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Balestrieri C, Alberghina L, Vanoni M, Chiaradonna F. Data recovery and integration from public databases uncovers transformation-specific transcriptional downregulation of cAMP-PKA pathway-encoding genes. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10 Suppl 12:S1. [PMID: 19828069 PMCID: PMC2762058 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-s12-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The integration of data from multiple genome-wide assays is essential for understanding dynamic spatio-temporal interactions within cells. Such integration, which leads to a more complete view of cellular processes, offers the opportunity to rationalize better the high amount of "omics" data freely available in several public databases.In particular, integration of microarray-derived transcriptome data with other high-throughput analyses (genomic and mutational analysis, promoter analysis) may allow us to unravel transcriptional regulatory networks under a variety of physio-pathological situations, such as the alteration in the cross-talk between signal transduction pathways in transformed cells. RESULTS Here we sequentially apply web-based and statistical tools to a case study: the role of oncogenic activation of different signal transduction pathways in the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding proteins involved in the cAMP-PKA pathway. To this end, we first re-analyzed available genome-wide expression data for genes encoding proteins of the downstream branch of the PKA pathway in normal tissues and human tumor cell lines. Then, in order to identify mutation-dependent transcriptional signatures, we classified cancer cells as a function of their mutational state. The results of such procedure were used as a starting point to analyze the structure of PKA pathway-encoding genes promoters, leading to identification of specific combinations of transcription factor binding sites, which are neatly consistent with available experimental data and help to clarify the relation between gene expression, transcriptional factors and oncogenes in our case study. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide, large-scale "omics" experimental technologies give different, complementary perspectives on the structure and regulatory properties of complex systems. Even the relatively simple, integrated workflow presented here offers opportunities not only for filtering data noise intrinsic in high throughput data, but also to progressively extract novel information that would have remained hidden otherwise. In fact we have been able to detect a strong transcriptional repression of genes encoding proteins of cAMP/PKA pathway in cancer cells of different genetic origins. The basic workflow presented herein may be easily extended by incorporating other tools and can be applied even by researchers with poor bioinformatics skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Balestrieri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Feliciello A, Giuliano P, Porcellini A, Garbi C, Obici S, Mele E, Angotti E, Grieco D, Amabile G, Cassano S, Li Y, Musti AM, Rubin CS, Gottesman ME, Avvedimento EV. The v-Ki-Ras oncogene alters cAMP nuclear signaling by regulating the location and the expression of cAMP-dependent protein kinase IIbeta. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:25350-9. [PMID: 8810300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.41.25350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The v-Ki-Ras oncoprotein dedifferentiates thyroid cells and inhibits nuclear accumulation of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. After activation of v-Ras or protein kinase C, the regulatory subunit of type II protein kinase A, RIIbeta, translocates from the membranes to the cytosol. RIIbeta mRNA and protein were eventually depleted. These effects were mimicked by expressing AKAP45, a truncated version of the RII anchor protein, AKAP75. Because AKAP45 lacks membrane targeting domains, it induces the translocation of PKAII to the cytoplasm. Expression of AKAP45 markedly decreased thyroglobulin mRNA levels and inhibited accumulation of C-PKA in the nucleus. Our results suggest that: 1) The localization of PKAII influences cAMP signaling to the nucleus; 2) Ras alters the localization and the expression of PKAII; 3) Translocation of PKAII to the cytoplasm reduces nuclear C-PKA accumulation, resulting in decreased expression of cAMP-dependent genes, including RIIbeta, TSH receptor, and thyroglobulin. The loss of RIIbeta permanently down-regulates thyroid-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feliciello
- Dipartimento Biologia e Patologia Molecolare e Cellulare, Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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3
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Perillo B, Tedesco I, Laezza C, Santillo M, Romano A, Aloj SM, Bifulco M. Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in FRTL-5 cells. II. Down-regulation by v-K-ras oncogene. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:15237-41. [PMID: 7797508 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.25.15237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity and mRNA levels were significantly reduced in FRTL-5 cells transformed with the Kirsten-Moloney sarcoma virus (KiMol); these cells have lost thyrotropin dependence and express high levels of p21ras. FRTL-5 cells, transformed with a temperature-sensitive mutant of the v-K-ras oncogene (Ats cells: 33 degrees C, permissive; 39 degrees C, nonpermissive), showed significant reduction of HMG-CoA reductase expression when exposed to 33 degrees C. In KiMol cells, as well as in Ats cells at 33 degrees C, the transcription driven by cAMP-responsive element was probed by measuring chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) levels after transfection with a chimeric plasmid containing the reporter gene linked to the rat reductase promoter. Basal CAT activity in KiMol cells transfected with wild-type promoter was lower than in FRTL-5 cells but was increased by forskolin to the levels attained in thyrotropin-stimulated FRTL-5 cells. Forskolin failed to increase CAT activity in KiMol cells transfected with the plasmid harboring a reductase promoter in which the cAMP-responsive element octamer was mutated to a nonpalindromic sequence. The effect of v-K-ras could be mimicked in FRTL-5 cells by tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate and reverted in KiMol and Ats cells, expressing active Ras protein, by increasing intracellular cAMP and/or by protein kinase C inhibition. The data are consistent with the contention that v-K-ras, through protein kinase C and depletion of intracellular cAMP, is inhibitory for the protein kinase A pathway. This is the first demonstration that active v-K-ras down-regulates HMG-CoA reductase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Perillo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare L. Califano, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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4
