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Li N, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Tang N, Guo Y, Lu L, Li X, Zhu Z, Gao X, Liang J. Higher toxicity induced by co-exposure of polystyrene microplastics and chloramphenicol to Microcystis aeruginosa: Experimental study and molecular dynamics simulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161375. [PMID: 36621494 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics and microplastics (MPs) inevitably coexist in natural waters, but their combined effect on aquatic organisms is still ambiguous. This study investigated the individual and combined toxicity of chloramphenicol (CAP) and micro-polystyrene (mPS) particles to Microcystis aeruginosa by physiological biomarkers, related gene expression, and molecular dynamics simulation. The results indicated that both individual and joint treatments threatened algal growth, while combined toxicity was higher than the former. Photosynthetic pigments and gene expression were inhibited by single CAP and mPS exposure, but CAP dominated and aggravated photosynthetic toxicity in combined exposure. Additionally, mPS damaged cell membranes and induced oxidative stress, which might further facilitate the entry of CAP into cells during co-exposure. The synergistic effect of CAP and mPS might be explained by the common photosynthetic toxicity target of CAP and mPS as well as oxidative stress. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics simulation revealed that CAP altered conformations of photosynthetic assembly protein YCF48 and SOD enzyme, and competed for functional sites of SOD, thus disturbing photosynthesis and antioxidant systems. These findings provide useful insights into the combined toxicity mechanism of antibiotics and MPs as well as highlight the importance of co-pollutant toxicity in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zhuotong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Ning Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yihui Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Lan Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Ziqian Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jie Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
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Tilney CL, Hubbard KA. Expression of nuclear-encoded, haptophyte-derived ftsH genes support extremely rapid PSII repair and high-light photoacclimation in Karenia brevis (Dinophyceae). HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102295. [PMID: 36195421 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Karenia brevis, a neurotoxic dinoflagellate that produces brevetoxins, is endemic to the Gulf of Mexico and can grow at high irradiances typical of surface waters found there. To build upon a growing number of studies addressing high-light tolerance in K. brevis, specific photobiology and molecular mechanisms underlying this capacity were evaluated in culture. Since photosystem II (PSII) repair cycle activity can be crucial to high light tolerance in plants and algae, the present study assessed this capacity in K. brevis and characterized the ftsH-like genes which are fundamental to this process. Compared with cultures grown in low-light, cultures grown in high-light showed a 65-fold increase in PSII photoinactivation, a ∼50-fold increase in PSII repair, enhanced nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), and depressed Fv/Fm. Repair rates were among the fastest reported in phytoplankton. Publicly available K. brevis transcriptomes (MMETSP) were queried for ftsH-like sequences and refined with additional sequencing from two K. brevis strains. The genes were phylogenetically related to haptophyte orthologs, implicating acquisition during tertiary endosymbiosis. RT-qPCR of three of the four ftsH-like homologs revealed that poly-A tails predominated in all homologs, and that the most highly expressed homolog had a 5' splice leader and amino-acid motifs characteristic of chloroplast targeting, indicating nuclear encoding for this plastid-targeted gene. High-light cultures showed a ∼1.5-fold upregulation in mRNA expression of the thylakoid-associated genes. Overall, in conjunction with NPQ mechanisms, rapid PSII repair mediated by a haptophyte-derived ftsH prevents chronic photoinhibition in K. brevis. Our findings continue to build the case that high-light photobiology-supported by the acquisition and maintenance of tertiary endosymbiotic genes-is critical to the success of K. brevis in the Gulf of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Tilney
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA; Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, G5M 1L7, Canada.
