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Bonnevie ED, Galesso D, Secchieri C, Bonassar LJ. Degradation alters the lubrication of articular cartilage by high viscosity, hyaluronic acid-based lubricants. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1456-1464. [PMID: 29068482 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is widely injected as a viscosupplement in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Despite its extensive use, it is not currently known if cartilage degradation alters how HA-based solutions lubricate the articular surface. In this study we utilized a model of cartilage degradation by IL-1β along with a recently developed framework to study role of cartilage degradation on lubrication by clinically-approved HA-based lubricants with high viscosities. Cartilage explants were cultured up to 8 days with 10 ng/ml IL-1β. After culture, samples were examined histologically, immunohistochemically, biochemically, mechanically, topographically, and tribologically. The tribological testing analyzed both boundary and mixed lubrication modes to assess individual effects of viscosity and boundary lubricating ability. Friction testing was carried out using PBS and two clinically approved HA-based viscosupplements in a cartilage-glass configuration. After culture with IL-1β, boundary mode friction was elevated after both 4 and 8 days. Additionally, friction in mixed mode lubrication, where HA is most effective as a lubricant, was significantly elevated after 8 days of culture. As cartilage became rougher, softer, and more permeable after culture, the boundary mode plateau was extended, and as a result, significantly increased lubricant viscosities or sliding speeds were necessary to achieve effective mixed lubrication. Overall, this study revealed that lubrication of cartilage by HA is degradation-dependent and coincides with changes in mechanics and roughness. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1456-1464, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Bonnevie
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Devis Galesso
- R&D Department, Fidia Farmaceutici SpA, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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2
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Cytokine and Proteinase Inhibitors in the Modulation of Connective Tissue Destruction in Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03259265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Buttle DJ, Bramwell H, Hollander AP. Proteolytic mechanisms of cartilage breakdown: a target for arthritis therapy? Mol Pathol 2010; 48:M167-77. [PMID: 16696000 PMCID: PMC407956 DOI: 10.1136/mp.48.4.m167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Buttle
- Institute for Bone & Joint Medicine, Department of Human Metabolism & Clinical Biochemistry, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX
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Sundaresan NR, Saxena VK, Sastry KVH, Nagarajan K, Jain P, Singh R, Anish D, Ravindra PV, Saxena M, Ahmed KA. Cytokines and chemokines in postovulatory follicle regression of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:253-64. [PMID: 17692913 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of postovulatory follicle (POF) regression in birds is still poorly understood. In the current study, expression of IL-1beta, IL-6, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, chCXCLi2, chCCLi2, chCCLi4, chCCLi7, IL-10 and TGF-beta2 mRNAs was estimated in regressing POF by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, the changes in immune cell population, histological and apoptotic changes were also studied in regressing POF. The expression of cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-beta2) and chemokines (chCXCLi2, chCCLi2, chCCLi4 and chCCLi7) was upregulated in POFs, suggesting a role for these molecules in tissue regression. The histological findings suggested a significant infiltration of immune cells, especially heterophils, lymphocytes and macrophages, into the regressing POF. The flow cytometry analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations revealed that CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) and Bu-1(+) lymphocytes were significantly increased during this regression. The significant up-regulation of chemokines might have attracted the immune cells during POF regression. The percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly increased during the regression of POF. The up-regulation of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-beta2 and down-regulation of GM-CSF might have induced apoptosis during the POF regression. However, expression of IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-13 was not significantly altered during POF regression. In conclusion, cytokines appear to play an important role in the regression of POF in chicken. Furthermore, the regression of chicken POF seems to be an inflammatory event similar to luteolysis of the mammalian corpus luteum.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Sundaresan
- Disease Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, India.
