one subunit of a dimeric yeast-mating agglutination receptor complex. This method enables an efficient genotype-phenotype linkage while exploiting the benefits of a eukaryotic expression machinery. Over the past two decades, a plethora of protein engineering efforts encompassing conventional antibody Fab and scFv fragments have been reported. In this review, we will focus on the versatility of YSD beyond conventional antibody engineering and, instead, place the focus on alternative scaffold proteins and enzymes which have successfully been tailored for purpose with regard to improving binding, activity or specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Könning
- Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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14
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Rabieian R, Boshtam M, Zareei M, Kouhpayeh S, Masoudifar A, Mirzaei H. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1 as a Regulator of Fibrosis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:17-27. [PMID: 28520219 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is known as a frequent and irreversible pathological condition which is associated with organ failure. Tissue fibrosis is a central process in a variety of chronic progressive diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and persistent inflammation. This state could contribute to chronic injury and the initiation of tissue repair. Fibrotic disorders represent abnormal wound healing with defective matrix turnover and clearance that lead to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components. A variety of identified growth factors, cytokines, and persistently activated myofibroblasts have critical roles in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Irrespective of etiology, the transforming growth factor-β pathway is the major driver of fibrotic response. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a crucial downstream target of this pathway. Transforming growth factor-β positively regulates PAI-1 gene expression via two main pathways including Smad-mediated canonical and non-canonical pathways. Overexpression of PAI-1 reduces extracellular matrix degradation via perturbing the plasminogen activation system. Indeed, elevated PAI-1 levels inhibit proteolytic activity of tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator which could contribute to a variety of inflammatory elements in the injury site and to excessive matrix deposition. This review summarizes the current knowledge of critical pathways that regulate PAI-1 gene expression and suggests effective approaches for the treatment of fibrotic disease. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 17-27, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Rabieian
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Boshtam
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahshid Zareei
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shirin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aria Masoudifar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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15
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Partial purification and identification of a metalloproteinase with anticoagulant activity from Rhizostoma pulmo (Barrel Jellyfish). Toxicon 2017; 132:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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A phase 1, open label, dose escalation study to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of MG1102 (apolipoprotein(a) Kringle V) in patients with solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:773-781. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Schmidt K, Noureen A, Kronenberg F, Utermann G. Structure, function, and genetics of lipoprotein (a). J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1339-59. [PMID: 27074913 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r067314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] has attracted the interest of researchers and physicians due to its intriguing properties, including an intragenic multiallelic copy number variation in the LPA gene and the strong association with coronary heart disease (CHD). This review summarizes present knowledge of the structure, function, and genetics of Lp(a) with emphasis on the molecular and population genetics of the Lp(a)/LPA trait, as well as aspects of genetic epidemiology. It highlights the role of genetics in establishing Lp(a) as a risk factor for CHD, but also discusses uncertainties, controversies, and lack of knowledge on several aspects of the genetic Lp(a) trait, not least its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Schmidt
- Divisions of Human Genetics Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Asma Noureen
- Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerd Utermann
- Divisions of Human Genetics Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML. Lipoprotein (a): truly a direct prothrombotic factor in cardiovascular disease? J Lipid Res 2015; 57:745-57. [PMID: 26647358 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r060582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] have been determined to be a causal risk factor for coronary heart disease, and may similarly play a role in other atherothrombotic disorders. Lp(a) consists of a lipoprotein moiety indistinguishable from LDL, as well as the plasminogen-related glycoprotein, apo(a). Therefore, the pathogenic role for Lp(a) has traditionally been considered to reflect a dual function of its similarity to LDL, causing atherosclerosis, and its similarity to plasminogen, causing thrombosis through inhibition of fibrinolysis. This postulate remains highly speculative, however, because it has been difficult to separate the prothrombotic/antifibrinolytic functions of Lp(a) from its proatherosclerotic functions. This review surveys the current landscape surrounding these issues: the biochemical basis for procoagulant and antifibrinolytic effects of Lp(a) is summarized and the evidence addressing the role of Lp(a) in both arterial and venous thrombosis is discussed. While elevated Lp(a) appears to be primarily predisposing to thrombotic events in the arterial tree, the fact that most of these are precipitated by underlying atherosclerosis continues to confound our understanding of the true pathogenic roles of Lp(a) and, therefore, the most appropriate therapeutic target through which to mitigate the harmful effects of this lipoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Boffa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Marlys L Koschinsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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19
