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Imaizumi K, Ifuku K. Binding and functions of the two chloride ions in the oxygen-evolving center of photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 153:135-156. [PMID: 35698013 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven water oxidation in photosynthesis occurs at the oxygen-evolving center (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII). Chloride ions (Cl-) are essential for oxygen evolution by PSII, and two Cl- ions have been found to specifically bind near the Mn4CaO5 cluster in the OEC. The retention of these Cl- ions within the OEC is critically supported by some of the membrane-extrinsic subunits of PSII. The functions of these two Cl- ions and the mechanisms of their retention both remain to be fully elucidated. However, intensive studies performed recently have advanced our understanding of the functions of these Cl- ions, and PSII structures from various species have been reported, aiding the interpretation of previous findings regarding Cl- retention by extrinsic subunits. In this review, we summarize the findings to date on the roles of the two Cl- ions bound within the OEC. Additionally, together with a short summary of the functions of PSII membrane-extrinsic subunits, we discuss the mechanisms of Cl- retention by these extrinsic subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Imaizumi
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ifuku
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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2
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Imaizumi K, Nishimura T, Nagao R, Saito K, Nakano T, Ishikita H, Noguchi T, Ifuku K. D139N mutation of PsbP enhances the oxygen-evolving activity of photosystem II through stabilized binding of a chloride ion. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac136. [PMID: 36741451 PMCID: PMC9896922 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multisubunit membrane protein complex that catalyzes light-driven oxidation of water to molecular oxygen. The chloride ion (Cl-) has long been known as an essential cofactor for oxygen evolution by PSII, and two Cl- ions (Cl-1 and Cl-2) have been found to specifically bind near the Mn4CaO5 cluster within the oxygen-evolving center (OEC). However, despite intensive studies on these Cl- ions, little is known about the function of Cl-2, the Cl- ion that is associated with the backbone nitrogens of D1-Asn338, D1-Phe339, and CP43-Glu354. In green plant PSII, the membrane extrinsic subunits-PsbP and PsbQ-are responsible for Cl- retention within the OEC. The Loop 4 region of PsbP, consisting of highly conserved residues Thr135-Gly142, is inserted close to Cl-2, but its importance has not been examined to date. Here, we investigated the importance of PsbP-Loop 4 using spinach PSII membranes reconstituted with spinach PsbP proteins harboring mutations in this region. Mutations in PsbP-Loop 4 had remarkable effects on the rate of oxygen evolution by PSII. Moreover, we found that a specific mutation, PsbP-D139N, significantly enhances the oxygen-evolving activity in the absence of PsbQ, but not significantly in its presence. The D139N mutation increased the Cl- retention ability of PsbP and induced a unique structural change in the OEC, as indicated by light-induced Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Our findings provide insight into the functional significance of Cl-2 in the water-oxidizing reaction of PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Imaizumi
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taishi Nishimura
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryo Nagao
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan,Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Keisuke Saito
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan,Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishikita
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan,Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654 , Japan
| | - Takumi Noguchi
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Photosystem II Extrinsic Proteins and Their Putative Role in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Higher Plants. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7040100. [PMID: 30441780 PMCID: PMC6313935 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress remains one of the major challenges in managing and preventing crop loss. Photosystem II (PSII), being the most susceptible component of the photosynthetic machinery, has been studied in great detail over many years. However, much of the emphasis has been placed on intrinsic proteins, particularly with respect to their involvement in the repair of PSII-associated damage. PSII extrinsic proteins include PsbO, PsbP, PsbQ, and PsbR in higher plants, and these are required for oxygen evolution under physiological conditions. Changes in extrinsic protein expression have been reported to either drastically change PSII efficiency or change the PSII repair system. This review discusses the functional role of these proteins in plants and indicates potential areas of further study concerning these proteins.