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Abstract
Growth of thyroid cancer cells is stimulated by various growth factors via signal transduction pathways. TSH, EGF, IGF, and TGF-alpha stimulate and TGF-beta inhibits thyroid cell growth. TSH stimulates thyroid cells via both the adenylate cyclase-PKA and the PLC-PKC-Ca signal transduction pathways. TSH-r, ras, gsp, ret, trk, and myc are oncogenes that are activated in some thyroid neoplasms. P53 and RB are tumor suppressor genes that are inactivated in some thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Y Duh
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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5
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Roger PP, Reuse S, Maenhaut C, Dumont JE. Multiple facets of the modulation of growth by cAMP. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1995; 51:59-191. [PMID: 7483330 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)61038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P P Roger
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Iacovelli L, Falasca M, Valitutti S, D'Arcangelo D, Corda D. Glycerophosphoinositol 4-phosphate, a putative endogenous inhibitor of adenylylcyclase. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)80742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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7
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Meucci O, Berlingieri MT, Fusco A, Scorziello A, Santoro M, Grieco M, Grimaldi M, Schettini G. Norepinephrine and thyrotropin stimulation of [Ca++]i in PC C13 a rat thyroid epithelial cell line: effect of transformation by E1A gene adenovirus and polyomavirus middle-T antigen gene. Life Sci 1993; 52:891-9. [PMID: 8383262 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(93)90519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of thyrotropin and norepinephrine on cytosolic calcium levels were evaluated in normal (PC C13) and transformed (PC E1A, PC Py and PC E1APy) rat thyroid epithelial cell lines. A different pattern of response to both norepinephrine and thyrotropin was observed among the distinct cell lines. In PC C13 the cytosolic calcium rise induced by norepinephrine, characterized by an early transient spike followed by a second phase of sustained calcium levels, was greatly enhanced by thyrotropin. The effect of norepinephrine on calcium concentrations was less affected by thyrotropin in PC C13 transformed by the adenovirus E1A oncogene. Conversely, in Polyoma middle-T transformed PC C13 the increase in cytoplasmic calcium was still sensitive to thyrotropin. The most malignant PC E1APy were totally independent of thyrotropin.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Meucci
- Dipartimento di Scienza delle Comunicazioni Umane, II Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli, Italy
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8
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Di Girolamo M, D'Arcangelo D, Cacciamani T, Gierschik P, Corda D. K-ras transformation greatly increases the toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation of GTP binding proteins in thyroid cells. Involvement of an inhibitor of the ADP-ribosylation reaction. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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9
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Colletta G, Cirafici AM. TSH is able to induce cell cycle-related gene expression in rat thyroid cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 183:265-72. [PMID: 1543496 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rat thyroid cells in culture (FRTL-5 strain) require thyrotropic hormone (TSH) for growth. TSH alone in serum free medium is able to induce DNA synthesis of FRTL-5 cells. DNA synthesis occurs 18-20 hours following TSH stimulation of quiescent cells. Here we demonstrate that two sets of genes, related to the entry of cells in the S phase, are induced by TSH: 1) immediate early genes, such as c-jun and a gene coding for a zinc-finger protein Xrox 20/Egr2, both having a pattern of expression similar to the c-fos oncogene; 2) early delayed genes such as ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), 2F-1, a gene that shows a strong similarity in aminoacid sequence to a mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier, and the asparagine synthetase gene (TS11). Furthermore, an increased expression of the histone H3 gene, a typical marker of S phase, has been observed in TSH-treated FRTL-5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Colletta
- Istituto di Patologia Umana e Medicina Sociale, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Chieti, Italy
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10