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Hiong KC, Tan XR, Boo MV, Wong WP, Chew SF, Ip YK. Aestivation induces changes in transcription and translation of coagulation factor II and fibrinogen gamma chain in the liver of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:3717-28. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.125260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to sequence and characterize two pro-coagulant genes, coagulation factor II (f2) and fibrinogen gamma chain (fgg), from the liver of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens, and to determine their hepatic mRNA expression levels during three phases of aestivation. The protein abundances of F2 and Fgg in the liver and plasma were determined by immunoblotting. Results indicated that F2 and Fgg of P. annectens were phylogenetically closer to those of amphibians than those of teleosts. Three days of aestivation resulted in an up-regulation in the hepatic fgg mRNA expression level, while 6 days of aestivation led to a significant increase (3-fold) in the protein abundance of Fgg in the plasma. Hence, there could be an increase in the blood clotting ability in P. annectens during the induction phase of aestivation. By contrast, the blood clotting ability in P. annectens might be reduced in response to decreased blood flow and increased possibility of thrombosis during the maintenance phase of aestivation, as 6 months of aestivation led to significant decreases in mRNA expression levels of f2 and fgg in the liver. There could also be a decrease in the export of F2 and Fgg from the liver to the plasma so as to avert thrombosis. Upon 3-6 days of arousal from 6 months of aestivation, the protein abundances of F2 and Fgg recovered partially in the plasma of P. annectens, and a complete recovery of the transcription and translation of f2/F2 in the liver might occur only after refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kum C. Hiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiang R. Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mel V. Boo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wai P. Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shit F. Chew
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yuen K. Ip
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
- The Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119227, Republic of Singapore
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20
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Lieb W, Chen MH, Larson MG, Safa R, Teumer A, Baumeister SE, Lin H, Smith HM, Koch M, Lorbeer R, Völker U, Nauck M, Völzke H, Wallaschofski H, Sawyer DB, Vasan RS. Genome-wide association study for endothelial growth factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 8:389-97. [PMID: 25552591 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial growth factors including angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), its soluble receptor Tie-2 (sTie-2), and hepatocyte growth factor play important roles in angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, local tumor growth, and metastatic potential of various cancers. Circulating levels of these biomarkers have a heritable component (between 13% and 56%), but the underlying genetic variation influencing these biomarker levels is largely unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a genome-wide association study for circulating Ang-2, sTie-2, and hepatocyte growth factor in 3571 Framingham Heart Study participants and assessed replication of the top hits for Ang-2 and sTie-2 in 3184 participants of the Study of Health in Pomerania. In multivariable-adjusted models, sTie-2 and hepatocyte growth factor concentrations were associated with single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes encoding the respective biomarkers (top P=2.40×10(-65) [rs2273720] and 3.64×10(-19) [rs5745687], respectively). Likewise, rs2442517 in the MCPH1 gene (in which the Ang-2 gene is embedded) was associated with Ang-2 levels (P=5.05×10(-8) in Framingham Heart Study and 8.39×10(-5) in Study of Health in Pomerania). Furthermore, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the AB0 gene were associated with sTie-2 (top single-nucleotide polymorphism rs8176693 with P=1.84×10(-33) in Framingham Heart Study; P=2.53×10(-30) in Study of Health in Pomerania) and Ang-2 (rs8176746 with P=2.07×10(-8) in Framingham Heart Study; P=0.001 in Study of Health in Pomerania) levels on a genome-wide significant level. The top genetic loci were explained between 1.7% (Ang-2) and 11.2% (sTie-2) of the interindividual variation in biomarker levels. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation contributes to the interindividual variation in growth factor levels and explains a modest proportion of circulating hepatocyte growth factor, Ang-2, and Tie-2. This may potentially contribute to the familial susceptibility to cancer, a premise that warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Lieb
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Ming-Huei Chen
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Martin G Larson
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Radwan Safa
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Alexander Teumer
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Sebastian E Baumeister
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Honghuang Lin
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Holly M Smith
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Manja Koch
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Roberto Lorbeer
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Uwe Völker
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Matthias Nauck
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Henry Völzke
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Douglas B Sawyer
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- From the Framingham Heart Study, MA (W.L., M.-H.C., M.G.L., H.L., R.S.V.); Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany (W.L., M.K.); Department of Neurology (M.-H.C.), Division of Graduate Medical Sciences (R.S.), Department of Medicine (H.L.), Section of Epidemiology and Prevention, School of Medicine (R.S.V.), Department of Mathematics (M.G.L.), and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (R.S.V.), Boston University, MA; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (A.T., U.V.), Section Study of Health in Pomerania - Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., S.E.B., R.L., H.V.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N., H.W.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.M.S., D.B.S.); and German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Germany (U.V., M.N., H.V., H.W.)
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Tananuvat N, Charoenkwan P, Ohazama A, Ketuda Cairns JR, Kaewgahya M, Kantaputra PN. Root dentin anomaly and a PLG mutation. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:630-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Parodi EM, Kuhn B. Signalling between microvascular endothelium and cardiomyocytes through neuregulin. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:194-204. [PMID: 24477642 PMCID: PMC3989448 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocellular communication in the heart is an important mechanism for matching circulatory demands with cardiac structure and function, and neuregulins (Nrgs) play an important role in transducing this signal between the hearts' vasculature and musculature. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding Nrgs, explaining their roles in transducing signals between the heart's microvasculature and cardiomyocytes. We highlight intriguing areas being investigated for developing new, Nrg-mediated strategies to heal the heart in acquired and congenital heart diseases, and note avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard Kuhn
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Enders Building, Room 1212, Brookline, MA 02115, USA