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4
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Ifuku K, Noguchi T. Structural Coupling of Extrinsic Proteins with the Oxygen-Evolving Center in Photosystem II. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:84. [PMID: 26904056 PMCID: PMC4743485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII), which catalyzes photosynthetic water oxidation, is composed of more than 20 subunits, including membrane-intrinsic and -extrinsic proteins. The PSII extrinsic proteins shield the catalytic Mn4CaO5 cluster from the outside bulk solution and enhance binding of inorganic cofactors, such as Ca(2+) and Cl(-), in the oxygen-evolving center (OEC) of PSII. Among PSII extrinsic proteins, PsbO is commonly found in all oxygenic organisms, while PsbP and PsbQ are specific to higher plants and green algae, and PsbU, PsbV, CyanoQ, and CyanoP exist in cyanobacteria. In addition, red algae and diatoms have unique PSII extrinsic proteins, such as PsbQ' and Psb31, suggesting functional divergence during evolution. Recent studies with reconstitution experiments combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have revealed how the individual PSII extrinsic proteins affect the structure and function of the OEC in different organisms. In this review, we summarize our recent results and discuss changes that have occurred in the structural coupling of extrinsic proteins with the OEC during evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ifuku
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Noguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityAichi, Japan
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5
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Kakiuchi S, Uno C, Ido K, Nishimura T, Noguchi T, Ifuku K, Sato F. The PsbQ protein stabilizes the functional binding of the PsbP protein to photosystem II in higher plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1346-51. [PMID: 22306528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PsbP and PsbQ proteins are extrinsic subunits of photosystem II (PSII) and optimize the oxygen evolution reaction by regulating the binding properties of the essential cofactors Ca(2+) and Cl(-). PsbP induces conformational changes around the catalytic Mn cluster required for Ca(2+) and Cl(-) retention, and the N-terminal region of PsbP is essential for this reaction. It was reported that PsbQ partially restores the functional defect of N-terminal truncated PsbP [Ifuku and Sato (2002) Plant Cell Physiol. 43, 1244-1249]; however, the mechanism of this restoration is yet to be clarified. In this study, we demonstrate that PsbQ is able to restore the functional binding of mutated PsbPs. In the presence of PsbQ, ∆15-PsbP, a truncated PsbP lacking 15 N-terminal residues, was able to specifically bind to NaCl-washed spinach PSII membranes and significantly restore the oxygen evolving activity. Furthermore, PsbQ was also able to compensate for the impaired ion-retention of H144A-PsbP, in which a conserved histidine at position 144 in the C-terminal domain was substituted with an alanine. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy showed that PsbQ restored the ability of ∆15- and H144A-PsbP to induce proper conformational changes during S(1) to S(2) transition. These data suggest that the major function of PsbQ is to stabilize PsbP binding, thereby contributing to the maintenance of the catalytic Mn cluster of the water oxidation machinery in higher plant PSII. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Kakiuchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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6
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Ifuku K, Ishihara S, Shimamoto R, Ido K, Sato F. Structure, function, and evolution of the PsbP protein family in higher plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:427-37. [PMID: 18791807 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The PsbP is a thylakoid lumenal subunit of photosystem II (PSII), which has developed specifically in higher plants and green algae. In higher plants, the molecular function of PsbP has been intensively investigated by release-reconstitution experiments in vitro. Recently, solution of a high-resolution structure of PsbP has enabled investigation of structure-function relationships, and efficient gene-silencing techniques have demonstrated the crucial role of PsbP in PSII activity in vivo. Furthermore, genomic and proteomic studies have shown that PsbP belongs to the divergent PsbP protein family, which consists of about 10 members in model plants such as Arabidopsis and rice. Characterization of the molecular function of PsbP homologs using Arabidopsis mutants suggests that each plays a distinct and important function in maintaining photosynthetic electron transfer. In this review, recent findings regarding the molecular functions of PsbP and other PsbP homologs in higher plants are summarized, and the molecular evolution of these proteins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ifuku
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Roose JL, Wegener KM, Pakrasi HB. The extrinsic proteins of Photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 92:369-87. [PMID: 17200881 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-006-9117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Years of genetic, biochemical, and structural work have provided a number of insights into the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II (PSII) for a variety of photosynthetic organisms. However, questions still remain about the functions and interactions among the various subunits that make up the OEC. After a brief introduction to the individual subunits Psb27, PsbP, PsbQ, PsbR, PsbU, and PsbV, a current picture of the OEC as a whole in cyanobacteria, red algae, green algae, and higher plants will be presented. Additionally, the role that these proteins play in the dynamic life cycle of PSII will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnna L Roose