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Sundaresan NR, Anish D, Sastry KVH, Saxena VK, Mohan J, Ahmed KA. Cytokines in reproductive remodeling of molting White Leghorn hens. J Reprod Immunol 2007; 73:39-50. [PMID: 16860877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 04/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of cytokines in regression of the ovary and oviduct during induced molting in chickens was investigated by evaluating the expressions of IL-1beta, IL-6, IFN-gamma, IL-2, TGF-beta2, MIP-1beta and IL-8 in the regressing ovary and oviduct by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, serum hormonal profiles (estrogen, progesterone and corticosterone), along with the gross regression and histological changes of the ovary and oviduct, were investigated. The correlation between expression of cytokines and hormonal changes during the induced molting was also studied. The expression of IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1beta and IFN-gamma mRNAs in the ovary, and IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1beta, IFN-gamma and TGF-beta2 mRNAs in the oviduct, were up-regulated significantly during induced molting, suggesting their role in tissue regression. However, histological findings suggested no significant increase in immune cells in the regressing oviduct and ovary. Significant up-regulation of TGF-beta2 in the regressing oviduct might have suppressed leukocyte recruitment thereby preventing the inflammatory response and tissue damage. The down-regulation of estrogen and progesterone and up-regulation of corticosterone is well correlated with increased expression of cytokines. It appears that cytokines released during the process of induced molting may have a role in decreasing ovarian steroids and increasing the corticosterone levels in chicken. From this study, it may be concluded that cytokines play a major role in regression of the ovary and oviduct during induced molting in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Sundaresan
- Disease Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, India.
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6
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Baici A, Lang A, Zwicky R, Müntener K. Cathepsin B in osteoarthritis: uncontrolled proteolysis in the wrong place. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2006; 34:24-8. [PMID: 16206953 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Baici
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Honorati MC, Cattini L, Facchini A. IL-17, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha stimulate VEGF production by dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004; 12:683-91. [PMID: 15325633 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify the involvement of proinflammatory cytokines IL-17, IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in cartilage vascularization by stimulating the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by chondrocytes isolated from patients with osteoarthritis (OA), in comparison with patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and patients with femoral or humeral neck fracture (FP). DESIGN Chondrocytes isolated from patients with OA were maintained in monolayer culture for several passages. Chondrocyte dedifferentiation was monitored by the synthesis of cathepsin B by these cells. Chondrocytes freshly isolated at each subculture (subcultures 1-3) were stimulated with IL-17, IL-1beta or TNF-alpha. Supernatants were collected, immunoassayed for the production of VEGF and cathepsin B and assayed as the source of VEGF on the VEGF sensible ECV304 cell line. The cells were used to quantify intracellular cathepsin B enzymatic activity. RESULTS In differentiated conditions IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, but not IL-17, can inhibit the spontaneous secretion of VEGF by human OA, RA and FP chondrocytes, and IL-17 can restore the decrease in VEGF secretion caused by TNF-alpha. IL-17, together with IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, can enhance VEGF secretion to various extents by dedifferentiated OA chondrocytes. This change in effect with respect to primary culture was observable for all cytokines at the beginning of dedifferentiation, when the production of VEGF by chondrocytes had dramatically fallen and the cathepsin B synthesis had increased. The amount of VEGF induced by cytokines on dedifferentiated chondrocytes never reached the amount of VEGF produced by differentiated chondrocytes. VEGF produced by chondrocytes stimulated the ECV304 cell line proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that dedifferentiated OA chondrocytes secrete VEGF after stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines. This event may be responsible for neovascularization found in OA cartilage.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/surgery
- Arthroplasty, Replacement
- Cathepsin B/analysis
- Cathepsin B/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrocytes/immunology
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Female
- Fractures, Bone/immunology
- Fractures, Bone/metabolism
- Fractures, Bone/surgery
- Humans
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Interleukin-17/pharmacology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Osteoarthritis/immunology
- Osteoarthritis/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis/surgery
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Stimulation, Chemical
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/analysis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Honorati