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Yu HK, Lee HJ, Ahn JH, Lim IH, Moon JH, Yoon Y, Yi LSH, Kim SJ, Kim JS. Immunoglobulin Fc domain fusion to apolipoprotein(a) kringle V significantly prolongs plasma half-life without affecting its anti-angiogenic activity. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:425-32. [PMID: 23571426 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is crucial for tumor growth and metastasis. Blocking this process is, therefore, a potentially powerful approach for the treatment of cancer. Human apolipoprotein(a) kringle V (rhLK8) is an angiogenesis inhibitor and is currently under development as an anti-cancer therapeutic. However, a relatively short in vivo half-life limits its widespread clinical use. This study was performed to evaluate whether fusion of an Fc domain to rhLK8 can extend plasma half-life. RhLK8-Fc fusion protein was expressed in CHO DG44 cells as a dimer and was readily purified by protein G affinity chromatography. The anti-angiogenic activity of rhLK8-Fc was similar to that of rhLK8, as determined by migration and tube formation assays with endothelial cells in vitro and a chorioallantoic membrane assay in vivo. Pharmacokinetic profiles in mice after single intravenous administration of rhLK8 or rhLK8-Fc showed that Fc fusion significantly increased the elimination half-life (t(½)) and the systemic exposure (AUC(inf)) of the protein, in parallel with a significant decrease in total clearance (CL). These data suggest that Fc fusion to rhLK8 is a powerful strategy for extending the plasma half-life of rhLK8 without affecting its anti-angiogenic activity, and could thus improve the clinical applicability of rhLK8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Yu
- Cancer Therapeutics Team, Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, 341 Bojeong-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin 449-910, Republic of Korea
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Association between human prothrombin variant (T165M) and kidney stone disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45533. [PMID: 23029076 PMCID: PMC3446884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the association between prothrombin (F2), encoding a stone inhibitor protein - urinary prothrombin fragment 1 (UPTF1), and the risk of kidney stone disease in Northeastern Thai patients. To identify specific F2 variation responsible for the kidney stone risk, we conducted sequencing analysis of this gene in a group of the patients with kidney stone disease. Five intronic SNPs (rs2070850, rs2070852, rs1799867, rs2282687, and rs3136516) and one exonic non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNP; rs5896) were found. The five intronic SNPs have no functional change as predicted by computer programs while the nsSNP rs5896 (c.494 C>T) located in exon 6 results in a substitution of threonine (T) by methionine (M) at the position 165 (T165M). The nsSNP rs5896 was subsequently genotyped in 209 patients and 216 control subjects. Genotypic and allelic frequencies of this nsSNP were analyzed for their association with kidney stone disease. The frequency of CC genotype of rs5896 was significantly lower in the patient group (13.4%) than that in the control group (22.2%) (P = 0.017, OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32–0.90), and the frequency of C allele was significantly lower in the patient group (36.1%) than that in the control group (45.6%) (P = 0.005, OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.51–0.89). The significant differences of genotype and allele frequencies were maintained only in the female group (P = 0.033 and 0.003, respectively). The effect of amino-acid change on UPTF1 structure was also examined by homologous modeling and in silico mutagenesis. T165 is conserved and T165M substitution will affect hydrogen bond formation with E180. In conclusion, our results indicate that prothrombin variant (T165M) is associated with kidney stone risk in the Northeastern Thai female patients.
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Targeted antivascular therapy with the apolipoprotein(a) kringle V, rhLK8, inhibits the growth and metastasis of human prostate cancer in an orthotopic nude mouse model. Neoplasia 2012; 14:335-43. [PMID: 22577348 DOI: 10.1593/neo.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivascular therapy has emerged as a rational strategy to improve the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer owing to the necessity of establishing a vascular network for the growth and progression of the primary and metastatic tumor. We determined whether recombinant human apolipoprotein(a) kringle V, rhLK8, produces therapeutic efficacy in an orthotopic human prostate cancer animal model. Fifty thousand androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells (PC-3MM2) were injected into the prostate of nude mice. After 3 days, these mice were randomized to receive the vehicle solution (intraperitoneally [i.p.], daily), paclitaxel (8 mg/kg i.p., weekly), rhLK8 (50 mg/kg i.p., daily), or a combination of paclitaxel and rhLK8 for 4 weeks. Treatment with paclitaxel or rhLK8 alone did not show significant therapeutic effects on tumor incidence or on tumor size compared with the control group. The combination of rhLK8 and paclitaxel significantly reduced tumor size and incidence of lymph node metastasis. Significant reduction in microvessel density and cellular proliferation and induction of apoptosis of tumor cells, and tumor-associated endothelial cells, were also achieved. Similarly, PC-3MM2 tumors growing in the tibia showed significant suppression of tumor growth and lymph node metastasis by the combination treatment with rhLK8 and paclitaxel. The integrity of the bone was significantly preserved, and apoptosis of tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells was increased. In conclusion, these results suggest that targeting the tumor microenvironment with the antivascular effect of rhLK8 combined with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy could be a new and effective approach in the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer and their metastases.
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Lee HJ, Yu HK, Ahn JH, Park YK, Yoon Y, Kim JS, Kim SJ. Repeated intravenous infusion of human apolipoprotein(a) kringle V is associated with reversible dose-dependent acute tubulointerstitial nephritis without affecting glomerular filtration function. Toxicol Lett 2012; 212:298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Grzelakowska-Sztabert B, Dudkowska M. Paradoxical action of growth factors: antiproliferative and proapoptotic signaling by HGF/c-MET. Growth Factors 2011; 29:105-18. [PMID: 21631393 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2011.585609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) signaling is usually associated with the promotion of cellular growth and often with progression of tumors. Nevertheless, under certain conditions HGF can also act as an antiproliferative and proapoptotic factor and can sensitize various cancer cells, treated with anticancer drugs, to apoptosis. Not only HGF but also its various truncated forms as well as intracellular fragments of its membrane receptor, c-MET, may act as antiproliferative and proapoptotic factors toward various cells. This review focuses on different mechanisms responsible for such paradoxical action of the known typical growth factor. It also points toward the possibilities of usage of this information in anticancer therapy.