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
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Bashir F, Rehman AU, Szabó M, Vass I. Singlet oxygen damages the function of Photosystem II in isolated thylakoids and in the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 149:93-105. [PMID: 34009505 PMCID: PMC8382655 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is an important damaging agent, which is produced during illumination by the interaction of the triplet excited state pigment molecules with molecular oxygen. In cells of photosynthetic organisms 1O2 is formed primarily in chlorophyll containing complexes, and damages pigments, lipids, proteins and other cellular constituents in their environment. A useful approach to study the physiological role of 1O2 is the utilization of external photosensitizers. In the present study, we employed a multiwell plate-based screening method in combination with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging to characterize the effect of externally produced 1O2 on the photosynthetic activity of isolated thylakoid membranes and intact Chlorella sorokiniana cells. The results show that the external 1O2 produced by the photosensitization reactions of Rose Bengal damages Photosystem II both in isolated thylakoid membranes and in intact cells in a concentration dependent manner indicating that 1O2 plays a significant role in photodamage of Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Bashir
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ateeq Ur Rehman
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Milán Szabó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Imre Vass
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary.
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Zavafer A, Mancilla C. Concepts of photochemical damage of Photosystem II and the role of excessive excitation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kodru S, Ur Rehman A, Vass I. Chloramphenicol enhances Photosystem II photodamage in intact cells of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 145:227-235. [PMID: 32979144 PMCID: PMC7541379 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chloramphenicol, an often used protein synthesis inhibitor, in photosynthetic systems was studied on the rate of Photosystem II (PSII) photodamage in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Light-induced loss of PSII activity was compared in the presence of chloramphenicol and another protein synthesis inhibitor, lincomycin, by measuring the rate of oxygen evolution in Synechocystis 6803 cells. Our data show that the rate of PSII photodamage was significantly enhanced by chloramphenicol, at the usually applied 200 μg mL-1 concentration, relative to that obtained in the presence of lincomycin. Chloramphenicol-induced enhancement of photodamage has been observed earlier in isolated PSII membrane particles, and has been assigned to the damaging effect of chloramphenicol-mediated superoxide production (Rehman et al. 2016, Front Plant Sci 7:479). This effect points to the involvement of superoxide as damaging agent in the presence of chloramphenicol also in Synechocystis cells. The chloramphenicol-induced enhancement of photodamage was observed not only in wild-type Synechocystis 6803, which contains both Photosystem I (PSI) and PSII, but also in a PSI-less mutant which contains only PSII. Importantly, the rate of PSII photodamage was also enhanced by the absence of PSI when compared to that in the wild-type strain under all conditions studied here, i.e., without addition and in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. We conclude that chloramphenicol enhances photodamage mostly by its interaction with PSII, leading probably to superoxide production. The presence of PSI is also an important regulatory factor of PSII photodamage most likely via decreasing excitation pressure on PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeesha Kodru
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvari krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ateeq Ur Rehman
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvari krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvari krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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Yamada S, Ozaki H, Noguchi K. The Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Maintains the Photosynthetic Electron Flow in Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves under High-Light Stress. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:283-295. [PMID: 31603217 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant respiratory chain includes the ATP-coupling cytochrome pathway (CP) and ATP-uncoupling alternative oxidase (AOX). Under high-light (HL) conditions, plants experience photoinhibition, leading to a damaged photosystem II (PSII). The respiratory chain is considered to affect PSII maintenance and photosynthetic electron transport under HL conditions. However, the underlying details remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the respiratory chain functions related to PSII maintenance and photosynthetic electron transport in plants exposed to HL stress. We measured the HL-induced decrease in the maximum quantum yield of PSII in the leaves of wild-type and AOX1a-knockout (aox1a) Arabidopsis thaliana plants in which CP was partially inhibited by a complex-III inhibitor. We also calculated PSII photodamage and repair rate constants. Both rate constants changed when CP was partially inhibited in aox1a plants, suggesting that the respiratory chain is related to both processes. Before HL stress, photosynthetic linear electron flow (LEF) decreased when CP was partially inhibited. After HL stress, aox1a in the presence of the CP inhibitor showed significantly decreased rates of LEF. The electron flow downstream from PSII and on the donor side of photosystem I may have been suppressed. The function of respiratory chain is required to maintain the optimal LEF as well as PSII maintenance especially under the HL stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoya Yamada