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Loll B, Kern J, Saenger W, Zouni A, Biesiadka J. Lipids in photosystem II: interactions with protein and cofactors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2007; 1767:509-19. [PMID: 17292322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a homodimeric protein-cofactor complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane that catalyses light-driven charge separation accompanied by the oxidation of water during oxygenic photosynthesis. Biochemical analysis of the lipid content of PSII indicates a number of integral lipids, their composition being similar to the average lipid composition of the thylakoid membrane. The crystal structure of PSII at 3.0 A resolution allowed for the first time the assignment of 14 integral lipids within the protein scaffold, all of them being located at the interface of different protein subunits. The reaction centre subunits D1 and D2 are encircled by a belt of 11 lipids providing a flexible environment for the exchange of D1. Three lipids are located in the dimerization interface and mediate interactions between the PSII monomers. Several lipids are located close to the binding pocket of the mobile plastoquinone Q(B), forming part of a postulated diffusion pathway for plastoquinone. Furthermore two lipids were found, each ligating one antenna chlorophyll a. A detailed analysis of lipid-protein and lipid-cofactor interactions allows to derive some general principles of lipid binding pockets in PSII and to suggest possible functional properties of the various identified lipid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Loll
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie/Kristallographie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Kashino Y, Inoue-Kashino N, Roose JL, Pakrasi HB. Absence of the PsbQ protein results in destabilization of the PsbV protein and decreased oxygen evolution activity in cyanobacterial photosystem II. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:20834-20841. [PMID: 16723351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603188200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that cyanobacterial photosystem II (PS II) contains a protein homologous to PsbQ, the extrinsic 17-kDa protein found in higher plant and green algal PS II (Kashino, Y., Lauber, W. M., Carroll, J. A., Wang, Q., Whitmarsh, J., Satoh, K., and Pakrasi, H. B. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 8004-8012) and that it has regulatory role(s) on the water oxidation machinery (Thornton, L. E., Ohkawa, H., Roose, J. L., Kashino, Y., Keren, N., and Pakrasi, H. B. (2004) Plant Cell 16, 2164-2175). In this work, the localization and the function of PsbQ were assessed using the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. From the predicted sequence, cyanobacterial PsbQ is expected to be a lipoprotein on the luminal side of the thylakoid membrane. Indeed, experiments in this work show that upon Triton X-114 fractionation of thylakoid membranes, PsbQ partitioned in the hydrophobic phase, and trypsin digestion revealed that PsbQ was highly exposed to the luminal space of thylakoid membranes. Detailed functional assays were conducted on the psbQ deletion mutant (DeltapsbQ) to analyze its water oxidation machinery. PS II complexes purified from DeltapsbQ mutant cells had impaired oxygen evolution activity and were remarkably sensitive to NH(2)OH, which indicates destabilization of the water oxidation machinery. Additionally, the cytochrome c(550) (PsbV) protein partially dissociated from purified DeltapsbQ PS II complexes, suggesting that PsbQ contributes to the stability of PsbV in cyanobacterial PS II. Therefore, we conclude that the major function of PsbQ is to stabilize the PsbV protein, thereby contributing to the protection of the catalytic Mn(4)-Ca(1)-Cl(x) cluster of the water oxidation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kashino
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130; Department of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Natsuko Inoue-Kashino
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130; Department of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan; Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Johnna L Roose
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Himadri B Pakrasi
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130.
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Ifuku K, Yamamoto Y, Ono TA, Ishihara S, Sato F. PsbP protein, but not PsbQ protein, is essential for the regulation and stabilization of photosystem II in higher plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 139:1175-84. [PMID: 16244145 PMCID: PMC1283756 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.068643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 09/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PsbP and PsbQ proteins are extrinsic subunits of photosystem II (PSII) and participate in the normal function of photosynthetic water oxidation. Both proteins exist in a broad range of the oxygenic photosynthetic organisms; however, their physiological roles in vivo have not been well defined in higher plants. In this study, we established and analyzed transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants in which the levels of PsbP or PsbQ were severely down-regulated by the RNA interference technique. A plant that lacked PsbQ showed no specific phenotype compared to a wild-type plant. This suggests that PsbQ in higher plants is dispensable under the normal growth condition. On the other hand, a plant that lacked PsbP showed prominent phenotypes: drastic retardation of growth, pale-green-colored leaves, and a marked decrease in the quantum yield of PSII evaluated by chlorophyll fluorescence. In PsbP-deficient plant, most PSII core subunits were accumulated in thylakoids, whereas PsbQ, which requires PsbP to bind PSII in vitro, was dramatically decreased. PSII without PsbP was hypersensitive to light and rapidly inactivated when the repair process of the damaged PSII was inhibited by chloramphenicol. Furthermore, thermoluminescence studies showed that the catalytic manganese cluster in PsbP-deficient leaves was markedly unstable and readily disassembled in the dark. The present results demonstrated that PsbP, but not PsbQ, is indispensable for the normal PSII function in higher plants in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ifuku