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Ahn JH, Lee HJ, Lee EK, Yu HK, Lee TH, Yoon Y, Kim SJ, Kim JS. Antiangiogenic kringles derived from human plasminogen and apolipoprotein(a) inhibit fibrinolysis through a mechanism that requires a functional lysine-binding site. Biol Chem 2011; 392:347-56. [PMID: 21194375 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins in the fibrinolysis pathway contain antiangiogenic kringle domains. Owing to the high degree of homology between kringle domains, there has been a safety concern that antiangiogenic kringles could interact with common kringle proteins during fibrinolysis leading to adverse effects in vivo. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of several antiangiogenic kringle proteins including angiostatin, apolipoprotein(a) kringles IV(9)-IV(10)-V (LK68), apolipoprotein(a) kringle V (rhLK8) and a derivative of rhLK8 mutated to produce a functional lysine-binding site (Lys-rhLK8) on the entire fibrinolytic process in vitro and analyzed the role of lysine binding. Angiostatin, LK68 and Lys-rhLK8 increased clot lysis time in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited tissue-type plasminogen activator-mediated plasminogen activation on a thrombin-modified fibrinogen (TMF) surface, showed binding to TMF and significantly decreased the amount of plasminogen bound to TMF. The inhibition of fibrinolysis by these proteins appears to be dependent on their functional lysine-binding sites. However, rhLK8 had no effect on these processes owing to an inability to bind lysine. Collectively, these results indicate that antiangiogenic kringles without lysine binding sites might be safer with respect to physiological fibrinolysis than lysine-binding antiangiogenic kringles. However, the clinical significance of these findings will require further validation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Ahn
- Cancer Biology Team, Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, Yongin, Kyonggi-do, South Korea
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Naruse M, Ishikawa R, Sakaya H, Moriyama H, Hoshi M, Matsumoto M. Novel conserved structural domains of acrosome reaction-inducing substance are widespread in invertebrates. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:57-66. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Christen MT, Frank P, Schaller J, Llinás M. Human Plasminogen Kringle 3: Solution Structure, Functional Insights, Phylogenetic Landscape,. Biochemistry 2010; 49:7131-50. [DOI: 10.1021/bi100687f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin T. Christen
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Pascal Frank
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johann Schaller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Llinás
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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Schiöth HB, Nordström KJV, Fredriksson R. The adhesion GPCRs; gene repertoire, phylogeny and evolution. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 706:1-13. [PMID: 21618822 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7913-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Adhesion family is unique among the GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor) families because of several features including long N-termini with multiple domains. The gene repertoire has recently been mined in great detail in several species including mouse, rat, dog, chicken and the early vertebrate Branchiostoma (Branchiostoma floridae) and one of the most primitive animals, the cniderian Nematostella (Nematostella vectensis). There is a one-to-one relationship of the rodent (mouse and rat) and human orthologues with the exception the EMR2 and EMR3 that do not seem to have orthologues in either rat or mouse. All 33 human Adhesion GPCR genes are present in the dog genome but the dog genome also contains 5 additional full-length Adhesion genes. The dog and human Adhesion orthologues have higher average protein sequence identity than the rodent (rat and mouse) and the human sequences. The Adhesion family is well-represented in chicken with 21 one-to-one orthologous with humans, while 12 human Adhesion GPCRs lack a chicken ortholog. Branchiostoma has rich repertoire of Adhesion GPCRs with at least 37 genes. Moreover, the Adhesion GPCRs in Branchiostoma have several novel domains their N-termini, like Somatomedin B, Kringle, Lectin C-type, SRCR, LDLa, Immunoglobulin I-set, CUB and TNFR. Nematostella has also Adhesion GPCRs that are show domain structure and sequence similarities in the transmembrane regions with different classes of mammalian GPCRs. The Nematostella genome has a unique set of Adhesion-like sequences lacking GPS domains. There is considerable evidence showing that the Adhesion family is ancestral to the peptide hormone binding Secretin family of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Box 593, 75 124 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Vaheri A, Salonen EM, Vartio T. Fibronectin in formation and degradation of the pericellular matrix. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 114:111-26. [PMID: 3905298 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720950.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin is a large multifunctional glycoprotein present both in soluble form in plasma and other body fluids and in an insoluble form in interstitial connective tissues and in association with most basement membranes. The protein seems to provide a link between circulating body fluids, cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix. At sites of injury, fibronectin, covalently cross-linked to the fibrin clot, may provide a growth substratum for the invading cells and appears through its multiple interactions with other matrix components and cell surfaces to be involved in the organization of the matrix that will replace the clot. Fibronectin deposition may serve as a useful early marker for connective tissue formation in pathological processes and its fragmentation may serve as an indicator of pathological conditions involving proteolytic events.
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Nordström KJV, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB. The amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) genome contains a highly diversified set of G protein-coupled receptors. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:9. [PMID: 18199322 PMCID: PMC2246102 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the largest families of genes in mammals. Branchiostoma floridae (amphioxus) is one of the species most closely related species to vertebrates. Results Mining and phylogenetic analysis of the amphioxus genome showed the presence of at least 664 distinct GPCRs distributed among all the main families of GPCRs; Glutamate (18), Rhodopsin (570), Adhesion (37), Frizzled (6) and Secretin (16). Surprisingly, the Adhesion GPCR repertoire in amphioxus includes receptors with many new domains not previously observed in this family. We found many Rhodopsin GPCRs from all main groups including many amine and peptide binding receptors and several previously uncharacterized expansions were also identified. This genome has however no genes coding for bitter taste receptors (TAS2), the sweet and umami (TAS1), pheromone (VR1 or VR2) or mammalian olfactory receptors. Conclusion The amphioxus genome is remarkably rich in various GPCR subtypes while the main GPCR groups known to sense exogenous substances (such as Taste 2, mammalian olfactory, nematode chemosensory, gustatory, vomeronasal and odorant receptors) in other bilateral species are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J V Nordström