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392 Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392 Japan
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7
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Wang G, Zhang Q, Li J, Chen X, Lang Q, Kuang S. Combined effects of erythromycin and enrofloxacin on antioxidant enzymes and photosynthesis-related gene transcription in Chlorella vulgaris. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 212:138-145. [PMID: 31125791 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple antibiotics are simultaneously detected in aquatic environment, so it is extremely important to study the combined effects of their mixtures. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of erythromycin (ERY) and enrofloxacin (ENR), added individually or in combination, on Chlorella vulgaris and explored the toxic mechanisms. Results showed that the 96 h-EC50 values of ERY, ENR and ERY-ENR mixture to C. vulgaris were 85.7, 124.5 and 39.9 μg L-1 respectively, and combined toxicity assessment found that joint effect of the two antibiotics was synergism, which was proven by the chlorophyll content in algae. Antioxidant defense system and photosynthesis were involved in toxic mechanisms and the results revealed that both the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) contents increased in antibiotic treatments. In addition, the increase was more significant in joint exposure treatment, which implied that the antioxidant defense system was synergistically affected. RT-PCR showed that ERY and ENR upregulated the transcript abundance of psaB, psbC and chlB at low concentrations and the transcription abundance was synergistically increased in combined treatment. Therefore, the risk of the toxicity of antibiotics to aquatic organisms in real environment both at organismal and molecular level increases as a result of their combined presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China; College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong 256600, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong 256600, China
| | - Jialiang Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong 256600, China
| | - Xiangyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Qiaolin Lang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Shaoping Kuang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China.
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8
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Machado MD, Soares EV. Impact of erythromycin on a non-target organism: Cellular effects on the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 208:179-186. [PMID: 30682620 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing and indiscriminate use of antibiotics is the origin of their introduction in aquatic systems through domestic and livestock effluents. The occurrence of erythromycin (ERY), a macrolide antibiotic, in water bodies raises serious concerns about its potential toxic effect in aquatic biota (non-target organisms), particularly in microalgae, the first organisms in contact with aquatic contaminants. This study aimed to evaluate the possible toxic effects of ERY on relevant cell targets of the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Algal cells incubated with significant environmental ERY concentrations presented disturbance of the photosynthetic apparatus (increased algal autofluorescence and reduction of chlorophyll a content) and mitochondrial function (hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane). These perturbations can apparently be attributed to the similarity of the translational machinery of these organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria) with the prokaryotic cells. P. subcapitata cells treated with ERY showed a modification of metabolic activity (increased esterase activity) and redox state (alteration of intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and reduced glutathione content) and an increased biovolume. ERY induced an algistatic effect: reduction of growth rate without loss of cell viability (plasma membrane integrity). The present study shows that chronic exposure (72 h), at low (μg L-1) ERY concentrations (within the range of concentrations detected in surface and ground waters), induce disturbances in the physiological state of the alga P. subcapitata. Additionally, this work alerts to the possible negative impact of the uncontrolled use of ERY on the aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D Machado
- Bioengineering Laboratory-CIETI, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo V Soares
- Bioengineering Laboratory-CIETI, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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9
