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Jung HG, Phillips RL. Putative Seedling Ferulate Ester ( sfe) Maize Mutant: Morphology, Biomass Yield, and Stover Cell Wall Composition and Rumen Degradability. CROP SCIENCE 2010; 50:403-418. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2009.04.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. G. Jung
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Res. Unit and U.S. Dairy Forage Res. Center Cluster and Univ. of Minnesota; Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics; 411 Borlaug Hall 1991 Upper Buford Cir. St. Paul MN 55108
- Univ. of Minnesota; Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics; 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Cir. St. Paul MN 55108
| | - R. L. Phillips
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Res. Unit and U.S. Dairy Forage Res. Center Cluster and Univ. of Minnesota; Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics; 411 Borlaug Hall 1991 Upper Buford Cir. St. Paul MN 55108
- Univ. of Minnesota; Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics; 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Cir. St. Paul MN 55108
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de O Buanafina MM. Feruloylation in grasses: current and future perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:861-72. [PMID: 19825663 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the cell walls of forage grasses, ferulic acid is esterified to arabinoxylans and participates with lignin monomers in oxidative coupling pathways to generate ferulate-polysaccharide-lignin complexes that cross-link the cell wall. The accumulation of ferulates and the cross-linking of arabinoxylans via diferulate esters are hypothesized to function in various processes in plants. The specific roles of arabinoxylan feruloylation as well as the nature, cellular localization, and substrate for arabinoxylans feruloylation of cell walls are reviewed. The various approaches that have been used for assessing the specific roles of feruloylation are described and assessed. I argue that, until recently, the specific role of feruloylation in these various processes has been established largely by indirect experiments and, although these studies reached similar conclusions about the potential importance of wall feruloylation, they suffer from a common problem: namely they depend on correlations between two processes and do not stem from a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of feruloylation. I also argue that the nature of arabinoxylan feruloylation remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia M de O Buanafina
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Mir Derikvand M, Sierra JB, Ruel K, Pollet B, Do CT, Thévenin J, Buffard D, Jouanin L, Lapierre C. Redirection of the phenylpropanoid pathway to feruloyl malate in Arabidopsis mutants deficient for cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1. PLANTA 2008; 227:943-56. [PMID: 18046574 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1 (CCR1, gene At1g15950) is the main CCR isoform implied in the constitutive lignification of Arabidopsis thaliana. In this work, we have identified and characterized two new knockout mutants for CCR1. Both have a dwarf phenotype and a delayed senescence. At complete maturity, their inflorescence stems display a 25-35% decreased lignin level, some alterations in lignin structure with a higher frequency of resistant interunit bonds and a higher content in cell wall-bound ferulic esters. Ferulic acid-coniferyl alcohol ether dimers were found for the first time in dicot cell walls and in similar levels in wild-type and mutant plants. The expression of CCR2, a CCR gene usually involved in plant defense, was increased in the mutants and could account for the biosynthesis of lignins in the CCR1-knockout plants. Mutant plantlets have three to four-times less sinapoyl malate (SM) than controls and accumulate some feruloyl malate. The same compositional changes occurred in the rosette leaves of greenhouse-grown plants. By contrast and relative to the control, their stems accumulated unusually high levels of both SM and feruloyl malate as well as more kaempferol glycosides. These findings suggest that, in their hypolignified stems, the mutant plants would avoid the feruloyl-CoA accumulation by its redirection to cell wall-bound ferulate esters, to feruloyl malate and to SM. The formation of feruloyl malate to an extent far exceeding the levels reported so far indicates that ferulic acid is a potential substrate for the enzymes involved in SM biosynthesis and emphasizes the remarkable plasticity of Arabidopsis phenylpropanoid metabolism.