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lippi G, Franchini M, Salvagno GL, Guidi GC. Lipoprotein[a] and cancer: Anti-neoplastic effect besides its cardiovascular potency. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 33:427-36. [PMID: 17442497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While the death rate from cancer has substantially decreased over the past decade, the search for effective and tolerable therapies is a great challenge as yet. The evidence that malignant cells cannot grow to a clinically detectable tumor mass and spread in the absence of an adequate vascular support, has opened a new area of research towards the selective inhibition or even destruction of tumor vessels. Angiostatin and angiostatin-related proteins are a family of specific angiogenesis inhibitors produced by tumors from a family of naturally occurring proteins, which also includes plasminogen and lipoprotein[a]. The anti-angiogenic activity of these proteins resides in cryptic and highly-repetitive molecular domains hidden within the protein moiety, called kringles. Lipoprotein[a] is an intriguing molecule consisting of a low-density lipoprotein core in addition to the covalently bound apolipoprotein[a]. Apolipoprotein[a] is characterized by an inactive protease domain, a single copy of the plasminogen kringle V and multiple repeats of domains homologous to the plasminogen kringle IV. Reliable studies on animal models indicate that the proteolytic break-down products of apolipoprotein[a] would posses anti-angiogenic and anti-tumoral properties both in vitro and in vivo, a premise to develop novel therapeutic modalities which may efficiently suppress tumor growth and metastasis. This review is focused on the biochemical structure, metabolism and the anti-angiogenic activity of this unique and elusive kringle-containing lipoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Sezione di Chimica e Microscopia Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Verona, Ospedale Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Sonderegger P, Patthy L. Comment on "Tequila, a neurotrypsin ortholog, regulates long-term memory formation in Drosophila". Science 2007. [PMID: 17588915 DOI: 10.1126/science.1138410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Didelot et al. (Reports, 11 August 2006, p. 851) claimed that Drosophila Tequila (Teq) and human neurotrypsin are orthologs and concluded that deficient long-term memory after Teq inactivation indicates that neurotrypsin plays its essential role for human cognitive functions through a similar mechanism. Our analyses suggest that Teq and neurotrypsin are not orthologous, leading us to question their equivalent roles in higher brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sonderegger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Kang KY, Kim SG, Kim WK, You HK, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Jung KH, Kim CW. Purification and characterization of a recombinant anti-angiogenic kringle fragment expressed in Escherichia coli: Purification and characterization of a tri-kringle fragment from human apolipoprotein (a) (kringle IV (9)–kringle IV (10)–kringle V). Protein Expr Purif 2006; 45:216-25. [PMID: 16260151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Revised: 08/13/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A kringle fragment (type IV (9)-IV (10)-V) from human apolipoprotein (a) (called LK68) was expressed in an inclusion body in Escherichia coli. The LK68 in this inclusion body was rendered soluble with urea, and efficiently refolded via oxidation in the presence of re-dox couple. The refolded LK68 was then purified via two steps of ion exchange chromatography, concentrated via preparative reversed-phase chromatography, and freeze-dried, at a final yield of approximately 30%. The purified LK68 exhibited profound affinity for lysine and fibrinogen, which suggests the proper folding of the kringle fragment, and also indicates that the native characteristics of apolipoprotein (a) were preserved. The purified LK68 was determined to be highly homogeneous upon reversed-phase HPLC analysis and size-exclusion HPLC analysis, in the presence of 20% (v/v) acetonitrile. However, on size-exclusion HPLC analysis without acetonitrile, it was determined to be somewhat heterogeneous, and this was corroborated by native analyses, including native PAGE and IEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Yub Kang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, 341, Pojung-ri, Guseong-eup, Yongin-city, Kyonggi-do 449-913, South Korea
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Hornebeck W, Bellon G, Emonard H. Fibronectin type II (FnII)-like modules regulate gelatinase A activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 53:405-10. [PMID: 16085117 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gelatinase A, a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, contains three fibronectin type II (FnII)-like modules that are inserted within its catalytic domain. These FnII modules, defined as exosites, play an essential role in targeting the enzyme to matrix macromolecules, a process which can down-regulate membrane-type metalloproteinase-driven progelatinase A activation. The exosite/substrate-directed gelatinase inhibitors has been proposed as an alternative approach to disappointing active site-directed inhibitors, to control gelatinase A activity. In preliminary experiments, we evidenced that long-chain unsaturated fatty acids could bind preferentially to the first FnII module of gelatinase A. This interaction inhibits the activity of this enzyme towards proteins (type I gelatin and collagen) and an octapeptide substrate, with K(i) in the micromolar range. Since gelatinase A-catalyzed matrix proteolysis might display a positive or negative influence (depending on the substrate cleaved), the design of exosite-specific compounds for noncatalytic targeting of gelatinase A would necessitate an extensive degradomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hornebeck
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CNRS UMR 6198, IFR 53 Biomolécules, Université de Reims-Champagne, Reims, France.
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Yu HK, Ahn JH, Lee HJ, Lee SK, Hong SW, Yoon Y, Kim JS. Expression of human apolipoprotein(a) kringles in colon cancer cells suppresses angiogenesis-dependent tumor growth and peritoneal dissemination. J Gene Med 2005; 7:39-49. [PMID: 15517541 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-angiogenesis therapy has been regarded as a promising treatment of cancer based on the fact that most tumors and their metastasis are angiogenesis-dependent. Gene therapy can potentially expand the horizons of tumor angiogenesis therapy by virtue of its ability to produce high concentrations of therapeutic agents in a local area for a sustained period. The present study was performed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of gene therapy for the treatment of cancer and metastasis. METHODS The murine colon carcinoma cell line CT26 was manipulated ex vivo to express an anti-angiogenic molecule, LK68, consisting of human apolipoprotein(a) kringle domains, KIV(9)-KIV(10)-KV, using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Its effects on colon tumor growth and metastasis were evaluated in experimental animal models established by injecting LK68-expressing and control CT26 cells subcutaneously or into the peritoneal cavity of BALB/c mice, respectively. RESULTS Expression of LK68 significantly suppressed colon tumor growth in mice, but did not influence the growth of tumor cells in vitro. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissues revealed a significant reduction in microvessel density in LK68-expressing tumors. Thus, the suppression of tumor growth appears to result mainly from inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. This decrease in vessel density is correlated with a notable increase in tumor cell apoptosis in vivo, but has no influence on proliferation. Moreover, expression of LK68 prevents peritoneal dissemination, and consequently improves overall host survival. CONCLUSIONS These results collectively indicate that a gene therapy strategy using LK68 cDNA is useful for the treatment for both colon tumor growth and peritoneal dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Yu
- Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, Yongin-city, Kyonggi-do 449-910, Korea
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Ahn JH, Kim JS, Yu HK, Lee HJ, Yoon Y. A Truncated Kringle Domain of Human Apolipoprotein(a) Inhibits the Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 1 and 2 through a Tyrosine Phosphatase-dependent Pathway. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:21808-14. [PMID: 14996836 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313633200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most proangiogenic factors exert their biological effects primarily by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt signaling pathways. These pathways appear to play a critical role in endothelial cell migration, because selective inhibition of either ERK or PI3-K/Akt signaling almost completely prevented endothelial cell migration. Recently, we demonstrated that a truncated kringle domain of human apolipoprotein(a), termed rhLK68, inhibits endothelial cell migration in vitro. However, its mechanism of action was not well defined. In this study, we determined the effects of rhLK68 on ERK1/2 and PI3-K/Akt signaling pathways to explore the molecular mechanism of rhLK68-mediated inhibition of endothelial cell migration. Treatment with rhLK68 inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation but did not influence Akt activation. Interestingly, an inhibitor of protein-tyrosine phosphatase, sodium orthovanadate, dose-dependently reversed both rhLK68-induced dephosphorylation of ERK1/2 and decreased migration of endothelial cells, whereas rhLK68 showed no significant effects on MEKs phosphorylation. In conclusion, these results indicate that inhibition of endothelial cell migration by rhLK68 may be achieved by interfering with ERK1/2 activation via a protein-tyrosine phosphatase-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Ahn
- Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, Yongin-city, Kyonggi-do, 449-910, Korea
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Huet E, Cauchard JH, Berton A, Robinet A, Decarme M, Hornebeck W, Bellon G. Inhibition of plasmin-mediated prostromelysin-1 activation by interaction of long chain unsaturated fatty acids with kringle 5. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:643-54. [PMID: 14757164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
C18 unsaturated fatty acids were here found to inhibit proMMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-3 activation by plasmin. This effect was suppressed by lysine ligand competitors, indicating that it was mediated by binding to kringle domains. Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated that oleic acid interacted to a similar extent with plasmin and kringle 5 (KD values of 3.4 x 10(-8) and 5.9 x 10(-8)M) while interaction with kringles 1-2-3 was 10-fold lower. Furthermore, oleic acid stimulated the amidolytic activity of plasmin and mini-plasmin, but not micro-plasmin. Oleic acid also enhanced u-PA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator)-mediated plasminogen activation over 50-fold. Taken together, these data indicate that inhibition of plasmin-induced proMMP-3 activation by unsaturated fatty acids was mediated through their preferential binding to kringle 5. The influence of elaidic acid on the plasmin/MMP-3/MMP-1 proteolytic cascade was assessed ex vivo. Exogenous addition of plasmin to dermal fibroblasts or supplementation of gingival fibroblast culture medium with plasminogen triggered this cascade. In both instances, elaidic acid totally abolished proMMP-3 and proMMP-1 activation. Additionally, a significant decrease in lattice retraction and collagen degradation in a range similar to that obtained with Batimastat was observed when human gingival fibroblasts were cultured in plasminogen-containing type I collagen gels, indicative of the dual influence of unsaturated fatty acids on MMP activation and activity. In conclusion, unsaturated fatty acids or molecules with similar structures could be attractive target for the development of natural pharmacological inhibitors directed against plasmin and/or MMPs in different pathological contexts such, skin UV irradiation, vascular diseases and tumour growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Huet
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK
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Davies G, Mason MD, Martin TA, Parr C, Watkins G, Lane J, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T, Jiang WG. The HGF/SF antagonist NK4 reverses fibroblast- and HGF-induced prostate tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. Int J Cancer 2003; 106:348-54. [PMID: 12845672 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Our study examined the in vitro and in vivo responses of a newly discovered HGF/SF antagonist, NK4, on HGF/SF-promoted growth of human prostate cancer cells (PC-3). Nude mice were s.c. injected with either PC-3- and/or HGF/SF-producing fibroblasts (MRC5), and tumor size was measured over a 4-week period. rh-HGF/SF and/or NK4 were introduced by osmotic minipumps. An in vitro study found that NK4 significantly suppressed HGF/SF-induced invasion (HGF/SF; p < 0.01 vs. HGF/SF+NK4) and migration (HGF/SF; p < 0.05 vs. HGF/SF+NK4). Similarly, NK4 also suppressed the invasion (MRC5; p < 0.01 vs. MRC5+NK4) and migration (MRC5; p < 0.05 vs. MRC5+NK4) induced by MRC5 cells. NK4 also suppressed HGF/SF- and MRC5-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the HGF/SF receptor Met as assessed by immunoprecipitation. Using a nude mouse model, prostate tumor volume (mm(3)) was significantly increased in both HGF/SF- (HGF/SF; p < 0.05 vs. control) and MRC5- (MRC5; p < 0.01 vs. control) treated groups compared to the control. In contrast, NK4 alone significantly reduced the growth of prostate tumors (NK4; p < 0.01 vs. control). In addition, NK4 also suppressed both HGF/SF- (HGF/SF; p < 0.01 vs. HGF/SF+NK4) and MRC5- (MRC5; p < 0.05 vs. MRC5+NK4) induced tumor growth in vivo by significantly reducing (p < 0.05) the degree of tumor angiogenesis using a recently discovered family of tumor endothelial markers (TEMs) by Q-RT-PCR analysis. In conclusion, NK4 suppresses both HGF/SF- and MRC5-induced invasion/migration of PC-3 cells in vitro. Furthermore, the HGF/SF antagonist NK4 significantly reduces prostate tumor growth in vivo by inhibiting the degree of tumor angiogenesis as determined by TEM-1 and TEM-8. Finally, our study provides evidence of the therapeutic potential of NK4 in prostate cancer development by antagonising HGF/SF-mediated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor Davies
- Metastasis Research Group, University Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK.