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Valitutti S, Cucchi P, Colletta G, Di Filippo C, Corda D. Transformation by the k-ras oncogene correlates with increases in phospholipase A2 activity, glycerophosphoinositol production and phosphoinositide synthesis in thyroid cells. Cell Signal 1991; 3:321-32. [PMID: 1657098 DOI: 10.1016/0898-6568(91)90061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two cell lines transformed by the k-ras oncogene (KiKi and KiMol cells) and a temperature sensitive clone (Ts), all originated from a normal rat thyroid line (FRTL5 cells), have been employed to analyse the intracellular mechanisms affected by the ras p21. In k-ras transformed cells two phosphoinositide derivatives, glycerophosphoinositol and inositol monophosphate, were markedly increased, whereas inositol bisphosphate and trisphosphate maintained the same level as in normal cells. Cytosolic Ca2+ was also unaffected. This indicates that in epithelial cells the phospholipase C activity is not altered upon ras transformation. The formation of glycerophosphoinositol involved the activation of a phosphoinositide specific phospholipase A2. The higher phospholipase A2 activity in ras transformed cells could be further demonstrated by the increase in total arachidonic acid release. In the Ts clone the increase in glycerophosphoinositol and inositol monophosphate was evident only at the permissive temperature (33 degrees C), whereas it disappeared at 39 degrees C. At 33 degrees C the cells were also characterized by an enriched membrane pool of phosphoinositides. All these changes occurred in parallel with morphological transformation. We propose that cell transformation by the k-ras oncogene affects different steps of the membrane lipid metabolism, among which the most prominent one is the activation of a phosphoinositide specific phospholipase A2. These effects could originate mitogenic metabolites. Moreover, they correlate well with the induction of the malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Valitutti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Napoli, Italy
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11
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Berlingieri MT, Akamizu T, Fusco A, Grieco M, Colletta G, Cirafici AM, Ikuyama S, Kohn LD, Vecchio G. Thyrotropin receptor gene expression in oncogene-transfected rat thyroid cells: correlation between transformation, loss of thyrotropin-dependent growth, and loss of thyrotropin receptor gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173:172-8. [PMID: 1701631 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rat FRTL-5 and PC-Cl-3 thyroid cells are continuously cultured, clonal lines which require thyrotropin to grow and function. Both can be efficiently transformed when infected with RNA or DNA viruses carrying oncogenes or when directly transfected with activated oncogenes. Transformation, assayed by the appearance of cell growth in agar and by tumorigenicity in syngeneic rats or nude mice, is associated with the loss of thyrotropin-dependent cell division and thyrotropin-regulated functions such as thyroglobulin synthesis. In 16 clones of FRTL-5 or PC-Cl-3 cells transformed with different oncogenes, we show that loss of thyrotropin-dependent growth and function correlates with the loss of thyrotropin receptor gene expression, measured with a rat thyrotropin receptor cDNA probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Berlingieri
- Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale de CNR, II Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Naples, Italy
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12
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Bifulco M, Santillo M, Tedesco I, Zarrilli R, Laezza C, Aloj SM. Thyrotropin modulates low density lipoprotein binding activity in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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13
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Sato K, Okajima F, Katada T, Kondo Y. Molecular heterogeneity of the subclasses of islet-activating protein (pertussis toxin)-sensitive GTP-binding proteins in porcine thyroid tissue. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990; 281:298-304. [PMID: 2118333 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(90)90447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
From porcine thyroid cell membranes, we purified five GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins); Nos. 1 to 3 have 41-kDa alpha-subunits, and Nos. 4 and 5 have 40-kDa alpha-subunits. They were chromatographically (Mono Q) separable and served as specific substrates for islet-activating protein (pertussis toxin). G-proteins 1 and 2 were indistinguishable from porcine brain Gi1 with respect to three criteria, i.e., mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), pI of the ADP-ribosylated alpha-subunit, and immunoreactivity. G-protein 3 was identified as Gi3 by immunoreactivity. The SDS-PAGE and isoelectric focusing (IEF) analyses identified G-proteins 4 and 5 as being chromatographically heterogeneous subtypes of Gi2 in comparison with a pure porcine brain preparation. The IEF analysis also disclosed that each of the Gi1, Gi2, and Gi3 subspecies isolated in the present study has a minor component characterized by a slightly lower pI of its alpha-subunit. We conclude that porcine thyroid tissue contains at least Gi1, Gi2, and Gi3, and that each is made up of heterogeneous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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14
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Price BD, Morris JD, Marshall CJ, Hall A. Stimulation of Phosphatidylcholine Hydrolysis, Diacylglycerol Release, and Arachidonic Acid Production by Oncogenic Ras Is a Consequence of Protein Kinase C Activation. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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15
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Capasso A, Cretì P, De Petrocellis B, De Prisco PP, Parisi E. Role of dopamine and indolamine derivatives in the regulation of the sea urchin adenylate cyclase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 154:758-64. [PMID: 3401234 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(88)90205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase of the sea urchin egg is stimulated by dopamine in the presence of GTP. The enzyme activity is strongly enhanced when Gpp (NH)p is substituted for GTP, or after cholera toxin treatment. Gramine, an indolamine derivative, brings about non-competitive inhibition of the dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Pertussis toxin causes an attenuation of the gramine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase. These results show that dopamine and indolamine derivatives partecipate in the regulation of the adenylate cyclase activity of the sea urchin egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Capasso
- Zoological Station, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
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