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Encina A, Fry SC. Oxidative coupling of a feruloyl-arabinoxylan trisaccharide (FAXX) in the walls of living maize cells requires endogenous hydrogen peroxide and is controlled by a low-Mr apoplastic inhibitor. PLANTA 2005; 223:77-89. [PMID: 16049678 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Feruloyl-polysaccharides can be oxidatively coupled in isolated cell walls by peroxidase plus exogenous H(2)O(2) in vitro, but the extent to which similar reactions may occur in the apoplast in vivo was unclear. Numerous cellular factors potentially control feruloyl coupling in vivo, and their net controlling influence is not readily studied in vitro. Therefore, we have monitored apoplastic feruloyl coupling in cultured maize cells in vivo using a radiolabelled model substrate, 5-O-feruloyl-alpha-L: -arabinofuranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D: -xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-D: -xylose (FAXX). FAXX was expected to permeate the wall and to undergo reactions analogous to those normally exhibited by apoplastic feruloyl-polysaccharides in vivo. Little difference was found between the fates of [feruloyl-(14)C]FAXX and [pentosyl-(3)H]FAXX, indicating negligible apoplastic hydrolase or transferase activities. Very little radioactivity entered the protoplasm. Maize cells that had recently been washed in fresh medium were able to bind most of the FAXX (90%) in their cell walls, regardless of the age of the culture. During wall-binding, the [(14)C]feruloyl groups were converted to [(14)C]dehydrodiferulates and larger coupling products, as revealed by TLC after alkaline hydrolysis. As expected for an oxidative reaction, wall-binding was delayed by added anti-oxidants (ascorbate, ferulate, sinapate, chlorogenate or rutin). It was also completely inhibited by iodide, an H(2)O(2)-scavenger, indicating a role for peroxidase rather than oxidase. The observations indicate that oxidative coupling of feruloyl groups occurred within the cell wall, dependent on endogenous apoplastic H(2)O(2) and wall-localised peroxidase, in vivo. Cells that had not recently been washed in fresh medium were much less able to bind FAXX, indicating the presence in the apoplast of an endogenous inhibitor of oxidative coupling. This inhibitor was of low M(r), was destroyed by heating, and remained in the aqueous phase (pH approximately 3.5) when shaken with ethyl acetate. Its effectiveness was not altered by ascorbate oxidase. It is thus a small, heat-labile, hydrophilic inhibitor (not ascorbate) which we suggest plays a natural role in the control of wall cross-linking, and thus potentially in the control of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Encina
- Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Scotland, UK
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Fry SC. Primary cell wall metabolism: tracking the careers of wall polymers in living plant cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 161:641-675. [PMID: 33873719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous examples have been presented of enzyme activities, assayed in vitro, that appear relevant to the synthesis of structural polysaccharides, and to their assembly and subsequent degradation in the primary cell walls (PCWs) of higher plants. The accumulation of the corresponding mRNAs, and of the (immunologically recognized) proteins, has often also (or instead) been reported. However, the presence of these mRNAs, antigens and enzymic activities has rarely been shown to correspond to enzyme action in the living plant cell. In some cases, apparent enzymic action is observed in vivo for which no enzyme activity can be detected in in-vitro assays; the converse also occurs. Methods are reviewed by which reactions involving structural wall polysaccharides can be tracked in vivo. Special attention is given to xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET), one of the two enzymic activities exhibited in vitro by xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) proteins, because of its probable importance in the construction and restructuring of the PCW's major hemicellulose. Attention is also given to the possibility that some reactions observed in the PCW in vivo are not directly enzymic, possibly involving the action of hydroxyl radicals. It is concluded that some proposed wall enzymes, for example XTHs, do act in vivo, but that for other enzymes this is not proven. Contents I. Primary cell walls: composition, deposition and roles 642 II. Reactions that have been proposed to occur in primary cell walls 645 III. Tracking the careers of wall components in vivo: evidence for action of enzymes in the walls of living plant cells 656 IV. Evidence for the occurrence of nonenzymic polymer scission in vivo? 666 VI. Conclusion 667 References 667.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
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Yang Q, Trinh HX, Imai S, Ishihara A, Zhang L, Nakayashiki H, Tosa Y, Mayama S. Analysis of the involvement of hydroxyanthranilate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase in phytoalexin biosynthesis in oat. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2004; 17:81-89. [PMID: 14714871 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two oat genes encoding hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:hydroxyanthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HHT) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine:trans-caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), both of which are possibly involved in the biosynthesis of oat avenanthramide phytoalexins, were cloned and their expression profiles in response to biological stress were studied. Four distinct cDNAs of oat HHT (AsHHT1-4) were isolated with the degenerative polymerase chain reaction method. The enzymatic activity of AsHHT1 expressed in E. coli was found using hydroxyanthranilate and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoAs as cosubstrates. Cloned oat CCoAOMT (AsCCoAOMT) encoded a polypeptide of 130 amino acid residues with 77.7 to 80.8% identities to the CCoAOMT sequences from other plant species. The accumulation of AsHHT1 and AsCCoAOMT transcripts increased concomitantly with phytoalexin accumulation by the treatment of victorin, a specific elicitor in oat lines carrying the Pc-2/Vb gene. Pharmacological approaches indicated the involvement of Ca2+, NO, and protein kinases in the signaling pathways of AsHHT1 and AsCCoAOMT mRNA induction. When oat leaves were inoculated with Puccinia coronata, the mRNA expression of AsHHT1 and AsCCOAOMT increased in both incompatible and compatible interactions but more rapidly in incompatible interaction. Interestingly, however, significant phytoalexin accumulation was observed only in incompatible interaction during the experimental period, suggesting that phytoalexin accumulation may be inhibited in one or more posttranscriptional processes in the compatible interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Obel N, Scheller HV. Enzymatic synthesis and purification of caffeoyl-CoA, p-coumaroyl-CoA, and feruloyl-CoA. Anal Biochem 2000; 286:38-44. [PMID: 11038271 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme preparation from wheat seedlings containing p-coumaroyl:CoA ligase activity was used to synthesize caffeoyl-CoA, p-coumaroyl-CoA, and feruloyl-CoA. The same enzyme preparation also contains caffeic acid-3-O-methyl transferase and caffeoyl-CoA-3-O-methyl transferase activities. The maximum activity was found in enzyme preparation from 2-day-old seedlings, where 15-20% of the hydroxy cinnamic acid could be converted into the corresponding thioester. This yield is a result of an equilibrium between the ligase and a thioesterase also present in the crude enzyme preparation. The activity of caffeic acid 3-O-methyl transferase and caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyl transferase enables the production of (14)C-labeled feruloyl-CoA when using S-adenosyl-l-[methyl-(14)C]-methionine as methyl donor. The produced thioesters can be purified by reverse phase HPLC using a phosphoric acid-acetonitrile gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Obel
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, Frederiksberg C., Dk-1871, Denmark
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Laurent F, Scalla R. Phenoxyacetic acid residue incorporation in cell walls of soybean (Glycine max.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:4389-98. [PMID: 10995368 DOI: 10.1021/jf990903f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of [(14)C] phenoxyacetic acid (POA) and the formation of bound residues were studied in soybean leaves and stems. POA was metabolized to 4-HO-POA and to 4-HO-POA glucoside, and a significant fraction of the radioactivity was incorporated in the cell walls (CW). An extraction procedure of CW polymers was developed to specifically isolate the radioactivity associated with each of them. In leaves, the radioactivity showed a preferential distribution into the hemicelluloses and lignins, while pectins and lignins were the most radioactive CW polymers in stems. The identified bound metabolites were 4-HO-POA, POA, and phenolic residues. The latter and POA were essentially incorporated into the lignin fractions and were linked to the benzylic carbons of lignin monomers. 4-HO-POA, the major bound residue, was more evenly distributed in CW polymers. It was esterified to noncellulosic polysaccharides and lignins, but in the latter, contrary to other POA residues, it was mainly linked at the gamma-carbon of propanoid side-chains of lignin monomers. That type of linkage suggested an enzymatic incorporation of 4-HO-POA in CW, contrary to others residues which have an opportunistic lignin incorporation. That incorporation of 4-HO-POA in CW polymers looks like that of endogenous hydroxycinnamic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Laurent
- INRA, Laboratoire des Xénobiotiques, BP3 - 180, chemin de Tournefeuille, 31931 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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Henriksen A, Smith AT, Gajhede M. The structures of the horseradish peroxidase C-ferulic acid complex and the ternary complex with cyanide suggest how peroxidases oxidize small phenolic substrates. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:35005-11. [PMID: 10574977 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.49.35005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have solved the x-ray structures of the binary horseradish peroxidase C-ferulic acid complex and the ternary horseradish peroxidase C-cyanide-ferulic acid complex to 2.0 and 1.45 A, respectively. Ferulic acid is a naturally occurring phenolic compound found in the plant cell wall and is an in vivo substrate for plant peroxidases. The x-ray structures demonstrate the flexibility and dynamic character of the aromatic donor binding site in horseradish peroxidase and emphasize the role of the distal arginine (Arg(38)) in both substrate oxidation and ligand binding. Arg(38) hydrogen bonds to bound cyanide, thereby contributing to the stabilization of the horseradish peroxidase-cyanide complex and suggesting that the distal arginine will be able to contribute with a similar interaction during stabilization of a bound peroxy transition state and subsequent O-O bond cleavage. The catalytic arginine is additionally engaged in an extensive hydrogen bonding network, which also includes the catalytic distal histidine, a water molecule and Pro(139), a proline residue conserved within the plant peroxidase superfamily. Based on the observed hydrogen bonding network and previous spectroscopic and kinetic work, a general mechanism of peroxidase substrate oxidation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Henriksen
- Protein Structure Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Kobenhavn O, Denmark.