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Guévremont M, Martel-Pelletier J, Massicotte F, Tardif G, Pelletier JP, Ranger P, Lajeunesse D, Reboul P. Human adult chondrocytes express hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) isoforms but not HgF: potential implication of osteoblasts on the presence of HGF in cartilage. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18:1073-81. [PMID: 12817761 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.6.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HGF is increased in human OA cartilage, possibly from Ob's. RT-PCR shows HGF isoforms are differently regulated between chondrocytes and Ob. A paracrine cross-talk between subchondral bone and cartilage may occur during OA. Recently, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been identified by immunohistochemistry in cartilage and more particularly in the deep zone of human osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. By investigating HGF expression in cartilage, we found that chondrocytes did not express HGF; however, they expressed the two truncated isoforms, namely HGF/NK1 and HGF/NK2. Because the only other cells localized near the deep zone are osteoblasts from the subchondral bone plate, we hypothesized that they were expressing HGF. Indeed, we found that HGF was synthesized by osteoblasts from the subchondral bone plate. Moreover, OA osteoblasts produced five times more HGF than normal osteoblasts and almost no HGF/NK1, unlike normal osteoblasts. Because prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are involved in OA progression, we investigated whether these factors impact HGF produced by normal osteoblasts. PGE2 was the only factor tested that was able to stimulate HGF synthesis. However, the addition of NS398, a selective inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) had no effect on HGF produced by OA osteoblasts. HGF/NK2 had a moderate stimulating effect on HGF production by normal osteoblasts, whereas osteocalcin was not modulated by either HGF or HGF/NK2. When investigating signaling routes that might be implicated in OA osteoblast-produced HGF, we found that protein kinase A was at least partially involved. In summary, this study raises the hypothesis that the HGF found in articular cartilage is produced by osteoblasts, diffuses into the cartilage, and may be implicated in the OA process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Guévremont
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Centre Hospitalier de Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Copley RR, Ponting CP, Schultz J, Bork P. Sequence analysis of multidomain proteins: past perspectives and future directions. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2003; 61:75-98. [PMID: 12461821 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(02)61002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Yoda A, Oishi I, Minami Y. Expression and function of the Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases during development: lessons from genetic analyses of nematodes, mice, and humans. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2003; 23:1-15. [PMID: 12680586 DOI: 10.1081/rrs-120018757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play crucial roles in various developmental processes. Ror-family RTKs are characterized by the intracellular tyrosine kinase domains, highly related to those of the Trk-family RTKs, and by the extracellular Frizzled-like cysteine-rich domains (CRDs) and Kringle domains. Rors are evolutionally conserved among Caenorhabditis elegans, Aplysia, Drosophila melanogaster, Xenopus, mice, and humans. In D. melanogaster and mammals, pairs of structurally related Rors are found, while a single Ror protein is identified in C. elegans or Aplysia. In Aplysia and D. melanogaster, Rors are expressed exclusively in developing nervous systems. On the other hand, rather widespread expression of Rors was observed in C. elegans and mammals. Mutations in Ror of C. elegans cause inappropriate axon outgrowth as well as defects in cell migration and asymmetric cell division. It has also been reported that the nematode Ror possesses kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions. Mouse Rors, Ror1, and Ror2, are expressed mainly in migrating neural crest cells and mesenchymal cells, and Ror2-deficient mice exhibit skeletal abnormalities and ventricular septal defects in the heart. Although Ror1-deficient mice exhibit no apparent skeletal or cardiac abnormalities, Ror1/Ror2 double mutant mice show markedly enhanced skeletal and cardiac abnormalities compared with Ror2 mutant mice, indicating genetic interaction of Ror1 and Ror2. In humans, mutations within Ror2 have been found in two genetic skeletal disorders, recessive Robinow syndrome and dominant Brachydactyly type B (BDB), further emphasizing critical functions of Ror2 during developmental morphogenesis. In this article, we also discuss the signaling machinery mediated by Ror-family RTKs with a particular emphasis on our recent structure-function analyses of Ror-family RTKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Yoda
- Department of Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Davidson G, Mao B, del Barco Barrantes I, Niehrs C. Kremen proteins interact with Dickkopf1 to regulate anteroposterior CNS patterning. Development 2002; 129:5587-96. [PMID: 12421700 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A gradient of Wnt/beta-catenin signalling formed by posteriorising Wnts and anteriorising Wnt antagonists regulates anteroposterior (AP) patterning of the central nervous system (CNS) during Xenopus gastrulation. In this process, the secreted Wnt antagonist Dkk1 functions in the Spemann organiser and its anterior derivatives by blocking Wnt receptors of the lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 5 and 6 class. In addition to LRP6, Dkk1 interacts with another recently identified receptor class, the transmembrane proteins Kremen1 (Krm1) and Kremen2 (Krm2) to synergistically inhibit LRP6. We have investigated the role of Krm1 and Krm2 during early Xenopus embryogenesis. Consistent with a role in zygotic Wnt inhibition, overexpressed Krm anteriorises embryos and rescues embryos posteriorised by Wnt8. Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (Mo) knockdown of Krm1 and Krm2 leads to deficiency of anterior neural development. In this process, Krm proteins functionally interact with Dkk1: (1) in axis duplication assays krm2 synergises with dkk1 in inhibiting Wnt/LRP6 signalling; (2) krm2 rescues microcephalic embryos induced by injection of inhibitory anti-Dkk1 antibodies; and (3) injection of krm1/2 antisense Mo enhances microcephaly induced by inhibitory anti-Dkk1 antibodies. The results indicate that Krm proteins function in a Wnt inhibition pathway regulating early AP patterning of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Davidson