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Yang Z, Su X, Wu F, Gong Y, Kuang T. Photochemical activities of plant photosystem I particles reconstituted into phosphatidylglycerol liposomes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2005; 78:125-34. [PMID: 15664499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 10/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is the only anionic phospholipid in photosynthetic membrane and the important component of photosystem I (PSI). In this study, the interaction of PG with PSI particle from spinach was investigated by using reconstitution method. The results from the properties of electron transport, fluorescence emission, turbidity, and protein secondary structures in PSI complex incorporated into PG liposomes revealed the existence of PSI-PG interactions. A stimulation and an inhibition of oxygen uptake in PSI particle at a low and higher PG/chlorophyll mass ratio, respectively, were observed. Moreover, an additional enhancement and depression of electron flow in the PSI-PG complexes were occurred in the reaction medium containing CaCl2 at concentrations below and above 5 mM, the aggregation threshold of the reconstituted membranes, respectively. The results demonstrated that the maintenance of the structural optimization was needed for a stimulation of electron transport at a low PG/PSI mass ratio, while a decay of this PSI activity at high PG/PSI ratio was the result of inhibition of the energy transfer from LHCI to PSI reaction center induced by the dissociation of LHCI-680.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenle Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental, Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Hasegawa K, Kimura Y, Ono TA. Oxidation of the Mn cluster induces structural changes of NO3- functionally bound to the Cl- site in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. Biophys J 2004; 86:1042-50. [PMID: 14747339 PMCID: PMC1303897 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(04)74179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cl(-) is an indispensable cofactor for photosynthetic O(2) evolution and is functionally replaced by NO(3)(-). Structural changes of an isotopically labeled NO(3)(-) ion, induced by the oxidation of the Mn cluster (S(1)-to-S(2)), were detected by FTIR spectroscopy. NO(3)(-)-substituted photosystem II core particles showed (14)N(16)O(3)(-)/(15)N(16)O(3)(-) and (14)N(16)O(3)(-)/(14)N(18)O(3)(-) isotopic bands in the S(2)/S(1) spectra with markedly high signal/noise ratio. These bands appeared only in the region from 1415 to 1284 cm(-1), indicating that the bands do not arise from a metal-bound NO(3)(-) but from an ionic NO(3)(-). The intensity of the bands exhibited a quantitatively proportional relationship with the O(2) activity. These results demonstrate that the NO(3)(-) functionally bound to the Cl(-) site couples to the Mn cluster structurally, but is not associated with the cluster as a direct ligand. Comparison of the bands for two isotopes ((15)N and (18)O) and their simulations enable us to assign each band to the S(1) and S(2) states. The results indicate that the NO(3)(-) ion bound to the Cl(-) site is highly asymmetric in S(1) but rather symmetric in S(2). Since NO(3)(-) functionally replaces Cl(-), most of the conclusions drawn from this study will be also applicable to Cl(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hasegawa
- Laboratory for Photo-Biology (I), RIKEN Photodynamics Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 519-1399 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
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13
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Hasegawa K, Kimura Y, Ono TA. Chloride cofactor in the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex studied by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2002; 41:13839-50. [PMID: 12427048 DOI: 10.1021/bi026595n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, using midfrequency S2/S1 FTIR difference spectra, has been applied to studies of chloride cofactor in the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) to determine the effects of Cl(-) depletion and monovalent anion substitution. Cl(-) depletion resulted in the disappearance of a large part of the amide I and II vibrational modes, and induced characteristic modification in the features of the stretching modes of the carboxylate ligands of the Mn cluster. The normal spectral features were largely restored by replenishment of Cl(-) except for some changes in amide bands. The overall features of Br(-) -, I(-) -, or NO3(-) -substituted spectra were similar to those of the Cl(-) -reconstituted spectrum, consistent with their ability to support oxygen evolution. In contrast, the spectrum was significantly altered by the replacement of Cl(-) with F- or CH3COO(-), which resulted in marked suppression and distortion of both the carboxylate and amide bands. The activity of oxygen evolution restored by NO3(-) was as high as that by Cl(-) when measured under limited light conditions, indicating that the NO3(-) -substituted OEC is fully active in oxygen evolution, although with a slow turnover rate. The double-difference spectrum between the 14NO3(-) -substituted and 15NO3- -substituted S2/S1 difference spectrum showed isotopic bands for asymmetric NO stretching mode in the region of 1400-1300 cm(-1) due to NO3(-) bound to the Cl(-) site. This demonstrated structural coupling between the Cl(-) site and the Mn cluster. A proposed model for the isotopic bands suggested that Cl(-) as well as NO3(-) is not directly associated with the Mn cluster and exists in a more symmetric configuration and weaker binding state in the S2 state than in the S1 state. These results also suggest that Cl(-) is required for changes in the structure of the specific carboxylate ligand of the Mn cluster as well as the peptide backbone of protein matrixes upon the transition from S1 to S2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hasegawa
- Laboratory for Photo-Biology (I), RIKEN Photodynamics Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 519-1399 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