- Laboratorio di Immunologia e Genetica, Istituto di Ricerca Codivilla Putti, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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Mazzetti I, Magagnoli G, Paoletti S, Uguccioni M, Olivotto E, Vitellozzi R, Cattini L, Facchini A, Borzì RM. A role for chemokines in the induction of chondrocyte phenotype modulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:112-22. [PMID: 14730607 DOI: 10.1002/art.11474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To extend the study of the chemokine receptor repertoire on human chondrocytes to receptors with reported housekeeping functions (CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, and CCR6) and to evaluate whether ligands of these receptors play a role in chondrocyte phenotype modulation and proliferation. METHODS Chemokine receptor expression was determined by flow cytometry. Subcultures of chondrocytes were collected and fixed at confluence or during the exponential phase of growth and analyzed for chemokine receptor modulation. The effects of chemokines on isolated cells as well as chondrocytes cultured within an intact extracellular matrix were investigated. Isolated human chondrocytes were stimulated with 100 nM chemokines (monokine induced by interferon-gamma, stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha [SDF-1alpha], B cell-attracting chemokine 1 [BCA-1], or macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha), and conditioned media were assessed for matrix-degrading enzyme contents (matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs] 1, 3, and 13, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase [NAG]). Cell proliferation and phenotype modulation were evaluated by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and cathepsin B production. Induction of cell proliferation was assessed in cartilage explants by immunodetection of the proliferation-associated antigen S100A4. RESULTS CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, and CCR6 were detected on human chondrocytes. CXCR3 and CXCR4 expression was increased in exponentially growing chondrocyte subcultures. Ligands of all receptors enhanced the release of MMPs 1, 3, and 13. Release of NAG and cathepsin B was significantly higher in chemokine-stimulated cultures than in unstimulated cultures. SDF-1alpha and BCA-1 also induced DNA synthesis and chondrocyte proliferation, as was shown by the up-regulation of S100A4 in cartilage explants as well. CONCLUSION Our findings extend the repertoire of functional responses elicited by the activity of chemokines on chondrocytes and open new avenues in our understanding of the control of chondrocyte differentiation status by chemokines and their receptors.
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9
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Zwicky R, Müntener K, Goldring MB, Baici A. Cathepsin B expression and down-regulation by gene silencing and antisense DNA in human chondrocytes. Biochem J 2002; 367:209-17. [PMID: 12086583 PMCID: PMC1222861 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2002] [Revised: 06/24/2002] [Accepted: 06/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B, a marker of the dedifferentiated chondrocyte phenotype, contributes to cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis and pathological proteolysis in rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. In search of possible means for neutralizing the action of this enzyme, we compared its expression, biosynthesis and distribution in articular chondrocytes and two lines of immortalized human chondrocytes. Native articular chondrocytes in primary culture and the polyclonal T/C-28a2 chondrocyte cell line were similar with respect to the number of endosomes and lysosomes, the distribution of three alternatively spliced cathepsin B mRNA forms, and the cathepsin B activity. In contrast, the clonal C-28/I2 cell line contained four times higher levels of intracellular cathepsin B activity, slightly higher numbers of endosomes and lysosomes, and uniform distribution of all three cathepsin B transcripts and thus resembled subcultured chondrocytes at an early stage of dedifferentiation. Transfection of T/C-28a2 chondrocytes with double-stranded cathepsin B mRNA resulted in inhibition of cathepsin B biosynthesis by up to 70% due to RNA interference, and single-stranded antisense DNAs of various sizes decreased cathepsin B biosynthesis by up to 78%. An antisense oligonucleotide designed to hybridize to the end of cathepsin B's exons 1 and the beginning of exon 3 was successful in specifically inhibiting the mRNA splice variant lacking exon 2. These results indicate that cathepsin B expression and activity may be targeted for gene silencing by RNA interference and antisense DNA in chondrocytes. Furthermore, the differential expression and distribution of cathepsin B and presence of the necessary molecular apparatus for gene silencing in the immortalized human chondrocyte cell lines indicate that they may serve as a useful model for studying the function of relevant enzymes in cartilage pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Zwicky
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Berardi S, Lang A, Kostoulas G, Hörler D, Vilei EM, Baici A. Alternative messenger RNA splicing and enzyme forms of cathepsin B in human osteoarthritic cartilage and cultured chondrocytes. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:1819-31. [PMID: 11508434 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200108)44:8<1819::aid-art319>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In previous studies, we suggested that cathepsin B, which is present at sites of cartilage remodeling in osteoarthritis (OA), may act as an antagonist of cartilage repair, an enhancer of the action of metalloproteinases, and a mediator of cartilage neovascularization and mineralization. Alternative splicing of cathepsin B pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) and/or mRNA overexpression is a plausible regulatory mechanism. In the present study, we investigated the abundance of cathepsin B transcripts and the properties of cathepsin B protein in normal and OA cartilage, osteophytes, and cultured chondrocytes. METHODS Cathepsin B mRNA splice variants containing the full-length transcript (CB) and the variants lacking either exon 2 (CB[-2]) or lacking exons 2 and 3 (CB[-2,3]) were measured by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern blot assays and were localized by in situ RT-PCR. Cathepsin B protein was analyzed by electrophoretic, Western blot, and chromatographic methods. RESULTS The relative content of CB, CB(-2), and CB(-2,3) varied considerably in OA cartilage and osteophytes, with less variation in normal cartilage. The mean cathepsin B mRNA level was significantly higher in OA cartilage and osteophytes than in normal cartilage. Normal cultured chondrocytes attained cathepsin B mRNA levels similar to those in OA cartilage. Enzyme overexpression resulted in the secretion of procathepsin B, followed by activation to the proteolytically active form. CONCLUSION The high levels of CB and CB(-2) are consistent with an overproduction of secreted procathepsin B in OA. Up-regulation of chondrocyte cathepsin B, which takes place at both the transcriptional and the translational level, suggests a leading role of the enzyme in the progression of OA.