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Whetten RW, MacKay JJ, Sederoff RR. RECENT ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 49:585-609. [PMID: 15012247 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
After a long period of little change, the basic concepts of lignin biosynthesis have been challenged by new results from genetic modification of lignin content and composition. New techniques for making directed genetic changes in plants, as well as improvements in the analytical techniques used to determine lignin content and composition in plant cell walls, have been used in experimental tests of the accepted lignin biosynthetic pathway. The lignins obtained from genetically modified plants have shown unexpected properties, and these findings have extended the known range of variation in lignin content and composition. These results argue that the accepted lignin biosynthetic pathway is either incomplete or incorrect, or both; and also suggest that plants may have a high level of metabolic plasticity in the formation of lignins. If this is so, the properties of novel lignins could be of significant scientific and practical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross W. Whetten
- 1Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8008;, 2Institute of Paper Science and Technology, 500 10th Street N.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30318
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Wallace G, Fry SC. Phenolic components of the plant cell wall. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1994; 151:229-67. [PMID: 8014023 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Wallace
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Kauss H, Krause K, Jeblick W. Methyl jasmonate conditions parsley suspension cells for increased elicitation of phenylpropanoid defense responses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 189:304-8. [PMID: 1449484 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pre-incubation of suspension-cultured parsley cells with methyl jasmonate greatly enhances their ability to respond to fungal elicitors by secretion of coumarin derivatives. The effect is most pronounced at relatively low elicitor concentration and also observed for the incorporation of esterified hydroxycinnamic acids and of "lignin-like" polymers into the cell wall. These three responses correspond to defense reactions induced locally when a fungal pathogen attacks plant cells. In contrast, the conditioning of parsley cells by the signal substance methyl jasmonate is reminiscent of the developmental nature of systemic acquired resistance and renders the cells more effective for the elicitor-induced local defense reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kauss
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Abstract
Ferulic acid is a ubiquitous plant constituent that arises from the metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine. It occurs primarily in seeds and leaves both in its free form and covalently linked to lignin and other biopolymers. Due to its phenolic nucleus and an extended side chain conjugation, it readily forms a resonance stabilized phenoxy radical which accounts for its potent antioxidant potential. UV absorption by ferulic acid catalyzes stable phenoxy radical formation and thereby potentiates its ability to terminate free radical chain reactions. By virtue of effectively scavenging deleterious radicals and suppressing radiation-induced oxidative reactions, ferulic acid may serve an important antioxidant function in preserving physiological integrity of cells exposed to both air and impinging UV radiation. Similar photoprotection is afforded to skin by ferulic acid dissolved in cosmetic lotions. Its addition to foods inhibits lipid peroxidation and subsequent oxidative spoilage. By the same mechanism ferulic acid may protect against various inflammatory diseases. A number of other industrial applications are based on the antioxidant potential of ferulic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Graf
- Technology Center, Tastemaker, Cincinnati, OH 45216
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