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14
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Ifuku K, Sato F. A truncated mutant of the extrinsic 23-kDa protein that absolutely requires the extrinsic 17-kDa protein for Ca2+ retention in photosystem II. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:1244-1249. [PMID: 12407205 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One function of the extrinsic 23-kDa protein in photosystem II (OEC23) is to retain Ca(2+ )and Cl(-), two essential cofactors for photosynthetic oxygen evolution. A truncated mutant of OEC23 (OEC23 Delta19) revealed that 19 residues of the N-terminus of OEC23 were necessary for Ca(2+ )retention but not for its proper interaction with OEC17, the extrinsic 17-kDa protein in photosystem II. The lost ability of OEC23 Delta19 to reconstitute the oxygen-evolving activity was partially restored by OEC17 binding, suggesting the involvement of OEC17 in Ca(2+ )retention in photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ifuku
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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15
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The release of polypeptides and manganese from oxygen-evolving photosystem II preparations following zinc-treatment. FEBS Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)81055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Mavankal G, McCain DC, Bricker TM. Effects of chloride on paramagnetic coupling of manganese in calcium chloride-washed photosystem II preparations. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)80693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Miyao M, Murata N. The Cl−
effect on photosynthetic oxygen evolution: interaction of Cl−
with 18-kDa, 24-kDa and 33-kDa proteins. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)81091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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On the role of water-soluble polypeptides (17, 23 kDa), calcium and chloride in photosynthetic oxygen evolution. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Reconstitution of photosynthetic charge accumulation and oxygen evolution in CaCl2
-treated PS II particles. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)81194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Preston C, Critchley C. Ca2+
requirement for photosynthetic oxygen evolution of spinach and mangrove photosystem II membrane preparations. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Effect of preillumination on the P-680+
reduction kinetics in chloride-free photosystem II membranes. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)80745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Purification and properties of an oxygen-evolving reaction center complex from photosystem II membranes. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)80335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Nucleotide sequence of cDNA clones encoding the complete ‘23 kDa’ and ‘16 kDa’ precursor proteins associated with the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex from spinach. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Ifuku K, Sato F. Importance of the N-terminal sequence of the extrinsic 23 kDa polypeptide in Photosystem II in ion retention in oxygen evolution. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1546:196-204. [PMID: 11257522 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The function of the extrinsic 23 kDa polypeptide (OEC23) in Photosystem II (PS II) is to retain Ca(2+) and Cl(-) during the S-state turnover of the Mn cluster in photosynthetic oxygen evolution. Recombinant OEC23s from several plant species were produced in Escherichia coli to characterize the molecular mechanism of the OEC23 function then used in reconstitution experiments. One tobacco isoform, OEC23 (2AF), had much less oxygen-evolving activity than the spinach and cucumber OEC23s when PS II activities were reconstituted in salt-washed spinach PS II particles. The fact that the OEC23s had similar binding affinities for PS II particles suggests different ion-retention capacities for the individual OEC23s: The chimeric OEC23s produced between spinach and 2AF and those produced between cucumber and 2AF show that 58 N-terminal amino acid residues are important for PS II activity. Further dissection of the sequence and site-directed mutagenesis indicated the importance of 20 N-terminal amino acid residues for activity, in particular the asparagine at the 15th position. In spinach the N15D mutation decreased PS II activity, whereas in 2AF the D15N mutation increased it. This shows the importance of the N-terminal sequence of OEC23 in ion retention during the water-splitting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ifuku
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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25
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Zhang H, Yamamoto Y, Ishikawa Y, Carpentier R. Characterization of the secondary structure and thermostability of the extrinsic 16 kilodalton protein of spinach photosystem II by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(99)00107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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Interaction of photosystem II proteins with non-aggregated membranes constituted of phosphatidylglycerol and the electrically neutral phosphatidylcholine enhances the oxygen-evolving activity. Chem Phys Lipids 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(97)00107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Hankamer B, Barber J, Boekema EJ. STRUCTURE AND MEMBRANE ORGANIZATION OF PHOTOSYSTEM II IN GREEN PLANTS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997; 48:641-671. [PMID: 15012277 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is the pigment protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane of higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria that uses solar energy to drive the photosynthetic water-splitting reaction. This chapter reviews the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of PSII as well as the function of its constituent subunits. The understanding of in vivo organization of PSII is based in part on freeze-etched and freeze-fracture images of thylakoid membranes. These images show a resolution of about 40-50 A and so provide information mainly on the localization, heterogeneity, dimensions, and shapes of membrane-embedded PSII complexes. Higher resolution of about 15-40 A has been obtained from single particle images of isolated PSII complexes of defined and differing subunit composition and from electron crystallography of 2-D crystals. Observations are discussed in terms of the oligomeric state and subunit organization of PSII and its antenna components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hankamer
- Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AY, United Kingdom, Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG The Netherlands
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seidler
- Séction de Bioénergétique (CNRS URA 1290), Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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29
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30
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Vermaas WF, Styring S, Schröder WP, Andersson B. Photosynthetic water oxidation: The protein framework. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1993; 38:249-263. [PMID: 24317979 DOI: 10.1007/bf00046750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/1993] [Accepted: 08/30/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 20 protein subunits are associated with the PS II complex, not counting subunits of peripheral light-harvesting antenna complexes. However, it is not yet established which proteins specifically are involved in the water-oxidation process. Much evidence supports the concept that the D1/D2 reaction center heterodimer not only plays a central role in the primary photochemistry of Photosystem II, but also is involved in electron donation to P680 and in ligation of the manganese cluster. This evidence includes (a) the primary donor to P680 has been shown to be a redox-active tyrosyl residue (Tyr161) in the D1 protein, and (b) site-directed mutagenesis and computer-assisted modeling of the reaction center heterodimer have suggested several sites with a possible function in manganese ligation. These include Asp170, Gln165 and Gln189 of the D1 protein and Glu69 of the D2 protein as well as the C-terminal portion of the mature D1 protein. Also, hydrophilic loops of the chlorophyll-binding protein CP43 that are exposed at the inner thylakoid surface could be essential for the water-splitting process.In photosynthetic eukaryotes, three lumenal extrinsic proteins, PS II-O (33 kDa), PS II-P (23 kDa) and PS II-Q (16 kDa), influence the properties of the manganese cluster without being involved in the actual catalysis of water oxidation. The extrinsic proteins together may have multiple binding sites to the integral portion of PS II, which could be provided by the D1/D2 heterodimer and CP47. A major role for the PS II-O protein is to stabilize the manganese cluster. Most experimental evidence favors a connection of the PS II-P protein with binding of the Cl(-) and Ca(2+) ions required for the water oxidation, while the PS II-Q protein seems to be associated only with the Cl(-) requirement. The two latter proteins are not present in PS II of prokaryotic organisms, where their functions may be replaced by a 10-12 kDa subunit and a newly discovered low-potential cytochrome c-550.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Vermaas
- Department of Biochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Debus RJ. The manganese and calcium ions of photosynthetic oxygen evolution. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1102:269-352. [PMID: 1390827 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(92)90133-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 970] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Debus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside 92521-0129
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32
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Ono T, Izawa S, Inoue Y. Structural and functional modulation of the manganese cluster in Ca(2+)-depleted photosystem II induced by binding of the 24-kilodalton extrinsic protein. Biochemistry 1992; 31:7648-55. [PMID: 1510950 DOI: 10.1021/bi00148a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of functional Ca2+ from photosystem (PS) II membranes impairs O2 evolution. Redox properties of the Mn cluster as probed by thermoluminescence were modified differently in Ca(2+)-depleted PSII depending on the procedure for Ca2+ extraction. Ca2+ depletion by low-pH treatment gave rise to an abnormally modified S2 state exhibiting a thermoluminescence band with elevated peak temperature accompanied by a marked upshift in threshold temperature for its formation, whereas Ca2+ depletion by NaCl washing in the light followed by the addition of EDTA could generate a similarly modified S2 state only when the Ca(2+)-depleted PSII was reconstituted with the 24-kDa extrinsic proteins. These results indicated that manifestation of the abnormal properties of the Ca(2+)-depleted S2 state is significantly contributed by the association of the 24-kDa extrinsic protein to PSII. It was inferred that the 24-kDa extrinsic protein regulates the structure and function of the Mn cluster in the absence of functional Ca2+ through a conformational modulation of the intrinsic protein(s) that bind(s) both Mn and Ca. Features of the extrinsic protein-dependent modulation of the Mn cluster were discussed in relation to the function of Ca2+ in O2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ono
- Solar Energy Research Group, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama, Japan
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33
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34