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11
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Gerber A, Wille A, Welte T, Ansorge S, Bühling F. Interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 control expression of cathepsins B and L in human lung epithelial cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:11-9. [PMID: 11177576 DOI: 10.1089/107999001459114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins B and L are commonly expressed cysteine proteinases that play a major role in lysosomal bulk proteolysis, protein processing, matrix degradation, and tissue remodeling. Cathepsins are also implicated in tumor progression and metastasis, tissue injury, and inflammation. Cells at sites of inflammation often show upregulation and secretion of cathepsins. The regulation of cathepsin expression by inflammatory mediators is not well understood. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of the cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on expression of cathepsin B and cathepsin L mRNA (quantitative RT-PCR), on protein expression (ELISA, Western blot), and also on enzymatic activity of cathepsins B and L. Investigations were performed using the human lung epithelial cell line A-549. IL-6 was found to induce a concentration-dependent increase in mRNA expression, protein concentration, and enzymatic activity of cathepsin L. Cathepsin B mRNA and protein expression were not affected by IL-6. In contrast, TGF-beta 1 decreased the amount of cathepsin L mRNA and cathepsin B mRNA. At protein level, it was shown that TGF-beta 1 clearly reduced the concentration of cathepsin L but not cathepsin B. The cytokines IL-1 beta, IL-10, and HGF were found to exert no effect on cathepsin B and L expression. In conclusion, these results are the first to show that IL-6 and TGF-beta 1 have opposite effects on the regulation of expression of cathepsins B and L in A-549 human lung epithelial cells. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 induced an upregulation of cathepsin L, whereas TGF-beta 1 suppressed cathepsin B and L expression. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism that affects cathepsin B and L expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gerber
- Institute of Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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12
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Sukhova GK, Shi GP, Simon DI, Chapman HA, Libby P. Expression of the elastolytic cathepsins S and K in human atheroma and regulation of their production in smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 1998. [PMID: 9691094 DOI: 10.1172/jci181.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the atherosclerotic intima must involve altered metabolism of the elastin-rich arterial extracellular matrix. Proteases potentially involved in these processes remain unclear. This study examined the expression of the potent elastases cathepsins S and K in human atheroma. Normal arteries contained little or no cathepsin K or S. In contrast, macrophages in atheroma contained abundant immunoreactive cathepsins K and S. Intimal smooth muscle cells (SMC), especially cells appearing to traverse the internal elastic laminae, also contained these enzymes. Extracts of atheromatous tissues had approximately twofold greater elastase-specific activity than extracts of uninvolved arteries, mostly due to cysteine proteases. Cultured human SMC displayed no immunoreactive cathepsins K and S and exhibited little or no elastolytic activity when incubated with insoluble elastin. SMC stimulated with the atheroma-associated cytokines IL-1beta or IFN-gamma secreted active cathepsin S and degraded substantial insoluble elastin (15-20 microg/10(6) cells/24 h). A selective inhibitor of cathepsin S blocked > 80% of this elastolytic activity. The presence of cathepsins K and S at sites of vascular matrix remodeling and the ability of SMC and macrophages to use these enzymes to degrade elastin supports a role for elastolytic cathepsins in vessel wall remodeling and identifies novel therapeutic targets in regulating plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Sukhova
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Divisions, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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13