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Rehman AU, Kodru S, Vass I. Chloramphenicol Mediates Superoxide Production in Photosystem II and Enhances Its Photodamage in Isolated Membrane Particles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:479. [PMID: 27092170 PMCID: PMC4824793 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol (CAP) is an inhibitor of protein synthesis, which is frequently used to decouple photodamage and protein synthesis dependent repair of Photosystem II during the process of photoinhibition. It has been reported earlier that CAP is able to mediate superoxide production by transferring electrons from the acceptor side of Photosystem I to oxygen. Here we investigated the interaction of CAP with Photosystem II electron transport processes by oxygen uptake and variable chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Our data show that CAP can accept electrons at the acceptor side of Photosystem II, most likely from Pheophytin, and deliver them to molecular oxygen leading to superoxide production. In addition, the presence of CAP enhances photodamage of Photosystem II electron transport in isolated membrane particles, which effect is reversible by superoxide dismutase. It is concluded that CAP acts as electron acceptor in Photosystem II and mediates its superoxide dependent photodamage. This effect has potential implications for the application of CAP in photoinhibitory studies in intact systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesSzeged, Hungary
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10
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Brestic M, Zivcak M, Olsovska K, Shao HB, Kalaji HM, Allakhverdiev SI. Reduced glutamine synthetase activity plays a role in control of photosynthetic responses to high light in barley leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 81:74-83. [PMID: 24491798 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplastic glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2) activity was previously shown to be the limiting step of photorespiratory pathway. In our experiment, we examined the photosynthetic high-light responses of the GS2-mutant of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with reduced GS activity, in comparison to wild type (WT). The biophysical methods based on slow and fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction, P700 absorbance, and gas exchange measurements were employed. Despite the GS2 plants had high basal fluorescence (F0) and low maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), the CO2 assimilation rate, the PSII and PSI actual quantum yields were normal. On the other hand, in high light conditions the GS2 had much higher non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), caused both by enhanced capacity of energy-dependent quenching and disconnection of PSII antennae from reaction centers (RC). GS2 leaves also maintained the PSII redox poise (QA(-)/QA total) at very low level; probably this was reason why the observed photoinhibitory damage was not significantly above WT. The analysis of fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction uncovered in GS2 leaves substantially lower RC to antenna ratio (RC/ABS), low PSII/PSI ratio (confirmed by P700 records) as well as low PSII excitonic connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Marek Zivcak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Katarina Olsovska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Hong-Bo Shao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes & Ecological Remediation and Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), PR China; Institute of Life Sciences, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Hazem M Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw Agricultural University SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia; Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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Nonnengießer K, Schuster A, Koenig F. Carotenoids and Reaction Center II-D1 Protein in Light Regulation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus inAphanocapsa*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1996.tb00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Stamenković M, Hanelt D. Protection strategies of Cosmarium strains (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) isolated from various geographic regions against excessive photosynthetically active radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:900-10. [PMID: 23581815 DOI: 10.1111/php.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Numerous in vitro investigations have suggested that macroalgae exhibit regular geographic and depth distribution patterns in accordance with the light and temperature predominance at their habitats; however, there have been only a few similar studies concerning microalgae. We examined the potential influence of irradiance on patterns of distribution of four Cosmarium strains isolated from various climatic zones and cultured long term (>15 years) under a constant temperature-light regime. All the Cosmarium strains demonstrated physiological responses that were consistent with the light intensity prevailing at their source location, confirming that these responses are genetically preserved, as concluded from chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen evolution rates measurements. Addition of inhibitors of chloroplast-encoded protein synthesis (chloramphenicol and streptomycin) and violaxanthin de-epoxidase (dithiothreitol) indicated that the Cosmarium strains developed "sun- or shade-plant" protection strategies, in accordance with the climate at their sampling sites. The polar Cosmarium strains exhibited a "shade-plant strategy"-to suffer some photoinhibition, but acquire increasing protection from photoinhibited PSII centers, whereas the tropical strains displayed a "sun-plant strategy"-to counteract photoinhibition of PSII by a high rate of repair of photoinhibited PSII reaction centers and a high xanthophyll cycle turnover.