- Division of Molecular Embryology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Dominguez M, Montes R, Páramo JA, Anglés-Cano E. Bivalency of plasminogen monoclonal antibodies is required for plasminogen bridging to fibrin and enhanced plasmin formation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1598:165-76. [PMID: 12147357 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(02)00364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Binding of plasminogen to fibrin and cell surfaces is essential for fibrinolysis and pericellular proteolysis. We used surface plasmon resonance and enzyme kinetic analyses to study the effect of two mAbs (A10.2, CPL15) on plasminogen binding and activation at fibrin surfaces. A10.2 is directed against the lysine-binding site (LBS) of kringle 4, whereas CPL15 recognises a region in kringle 1 outside the LBS. In the presence of CPL15 and A10.2 mAbs, binding of plasminogen (K(d)=1.16+/-0.22 micromol/l) to fibrin was characterised by a mAb concentration-dependent bell-shaped isotherm. A progressive increase in the concentration of mAbs at the surface was also detected, and reached a plateau corresponding to the maximum of plasminogen bound. These data indicated that at low mAb concentration, bivalent plasminogen-mAb-plasminogen ternary complexes are formed, whereas at high mAb concentration, a progressive shift to monovalent plasminogen-mAb binary complexes is observed. Plasmin formation in the presence of mAbs followed a similar bell-shaped profile. Monovalent Fab fragments of mAb A10.2 showed no effect on the binding of plasminogen, confirming the notion that a bivalent mAb interaction is essential to increase plasminogen binding and activation at the surface of fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Dominguez
- Plasminogen Activation in Cardiovascular Remodelling, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U460, UFR de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard-BP 416, Paris, France
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Abstract
Recent delineation of the serine protease cascade controlling dorsal-ventral patterning during Drosophila embryogenesis allows this cascade to be compared with those controlling clotting and complement in vertebrates and invertebrates. The identification of discrete markers of serine protease evolution has made it possible to reconstruct the probable chronology of enzyme evolution and to gain new insights into functional linkages among the cascades. Here, it is proposed that a single ancestral developmental/immunity cascade gave rise to the protostome and deuterostome developmental, clotting and complement cascades. Extensive similarities suggest that these cascades were built by adding enzymes from the bottom of the cascade up and from similar macromolecular building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell M Krem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8231, St Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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Gehrmann M, Briknarová K, Bányai L, Patthy L, Llinás M. The col-1 module of human matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2): structural/functional relatedness between gelatin-binding fibronectin type II modules and lysine-binding kringle domains. Biol Chem 2002; 383:137-48. [PMID: 11928808 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) contains three in-tandem fibronectin type II (FII) repeats that bind gelatin. Here, we report the NMR solution structure of the first FII module of MMP-2 (col-1). The latter is described as a characteristic, globular FII fold containing two beta-sheets, a stretch of 3(1)-helix, a turn of alpha-helix, and an exposed hydrophobic surface lined with aromatic residues. We show that col-1 binds (Pro-Pro-Gly)6, a mimic of gelatin, with a Ka of approx. 0.42 mm(-1), and that its binding site involves a number of aromatic residues as well as Arg34, as previously found for the second and third homologous repeats. Moreover, the affinity of the in-tandem col-1+2 construct (col-12) toward the longer ligand (Pro-Pro-Gly)12 is twice that for (Pro-Pro-Gly)6, as expected from mass action. A detailed structural comparison between FII and kringle domains indicates that four main conformational features are shared: two antiparallel beta-sheets, a central 3(1)-helix, and the quasiperpendicular orientation of the two proximal Cys-Cys bonds. Structure superposition by optimizing overlap of cystine bridge areas results in close juxtaposition of their main beta-sheets and 31-helices, and reveals that the gelatin binding site of FII modules falls at similar locations and exhibits almost identical topological features to those of the lysine binding site of kringle domains. Thus, despite the minor (<15%) consensus sequence relating FII modules to kringles, there is a strong folding and binding site structural homology between the two domains, enforced by key common conformational determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gehrmann
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Del Rosso M, Fibbi G, Schmitt M. Non-enzymatic activities of proteases: from scepticism to reality. Biol Chem 2002; 383:1-4. [PMID: 11928804 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Nomi M, Oishi I, Kani S, Suzuki H, Matsuda T, Yoda A, Kitamura M, Itoh K, Takeuchi S, Takeda K, Akira S, Ikeya M, Takada S, Minami Y. Loss of mRor1 enhances the heart and skeletal abnormalities in mRor2-deficient mice: redundant and pleiotropic functions of mRor1 and mRor2 receptor tyrosine kinases. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:8329-35. [PMID: 11713269 PMCID: PMC99997 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.24.8329-8335.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Ror family of receptor tyrosine kinases consists of two structurally related proteins, Ror1 and Ror2. We have shown that mRor2-deficient mice exhibit widespread skeletal abnormalities, ventricular septal defects in the heart, and respiratory dysfunction, leading to neonatal lethality (S. Takeuchi, K. Takeda, I. Oishi, M. Nomi, M. Ikeya, K. Itoh, S. Tamura, T. Ueda, T. Hatta, H. Otani, T. Terashima, S. Takada, H. Yamamura, S. Akira, and Y. Minami, Genes Cells 5:71-78, 2000). Here we show that mRor1-deficient mice have no apparent skeletal or cardiac abnormalities, yet they also die soon after birth due to respiratory dysfunction. Interestingly, mRor1/mRor2 double mutant mice show markedly enhanced skeletal abnormalities compared with mRor2 mutant mice. Furthermore, double mutant mice also exhibit defects not observed in mRor2 mutant mice, including a sternal defect, dysplasia of the symphysis of the pubic bone, and complete transposition of the great arteries. These results indicate that mRor1 and mRor2 interact genetically in skeletal and cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nomi
- Department of Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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