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MgCl2-induced reversal of oxygen evolution decay in photosystem II particles incubated with phosphatidylglycerol vesicles at high lipid/photosystem II ratio. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(91)80038-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Papageorgiou GC, Lagoyanni T. Interactions of iodide ions with isolated photosystem 2 particles. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 285:339-43. [PMID: 1897936 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90369-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of I- ions on O2 evolution by photosystem 2 particles, which were depleted of the 18-kDa and the 23-kDa extrinsic proteins of the O2 evolution complex by NaCl washing (dPS2 particles) were examined. In the absence of Cl- (incompetent dPS2) I- stimulated O2 evolution up to 3-6 mM, depending on the associated cation, and inhibited it at higher concentrations. In the presence of Cl- (competent dPS2), I- was inhibitory at all concentrations. The inhibition was reversible, it occurred at a site preceding Tyrz (Tyr residue mediating electron transfer from H2O to photosystem 2), and it interfered noncompetitively with the reactivation of incompetent dPS2 with Cl-. Furthermore, the organic salts tetrabutyl ammonium iodide and tetraphenyl phosphonium iodide proved to be stronger inhibitors than the inorganic NaI. This is interpreted as an indication of a negatively charged surface, situated behind a hydrophobic permeability barrier. Permeant organic cations, being better compensators of the inner surface charge than Na+, are also more apt in facilitating access of the I- ions to the inhibitory site in the vicinity of Tyrz.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Papageorgiou
- National Research Center Demokritos, Institute of Biology, Athens, Greece
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36
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Nagatsuka T, Fukuhara S, Akabori K, Toyoshima Y. Disintegration and reconstitution of Photosystem II reaction center core complex. II. Possible involvement of low-molecular-mass proteins in the functioning of QA in the PS II reaction center. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Miyao M, Murata N. The mode of binding of three extrinsic proteins of 33 kDa, 23 kDa and 18 kDa in the photosystem II complex of spinach. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(89)80086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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The chloroplast reductase-binding protein is identical to the 16.5-kDa polypeptide described as a component of the oxygen-evolving complex. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)30053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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39
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Eaton-Rye JJ, Murata N. Evidence that the amino-terminus of the 33 kDa extrinsic protein is required for binding to the Photosystem II complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 977:219-26. [PMID: 2679884 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(89)80075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chymotrypsin and Staphylococcus aureus (strain V8) proteinase eliminated sixteen and eighteen amino acid residues, respectively, from the amino-terminal side of the extrinsic 33 kDa protein of the oxygen-evolving Photosystem II (PS II) complex of spinach. The carboxy-terminus of the resultant large fragments was found to be identical with that of the intact protein. Neither fragment could rebind to PS II membranes depleted of all the extrinsic proteins. Circular dichroism spectroscopy did not reveal any major conformational change within the two fragments. These results suggest that the amino-terminal region of the 33 kDa protein contains a domain essential for binding to the PS II complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Eaton-Rye
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
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40
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Wales R, Newman BJ, Pappin D, Gray JC. The extrinsic 33 kDa polypeptide of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II is a putative calcium-binding protein and is encoded by a multi-gene family in pea. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1989; 12:439-451. [PMID: 24272904 DOI: 10.1007/bf00017583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/1988] [Accepted: 01/11/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The extrinsic 33 kDa polypeptide of the water-oxidizing complex has been extracted from pea photosystem II particles by washing with alkaline-Tris and purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence has been determined, and specific antisera have been raised in rabbits and used to screen a pea leaf cDNA library in λgt11. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of positive clones revealed an essentially full-length cDNA for the 33 kDa polypeptide, the deduced amino acid sequence showing it to code for a mature protein of 248 amino acids with an N-terminal transit peptide of 81 amino acids. The protein showed a high degree of conservation with previously reported sequences for the 33 kDa protein from other species and the sequence contained a putative Ca(2+)-binding site with homology to mammalian intestinal calcium-binding proteins. Northern analysis of total pea RNA indicated a message of approximately 1.4 kb, in good agreement with the size of the cDNA obtained at 1.3 kbp. Southern blots of genomic DNA probed with the labelled cDNA give rise to several bands suggesting that the 33 kDa polypeptide is coded by a multi-gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wales
- Botany School, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, UK
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41