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Leston S, Nunes M, Viegas I, Ramos F, Pardal MÂ. The effects of chloramphenicol on Ulva lactuca. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:552-7. [PMID: 23395526 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The administration of pharmacological substances in the food producing industry is a crucial and long established practice in ensuring animal welfare. However, a very high percentage of the drugs used will directly or indirectly be present in the various compartments of natural ecosystems therefore constituting a source of pollution. The reactions that these active compounds may impose on non-target organisms are still widely unknown and further research is essential. Also, new approaches on monitoring are necessary and in this sense, the present work aimed to assess the persistence of chloramphenicol (a banned but illegally used antibiotic) in seawater, together with its effects on the growth of the green macroalgae Ulva lactuca. Moreover, the potential use of this species as a bioindicator was assessed. Results showed CAP presented an exponential degradation pattern in seawater with concentrations decreasing faster than expected. As for the effects on U. lactuca it acted as a growth promoter also contradicting the initial assumptions. Regarding the role of this species in biomonitoring it successfully took up CAP in solution while reflecting the concentrations present conferring it good characteristics as a bioindicator. On the other hand, this ability points to a possibility of CAP being accumulated and transferred along the trophic web through the consumption of U. lactuca by organisms in higher levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Leston
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Tyystjärvi E. Photoinhibition of Photosystem II. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 300:243-303. [PMID: 23273864 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405210-9.00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photoinhibition of Photosystem II (PSII) is the light-induced loss of PSII electron-transfer activity. Although photoinhibition has been studied for a long time, there is no consensus about its mechanism. On one hand, production of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) by PSII has promoted models in which this reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered to act as the agent of photoinhibitory damage. These chemistry-based models have often not taken into account the photophysical features of photoinhibition-like light response and action spectrum. On the other hand, models that reproduce these basic photophysical features of the reaction have not considered the importance of data about ROS. In this chapter, it is shown that the evidence behind the chemistry-based models and the photophysically oriented models can be brought together to build a mechanism that confirms with all types of experimental data. A working hypothesis is proposed, starting with inhibition of the manganese complex by light. Inability of the manganese complex to reduce the primary donor promotes recombination between the oxidized primary donor and Q(A), the first stable quinone acceptor of PSII. (1)O(2) production due to this recombination may inhibit protein synthesis or spread the photoinhibitory damage to another PSII center. The production of (1)O(2) is transient because loss of activity of the oxygen-evolving complex induces an increase in the redox potential of Q(A), which lowers (1)O(2) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa Tyystjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Nie XP, Liu BY, Yu HJ, Liu WQ, Yang YF. Toxic effects of erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole exposure to the antioxidant system in Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 172:23-32. [PMID: 22982550 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We tested antioxidant responses of the green microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata exposed to different concentrations of the three antibiotics erythromycin (ETM), ciprofloxacin (CPF) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ). Measurements included the level of lipid peroxidation, the total antioxidative capacity and three major antioxidant mechanisms: the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, the xanthophyll cycle and the enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Three antibiotics significantly affect the antioxidant system of P. subcapitata, but in different ways the alga was more tolerant to CPF and SMZ exposures than to ETM exposure. ETM caused reductions in AsA and GSH biosynthesis, ascorbate-glutathione cycle, xanthophylls cycle and antioxidant enzyme activities. The toxicity of CPF seems to be mainly overcome via induction of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and CAT, SOD and GPX activities, while the toxicity of SMZ on the photosynthetic apparatus is predominantly reduced by the xanthophyll cycle and GST activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ping Nie
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Light-dependent cold-induced fatty acid unsaturation, changes in membrane fluidity, and alterations in gene expression in Synechocystis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1352-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mironov KS, Maksimov EG, Maksimov GV, Los DA. Feedback between fluidity of membranes and transcription of the desB gene for the ω3-desaturase in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis. Mol Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689331201013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Parameterization of photosystem II photoinactivation and repair. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:258-65. [PMID: 21565161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The photoinactivation (also termed photoinhibition or photodamage) of Photosystem II (PSII) and the counteracting repair reactions are fundamental elements of the metabolism and ecophysiology of oxygenic photoautotrophs. Differences in the quantification, parameterization and terminology of Photosystem II photoinactivation and repair can erect barriers to understanding, and particular parameterizations are sometimes incorrectly associated with particular mechanistic models. These issues lead to problems for ecophysiologists seeking robust methods to include photoinhibition in ecological models. We present a comparative analysis of terms and parameterizations applied to photoinactivation and repair of Photosystem II. In particular, we show that the target size and quantum yield approaches are interconvertible generalizations of the rate constant of photoinactivation across a range of incident light levels. Our particular emphasis is on phytoplankton, although we draw upon the literature from vascular plants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Halac S, García-Mendoza E, Banaszak AT. Ultraviolet Radiation Reduces the Photoprotective Capacity of the Marine DiatomPhaeodactylum tricornutum(Bacillariophyceae, Heterokontophyta). Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:807-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Energy Dissipation and Photoinhibition: A Continuum of Photoprotection. PHOTOPROTECTION, PHOTOINHIBITION, GENE REGULATION, AND ENVIRONMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3579-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dzyubinskaya EV, Kiselevsky DB, Bakeeva LE, Samuilov VD. Programmed cell death in plants: effect of protein synthesis inhibitors and structural changes in pea guard cells. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2006; 71:395-405. [PMID: 16615859 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pea leaf epidermis incubated with cyanide displayed ultrastructural changes in guard cells that are typical of apoptosis. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, and lincomycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis in chloroplasts and mitochondria, produced different effects on the dynamics of programmed death of guard cells. According to light microscopy data, cycloheximide reinforced and lincomycin suppressed the CN(-)-induced destruction of cell nuclei. Lincomycin lowered the effect of cycloheximide in the light and prevented it in the dark. According to electron microscopy data, the most pronounced effects of cycloheximide in the presence of cyanide were autophagy and a lack of apoptotic condensation of nuclear chromatin, the prevention of chloroplast envelope rupturing and its invagination inside the stroma, and the appearance of particular compartments with granular inclusions in mitochondria. Lincomycin inhibited the CN(-)-induced ultrastructural changes in guard cell nuclei. The data show that programmed death of guard cells may have a combined scenario involving both apoptosis and autophagy and may depend on the action of both cytoplasm synthesized and chloroplast and mitochondrion synthesized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Dzyubinskaya
- Department of Physiology of Microorganisms, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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Gáspár L, Sárvári E, Morales F, Szigeti Z. Presence of 'PSI free' LHCI and monomeric LHCII and subsequent effects on fluorescence characteristics in lincomycin treated maize. PLANTA 2006; 223:1047-57. [PMID: 16292567 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The cause of the strong non-photochemical fluorescence quenching was examined in maize (Zea mays L.) plants that were treated with lincomycin during the 72 h period of greening. They were deficient in core complexes but seemed to contain the full complement of antennae. The following results were obtained: (1) High F(o) could not be attributed to the dark reduction of Q(A) but to the presence of a high amount of not properly organized antenna complexes due to the inhibited synthesis of reaction centres. (2) On illumination fluorescence intensity dropped considerably below F(o) within 20 s, and reached a steady state still below F(o). (3) Slowly relaxing part of non-photochemical quenching was significantly higher than in control plants. (4) De-epoxidation state was constant, and corresponded to the maximal value of the control. (5) Free Lhca1/4 dimers could be detected in all submembrane fractions, including the grana, obtained by digitonin fractionation. (6) Increase in the 679 and 700 nm fluorescence emissions could be attributed to the monomerisation of part of LHCII and to the presence of free Lhca2 or LHCII aggregates, respectively. (7) LHCII or PSII+LHCII and Lhca1/4 interaction may contribute to the increase of long-wavelength fluorescence in the granal fraction. We assume that the elevated fluorescence quenching of monomeric LHCII as well as the interaction between LHCII or PSII+LHCII and Lhca1/4 can be considered as an explanation for the extensive non-photochemical fluorescence quenching in lincomycin treated plants. The permanent presence of zeaxanthin may have contributed to the fast formation of quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Gáspár
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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Satoh A, Kurano N, Harayama S, Miyachi S. Effects of Chloramphenicol on Photosynthesis, Protein Profiles and Transketolase Activity under Extremely High CO2 Concentration in an Extremely-high-CO2-tolerant Green Microalga, Chlorococcum littorale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 45:1857-62. [PMID: 15653804 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
An extremely-high-CO2-tolerant alga, Chlorococcum littorale, showed high quantum efficiency of PSII (PhiII) in the light at 40% CO2, as well as at 5% CO2. However, PhiII decreased greatly when chloramphenicol (CAP) was added at 40% CO2, while no such decrease was observed at 5% CO2. Cycloheximide showed no effect on PhiII at either 5% or 40% CO2. The amount of a 76 kDa polypeptide (p76) on SDS-PAGE decreased markedly in the presence of CAP at 40% CO2 but not at 5% CO2. A partial amino acid sequence of p76 was 71-100% identical (10-14 identical residues out of 14 amino acids determined) to those of transketolases (TKLs) reported in higher plants and a cyanobacterium. In agreement with these observations, the TKL activity in C. littorale was decreased by CAP at 40% CO2, but not at 5% CO2. The transient decrease in TKL activity caused by CAP under 40% CO2 was well correlated with that in PhiII. These results indicate that the addition of CAP directly or indirectly influences the stability of TKL in C. littorale at 40% CO2, but not at 5% CO2, and that photosynthetic activity was reduced by a decrease in TKL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Satoh
- Marine Biotechnology Institute, 3-75-1Heita, Kamaishi, Iwate, 026-0001 Japan.