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Sukhova GK, Shi GP, Simon DI, Chapman HA, Libby P. Expression of the elastolytic cathepsins S and K in human atheroma and regulation of their production in smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:576-83. [PMID: 9691094 PMCID: PMC508918 DOI: 10.1172/jci181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the atherosclerotic intima must involve altered metabolism of the elastin-rich arterial extracellular matrix. Proteases potentially involved in these processes remain unclear. This study examined the expression of the potent elastases cathepsins S and K in human atheroma. Normal arteries contained little or no cathepsin K or S. In contrast, macrophages in atheroma contained abundant immunoreactive cathepsins K and S. Intimal smooth muscle cells (SMC), especially cells appearing to traverse the internal elastic laminae, also contained these enzymes. Extracts of atheromatous tissues had approximately twofold greater elastase-specific activity than extracts of uninvolved arteries, mostly due to cysteine proteases. Cultured human SMC displayed no immunoreactive cathepsins K and S and exhibited little or no elastolytic activity when incubated with insoluble elastin. SMC stimulated with the atheroma-associated cytokines IL-1beta or IFN-gamma secreted active cathepsin S and degraded substantial insoluble elastin (15-20 microg/10(6) cells/24 h). A selective inhibitor of cathepsin S blocked > 80% of this elastolytic activity. The presence of cathepsins K and S at sites of vascular matrix remodeling and the ability of SMC and macrophages to use these enzymes to degrade elastin supports a role for elastolytic cathepsins in vessel wall remodeling and identifies novel therapeutic targets in regulating plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Sukhova
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Divisions, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Kostoulas G, Lang A, Trueb B, Baici A. Differential expression of mRNAs for endopeptidases in phenotypically modulated ('dedifferentiated') human articular chondrocytes. FEBS Lett 1997; 412:453-5. [PMID: 9276445 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human articular chondrocytes modulated away from their original phenotype by serial subcultures in monolayer differentially express mRNAs for endopeptidases. The mRNAs for the cathepsins B and L are extremely low in differentiated cells, but are soon expressed in parallel with the loss of the differentiated state. In contrast, the mRNA for collagenase-1 is strongly expressed by differentiated chondrocytes and declines rapidly following phenotypic modulation. The mRNA for stromelysin-1 and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 is high and does not appreciably change after modulation. Chondrocyte activation induced by alteration of its original phenotype leads to the expression of endopeptidases in a way that markedly differs from that induced by cytokines. The results are relevant to cartilage catabolism in osteoarthritis and suggest a prominent role of fibroblastic metaplasia on the part of the chondrocytes as a mechanism of expressing catabolic endopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kostoulas
- University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mehraban F, Tindal MH, Proffitt MM, Moskowitz RW. Temporal pattern of cysteine endopeptidase (cathepsin B) expression in cartilage and synovium from rabbit knees with experimental osteoarthritis: gene expression in chondrocytes in response to interleukin-1 and matrix depletion. Ann Rheum Dis 1997; 56:108-15. [PMID: 9068283 PMCID: PMC1752324 DOI: 10.1136/ard.56.2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the temporal pattern of expression of cathepsin-B in chondrocytes and synovium in experimental osteoarthritis, and to determine possible mechanisms for upregulation and secretion of cathepsin-B from chondrocytes. METHODS Experimental osteoarthritis was induced with partial medial meniscectomy (PM); sham operated (SH) and normal (N) rabbits were used as controls. Cathepsin-B mRNA expression was assessed with northern blotting with a 32P labelled cDNA probe. Cathepsin-B was measured in conditioned media or cell extracts using a fluorogenic substrate Z-Arg-Arg-AMC. Chondrocyte monolayers were used to determine cathepsin-B expression in response to interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). Cartilage explants were used to test the effect of matrix depletion on cathepsin-B release. RESULTS Chondrocytes obtained from experimental osteoarthritis knees did not show cathepsin-B mRNA upregulation. However, isolated chondrocytes secreted cathepsin-B into the culture medium. Enzyme release was significantly higher at 8 weeks relative to controls, but not at 12 weeks or 4 weeks. Enzyme released from synovium was significantly higher in PM group compared with SH group at 4 and 8 weeks. IL-1 beta was ineffective in upregulating steady state cathepsin-B mRNA in chondrocytes; however, it upregulated the intracellular enzyme, and this was blocked with cycloheximide. Enzymatic depletion of cartilage matrix after exposure of explants to IL-1 resulted in release of significantly higher amounts of cathepsin-B into the medium by matrix depleted