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Shen JR, Satoh K, Katoh S. Isolation of an oxygen-evolving Photosystem II preparation containing only one tightly bound calcium atom from a chlorophyll b-deficient mutant of rice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Partial degradation of the extrinsic 23-kDa protein of the Photosystem II complex of spinach. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Tanaka S, Wada K. The status of cysteine residues in the extrinsic 33 kDa protein of spinach photosystem II complexes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 17:255-266. [PMID: 24429772 DOI: 10.1007/bf00035452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/1987] [Accepted: 02/19/1988] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two cysteine residues of the extrinsic 33 kDa protein in the oxygen-evolving photosystemII (PS II) complexes were found to exist as cystine residues in situ. The 33 kDa protein, when reduced by 2-mercaptoethanol in either the presence or the absence of 6 M guanidine-HCl (Gdn-HCl), could not rebind with the CaCl2-treated PS II complexes, from which the 33 kDa protein was removed, and evolve any oxygen. Two sulfhydryl (SH) groups of the 33 kDa protein were easily reoxidized to a disulfide (S-S) bond by stirring under aerobic conditions with the concomitant regaining of both the binding ability to the CaCl2-treated PS II complexes and the oxygen-evolving activity.The molecular conformation of the 33 kDa protein was examined by circular dichroic (CD) spectrometry in the UV regions to reveal that the conformation in the reduced state was completely different from those of the untreated and reoxidized states. The disulfide (S-S) bond of the 33 kDa protein is thus essential to maintain the molecular conformation required to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tanaka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, 560, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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44
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Permeability of liposomes composed of binary mixtures of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(88)90089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Shen JR, Satoh K, Katoh S. Calcium content of oxygen-evolving Photosystem II preparations from higher plants. Effects of NaCl treatment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Homann PH. Chloride relations of photosystem II membrane preparations depleted of, and resupplied with, their 17 and 23 kDa extrinsic polypeptides. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 15:205-220. [PMID: 24430923 DOI: 10.1007/bf00047353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/1987] [Accepted: 10/14/1987] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II membranes prepared from thylakoids of Phytolacca americana chloroplasts were depleted of their intrinsic 17 and 23 kDa polypeptides, and the effects of a reconstitution of these polypeptides on the Cl(-) requirements of O2 evolution activity were analyzed. It was found that the activating effectiveness of limiting amounts of added Cl(-) was increased several fold by an addition of the 23 kDa polypeptide. When it was supplemented by the 17 kDa species, only a small additional increase occurred, but Cl(-) retention in Cl(-) free media was enhanced greatly. Addition of the 17 kDa polypeptide alone was without effect because it is known that it cannot bind to its native site unless the 23 kDa polypeptide is in place.Optimal enhancements of the effectiveness of activating added Cl(-) were observed when the assays were done in the presence of the reconstituting polypeptides. When the reconstituting treatment with the polypeptides, and the assay of the Cl(-) relations, were separated, it was advantageous to have Cl(-) present in the reconstituting medium, and not to add Ca(2+), another cofactor of photosynthetic water oxidation. Those requirements are attributed to the labilizing effects Cl(-) free conditions and divalent cations have on the association of especially the 23 kDa polypeptides with the water oxidizing complex, and to a possible aggregation of the membranes under the influence of Ca(2+) which might have impeded proper polypeptide binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Homann
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 32306-3015, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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47
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Disintegration and reconstitution of Photosystem II reaction center core complex. I. Preparation and characterization of three different types of subcomplex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Blswal U, Biswal B. Ultrastructural Modifications and Biochemical Changes during Senescence of Chloroplasts. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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49
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Sutton A, Sieburth LE, Bennett J. Light-dependent accumulation and localization of photosystem II proteins in maize. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 164:571-8. [PMID: 3552671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb11165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have raised antibodies against several major components of photosystem II. These antisera, which are directed against the apoproteins of two chlorophyll-binding proteins (CPa-1 and CPa-2), the apoprotein of light-harvesting complex II and the 33-kDa extrinsic protein of the oxygen-evolving complex, were used to examine the light regulation of photosystem II assembly in maize. The principal findings of this study are as follows. The 33-kDa protein is present in dark-grown maize and the content increases 5-10-fold upon illumination. The level of the protein is mediated at least in part by phytochrome and is independent of the accumulation of chlorophyll. In contrast, none of the three chlorophyll-binding proteins examined was detectable in leaves of maize grown in darkness or under other light regimes where chlorophyll does not accumulate. Even in the absence of photosystem II assembly, the 33-kDa protein is properly transported across the thylakoid into the lumen. However, the protein does not attach in the normal way to the inner surface of the membrane under these conditions.
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50
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Cole J, Sauer K. The flash number dependence of EPR Signal II decay as a probe for charge accumulation in Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(87)90081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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