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Koblížek M, Komenda J, Masojídek J, Pechar L. CELL AGGREGATION OF THE CYANOBACTERIUM SYNECHOCOCCUS ELONGATUS: ROLE OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2000; 36:662-668. [PMID: 29542152 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell aggregation, the formation of irregular clusters of individual cells or filaments, is frequently observed in many cyanobacterial species. The mechanism(s) and potential causes of cell aggregation were studied in a thermophilic strain of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus Näg. We found that cell aggregation occured as the natural response of a healthy, well-growing culture to a sudden increase in irradiance. We propose that aggregation represents a fast (time scale in minutes), light-adapting mechanism, affected by both light quality and the presence of substances altering photosynthetic electron transfer. Our data suggest an involvement of electron transfer downstream of PSI, with reactive oxygen species triggering the signal. Aggregation was an ATP-independent process and did not require de novo protein synthesis. We suggest a specific role of glutathione in this process based on its ability to induce aggregation in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Koblížek
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, Opatovický Mlýn CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech RepublicSection of Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135 CZ-379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic Applied Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 13 CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Komenda
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, Opatovický Mlýn CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech RepublicSection of Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135 CZ-379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic Applied Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 13 CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Masojídek
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, Opatovický Mlýn CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech RepublicSection of Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135 CZ-379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic Applied Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 13 CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Pechar
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, Opatovický Mlýn CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech RepublicSection of Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135 CZ-379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic Applied Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 13 CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Olaizola M, La Roche J, Kolber Z, Falkowski PG. Non-photochemical fluorescence quenching and the diadinoxanthin cycle in a marine diatom. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1994; 41:357-70. [PMID: 24310118 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/1994] [Accepted: 05/02/1994] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The diadinoxanthin cycle (DD-cycle) in chromophyte algae involves the interconversion of two carotenoids, diadinoxanthin (DD) and diatoxanthin (DT). We investigated the kinetics of light-induced DD-cycling in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and its role in dissipating excess excitation energy in PS II. Within 15 min following an increase in irradiance, DT increased and was accompanied by a stoichiometric decrease in DD. This reaction was completely blocked by dithiothreitol (DTT). A second, time-dependent, increase in DT was detected ∼ 20 min after the light shift without a concomitant decrease in DD. DT accumulation from both processes was correlated with increases in non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Stern-Volmer analyses suggests that changes in non-photochemical quenching resulted from changes in thermal dissipation in the PS II antenna and in the reaction center. The increase in non-photochemical quenching was correlated with a small decrease in the effective absorption cross section of PS II. Model calculations suggest however that the changes in cross section are not sufficiently large to significantly reduce multiple excitation of the reaction center within the turnover time of steady-state photosynthetic electron transport at light saturation. In DTT poisoned cells, the change in non-photochemical quenching appears to result from energy dissipation in the reaction center and was associated with decreased photochemical efficiency. D1 protein degradation was slightly higher in samples poisoned with DTT than in control samples. These results suggest that while DD-cycling may dynamically alter the photosynthesis-irradiance response curve, it offers limited protection against photodamage of PS II reaction centers at irradiance levels sufficient to saturate steady-state photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Olaizola
- Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 11794, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Huner NP, Oquist G, Hurry VM, Krol M, Falk S, Griffith M. Photosynthesis, photoinhibition and low temperature acclimation in cold tolerant plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1993; 37:19-39. [PMID: 24317651 DOI: 10.1007/bf02185436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/1993] [Accepted: 04/20/1993] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cold acclimation requires adjustment to a combination of light and low temperature, conditions which are potentially photoinhibitory. The photosynthetic response of plants to low temperature is dependent upon time of exposure and the developmental history of the leaves. Exposure of fully expanded leaves of winter cereals to short-term, low temperature shiftsinhibits whereas low temperature growthstimulates electron transport capacity and carbon assimilation. However, the photosynthetic response to low temperature is clearly species and cultivar dependent. Winter annuals and algae which actively grow and develop at low temperature and moderate irradiance acquire a resistance to irradiance 5- to 6-fold higher than their growth irradiance. Resistance to short-term photoinhibition (hours) in winter cereals is a reflection of the increased capacity to keep QA oxidized under high light conditions and low temperature. This is due to an increased capacity for photosynthesis. These characteristics reflect photosynthetic acclimation to low growth temperature and can be used to predict the freezing tolerance of cereals. It is proposed that the enhanced photosynthetic capacity reflects an increased flux of fixed carbon through to sucrose in source tissue as a consequence of the combined effects of increased storage of carbohydrate as fructans in the vacuole of leaf mesophyll cells and an enhanced export to the crown due to its increased sink activity. Long-term exposure (months) of cereals to low temperature photoinhibition indicates that this reduction of photochemical efficiency of PS II represents a stable, long-term down regulation of PS II to match the energy requirements for CO2 fixation. Thus, photoinhibition in vivo should be viewed as the capacity of plants to adjust photosynthetically to the prevailing environmental conditions rather than a process which necessarily results in damage or injury to plants. Not all cold tolerant, herbaceous annuals use the same mechanism to acquire resistance to photoinhibition. In contrast to annuals and algae, overwintering evergreens become dormant during the cold hardening period and generally remain susceptible to photoinhibition. It is concluded that the photosynthetic response to low temperatures and susceptibility to photoinhibition are consequences of the overwintering strategy of the plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Huner
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western Ontario, N6A 5B7, London, Canada
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Franck F. On the formation of photosystem II chlorophyll—proteins after a short light flash in etiolated barley leaves, as monitored by in vivo fluorescence spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)80038-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schäfer C, Vogg G, Schmid V. Evidence for loss of D1 protein during photoinhibition of Chenopodium rubrum L. culture cells. PLANTA 1993; 189:433-439. [PMID: 24178502 DOI: 10.1007/bf00194442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of high-light stress on chlorophyllfluorescence parameters, D1-protein turnover and the actual level of this protein were analysed in nitrogen-deficient and nitrogen-replete cells of Chenopodium rubrum L. Changes in the number of atrazine-binding sites and in the D1-protein immunoblot signal indicated that a net loss of D1 protein occurred in high light and was partly reversible in low light. Nitrogen deficiency did not exacerbate these changes. The involvement of D1-protein turnover was shown in pulse-chase experiments with [(35)S]-methionine and by the application of a chloroplastic protein-synthesis inhibitor (chloramphenicol). The slowly reversible non-photochemical fluorescence quenching increased pronouncedly when D1 protein was lost at high irradiances, but its increase was only small when a net loss of D1 protein was produced at moderate irradiances by addition of chloramphenicol. The ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence, Fv/Fm, and the number of atrazine-binding sites were correlated but a proportionality between these parameters could not be observed. We conclude from these results that (i) degradation of D1 protein was not always coupled to its resynthesis, (ii) the actual level of D1 protein reflected the balance between degradation and resynthesis of D1 protein and (iii) changes in the level of D1 protein did not depend on a pronounced increase of the slowly reversible non-photochemical quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schäfer
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, W-8580, Bayreuth, FRG
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