chondrocytes compared with intact explants. CONCLUSIONS In experimental osteoarthritis, cathepsin-B is upregulated in synovial tissue during the early degenerative phase. Progression of experimental osteoarthritis is accompanied by upregulation of cathepsin-B in cartilage. Cartilage and synovial cathepsin-B levels decline as experimental osteoarthritis advances to more degenerative states. IL-1 upregulates intracellular cathepsin-B by increasing cathepsin-B protein synthesis; it is not an effective stimulus for enzyme secretion. Depletion of cartilage matrix during progression of experimental osteoarthritis may contribute to secretion of cathepsin-B and perpetuation of cartilage destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mehraban
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Verschure PJ, Van Noorden CJ, Van Marle J, Van den Berg WB. Articular cartilage destruction in experimental inflammatory arthritis: insulin-like growth factor-1 regulation of proteoglycan metabolism in chondrocytes. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1996; 28:835-57. [PMID: 9015706 DOI: 10.1007/bf02331388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis, a disease of unknown aetiology, is characterized by joint inflammation and, in its later stages, cartilage destruction. Inflammatory mediators may exert not only suppression of matrix synthesis but also cartilage degradation, which eventually leads to severe cartilage depletion. Systemically and locally produced growth factors and hormones regulate cartilage metabolism. Alterations in levels of these factors or in their activity can influence the pathogenesis of articular cartilage destruction in arthritic joints. The main topic of the present review is the role of the anabolic factor insulin-like growth factor-1 in the regulation of chondrocyte metabolic functions in normal and in diseased cartilage. This is the most important growth factor that balances chondrocytes proteoglycan synthesis and catabolism to maintain a functional cartilage matrix. A brief overview of how chondrocytes keep the cartilage matrix intact, and how catabolic and anabolic factors are thought to be involved in pathological cartilage destruction precedes the review of the role of this growth factor in proteoglycan metabolism in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Verschure
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Baici A, Hörler D, Lang A, Merlin C, Kissling R. Cathepsin B in osteoarthritis: zonal variation of enzyme activity in human femoral head cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis 1995; 54:281-8. [PMID: 7763106 PMCID: PMC1005575 DOI: 10.1136/ard.54.4.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the quantitative topographical distribution of cathepsin B in human femoral head cartilage by measuring the zonal variation of enzyme activity in specimens taken from various anatomical regions of normal and osteoarthritic (OA) tissues, and to correlate this parameter with the severity of the OA lesions. METHODS OA articular cartilage was obtained at surgery for total hip replacement and control cartilage obtained at postmortem. Cylinders of full thickness cartilage with underlying bone were retrieved with a biopsy trephine. Sections of cartilage were produced by cryocutting the tissue as slices parallel to the articular surface and assayed for cathepsin B with a specific, highly sensitive fluorogenic substrate. The severity of the OA lesions was graded according to the histopathological-histochemical method of Mankin. RESULTS Zonal cathepsin B activity of normal cartilage was uniform and low in all regions of the femoral head. In apparently intact OA cartilage and in severely degraded tissue the zonal distribution and the amounts of enzyme were similar to control values. At sites with active disease, cathepsin B activity was much greater than in controls and its irregular zonal distribution correlated with tissue degeneration, hypercellularity, or cloning of chondrocytes as determined histochemically. Particularly high enzyme levels were observed at sites with regenerating cartilage, where some zonal peaks attained 20-fold activity with respect to controls. CONCLUSION Cathepsin B may play a role in sustaining the chronicity of OA, not as an initiator, but rather as a perpetuator of the disease and as an antagonist of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baici
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Baici A, Lang A, Hörler D, Kissling R, Merlin C. Cathepsin B in osteoarthritis: cytochemical and histochemical analysis of human femoral head cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis 1995; 54:289-97. [PMID: 7763107 PMCID: PMC1005576 DOI: 10.1136/ard.54.4.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To localise the cysteine endopeptidase cathepsin B in chondrocytes and cartilage from normal and osteoarthritic (OA) human femoral heads in order to provide qualitative information on its cellular expression and distribution at possible sites of action. METHODS OA articular cartilage was obtained at surgery for total hip replacement; control cartilage was obtained at postmortem. Chondrocytes were isolated by sequential enzymatic digestion and cathepsin B analysed by immunocytochemistry and activity staining with a fluorogenic substrate. Lysosomes were visualised by fluorescence microscopy after staining of living cells with acridine orange. Using a histochemical reaction, enzyme activity was measured in cryosections of full thickness cartilage. RESULTS Chondrocytes from normal cartilage contained very few lysosomes and only a minor cell population was cathepsin B positive. A high proportion of chondrocytes from active OA cartilage contained a large number of lysosomes and an excess of cathepsin B in intracellular organelles; the enzyme was stored in an active form. In this respect, OA chondrocytes closely resembled normal cells that had been phenotypically modulated by serial subcultures. No cathepsin B activity could be detected by histochemistry in either chondrocytes or matrix of normal cartilage. While apparently intact and severely degraded OA cartilage was also cathepsin B negative, tissue at sites of active destruction and, particularly, at repair sites was highly positive. CONCLUSION The presence and the particular distribution of active cathepsin B in OA cartilage at 'more involved' sites suggest a pathological role for this enzyme in sustaining and perpetuating cartilage degradation. While other stimuli may also be responsible for cathepsin B expression in OA chondrocytes, the similarity with artificially modulated cells indicates fibroblastic metaplasia as a plausible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baici
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Meijers MHM, Aisa CM, Billingham MEJ, Russell RGG, Bunning RAD. The effect of interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor β on cathepsin B activity in human articular chondrocytes. Inflamm Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01987636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Degradation of tissue proteins is controlled by multiple means. These include regulation of the synthesis of proteinases, activation of the zymogen forms, the activity of the mature proteinase, and the degradation of these enzymes and the substrates. Mature proteinases can be controlled by pH, calcium ions, ATP, lipids and the formation of complexes with other proteinases, proteoglycans, and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Twining
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226
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Huet G, Flipo RM, Colin C, Janin A, Hemon B, Collyn-d'Hooghe M, Lafyatis R, Duquesnoy B, Degand P. Stimulation of the secretion of latent cysteine proteinase activity by tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1993; 36:772-80. [PMID: 8507218 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780360606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cultured synovial fibroblast-like cells from 3 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 3 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) were evaluated for their potential to secrete cysteine proteinases spontaneously and after stimulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) or interleukin-1 (IL-1). METHODS Culture media and cell lysates were analyzed before and after high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the enzymatic substrate, Z-Phe-Arg-AMC, and by immunoblotting with anti-cathepsin B antiserum. Immunolocalization of cathepsin B was studied on cell monolayers. RESULTS Latent cysteine proteinase activity was found to be secreted spontaneously by cultured synovial fibroblast-like cells. This activity was increased after treatment with either TNF alpha or IL-1. Stimulated protease activity was eluted by HPLC at a peak coincident with that of purified cathepsin B. By immunoblot, cell supernatants contained a 43-kd form of cathepsin B, while cell lysates contained a 30-kd form, consistent, respectively, with cathepsin B before and after cleavage of its propeptide. An intracellular increase in cathepsin B after treatment with TNF alpha was also seen with immunohistochemical studies. CONCLUSION TNF alpha (in the 6 cases studied) and IL-1 (in 4 cases) stimulated the secretion of a latent cysteine proteinase activity from synovial fibroblast-like cells, which appears to represent primarily cathepsin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Huet
- Department of Biochemistry, CHRU, Lille, France
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