1
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Amaya JA, Manley OM, Bian JC, Rutland CD, Leschinsky N, Ratigan SC, Makris TM. Enhancing ferryl accumulation in H 2O 2-dependent cytochrome P450s. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 252:112458. [PMID: 38141432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
A facile strategy is presented to enhance the accumulation of ferryl (iron(IV)-oxo) species in H2O2 dependent cytochrome P450s (CYPs) of the CYP152 family. We report the characterization of a highly chemoselective CYP decarboxylase from Staphylococcus aureus (OleTSA) that is soluble at high concentrations. Examination of OleTSA Compound I (CpdI) accumulation with a variety of fatty acid substrates reveals a dependence on resting spin-state equilibrium. Alteration of this equilibrium through targeted mutagenesis of the proximal pocket favors the high-spin form, and as a result, enhances Cpd-I accumulation to nearly stoichiometric yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Amaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Olivia M Manley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America; Department of Structural and Molecular Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Julia C Bian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Cooper D Rutland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Leschinsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Steven C Ratigan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Thomas M Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America; Department of Structural and Molecular Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America.
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2
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Lee JHZ, Bruning JB, Bell SG. An In Crystallo Reaction with an Engineered Cytochrome P450 Peroxygenase. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303335. [PMID: 37971151 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are a class of heme-thiolate enzymes that insert oxygen into unactivated C-H bonds. These enzymes can be converted into peroxygenases via protein engineering, which enables their activity to occur using hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) without the requirement for additional nicotinamide co-factors or partner proteins. Here, we demonstrate that soaking crystals of an engineered P450 peroxygenase with H2 O2 enables the enzymatic reaction to occur within the crystal. Crystals of the designed P450 peroxygenase, the T252E mutant of CYP199A4, in complex with 4-methoxybenzoic acid were soaked with different concentrations of H2 O2 for varying times to initiate the in crystallo O-demethylation reaction. Crystal structures of T252E-CYP199A4 showed a distinct loss of electron density that was consistent with the O-demethylated metabolite, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. A new X-ray crystal structure of this enzyme with the 4-hydroxybenzoic acid product was obtained to enable comparison alongside the existing substrate-bound structure. The visualisation of enzymatic catalysis in action is challenging in structural biology and the ability to initiate the reactions of P450 enzymes, in crystallo by simply soaking crystals with H2 O2 will enable new structural biology methods and techniques to be applied to study their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel H Z Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - John B Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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3
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Gandomkar S, Hall M. Enzymatic Oxidative Cascade for Oxofunctionalization of Fatty Acids in One-Pot. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2397:321-339. [PMID: 34813071 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1826-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic conversion of fatty acids to α-ketoacids was accomplished by the action of two enzymes combined in a simultaneous one-pot two-step cascade. In the first step, P450 monooxygenase from Sphingomonas paucimobilis used hydrogen peroxide in the so-called peroxygenase mode for the regio- and enantioselective formation of α-hydroxyacids. In the next step, these hydroxyacid intermediates were further oxidized to the corresponding α-ketoacids by an α-hydroxyacid oxidase from Aerococcus viridans at the expense of molecular oxygen, thereby regenerating hydrogen peroxide used in the first step. Overall, the cascade was designed to employ catalytic quantities of hydrogen peroxide and proceeded at room temperature in dilute aqueous H2O2 solutions (≤0.01%). This setup could be applied to the conversion of a range of fatty acids (C6:0 to C10:0) and was scaled up to allow the production of 2-oxooctanoic acid in 91% isolated yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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4
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In situ H 2O 2 generation methods in the context of enzyme biocatalysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 145:109744. [PMID: 33750536 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is a versatile oxidant that has use in medical and biotechnology industries. Many enzymes require this oxidant as a reaction mediator in order to undergo their oxygenation chemistries. While there is a reliable method for generating hydrogen peroxide via an anthraquinone cycle, there are several advantages for generating hydrogen in situ. As highlighted in this review, this is particularly beneficial in the case of biocatalysts that require hydrogen peroxide as a reaction mediator because the exogenous addition of hydrogen peroxide can damage their reactive heme centers and render them inactive. In addition, generation of hydrogen peroxide in situ does not dilute the reaction mixture and cause solution parameters to change. The environment would also benefit from a hydrogen peroxide synthesis cycle that does not rely on nonrenewable chemicals obtained from fossil fuels. Generation of hydrogen peroxide in situ for biocatalysis using enzymes, bioelectrocatalyis, photocatalysis, and cold temperature plasmas are addressed. Particular emphasis is given to reaction processes that support high total turnover numbers (TTNs) of the hydrogen peroxide-requiring enzymes. Discussion of innovations in the use of hydrogen peroxide-producing enzyme cascades for antimicrobial activity, wastewater effluent treatment, and biosensors are also included.
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5
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Bauer D, Zachos I, Sieber V. Production of Propene from n-Butanol: A Three-Step Cascade Utilizing the Cytochrome P450 Fatty Acid Decarboxylase OleT JE. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3273-3281. [PMID: 32656928 PMCID: PMC7754297 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Propene is one of the most important starting materials in the chemical industry. Herein, we report an enzymatic cascade reaction for the biocatalytic production of propene starting from n-butanol, thus offering a biobased production from glucose. In order to create an efficient system, we faced the issue of an optimal cofactor supply for the fatty acid decarboxylase OleTJE , which is said to be driven by either NAD(P)H or H2 O2 . In the first system, we used an alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase coupled to OleTJE by the electron-transfer complex putidaredoxin reductase/putidaredoxin, allowing regeneration of the NAD+ cofactor. With the second system, we intended full oxidation of n-butanol to butyric acid, generating one equivalent of H2 O2 that can be used for the oxidative decarboxylation. As the optimal substrate is a long-chain fatty acid, we also tried to create an improved variant for the decarboxylation of butyric acid by using rational protein design. Within a mutational study with 57 designed mutants, we generated the mutant OleTV292I , which showed a 2.4-fold improvement in propene production in our H2 O2 -driven cascade system and reached total turnover numbers >1000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bauer
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
| | - Ioannis Zachos
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
- TUM Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 185748GarchingGermany
- Bio, Electro and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing BranchFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBSchulgasse 11a94315StraubingGermany
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry Building 68The University of QueenslandCooper RoadSt. Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
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6
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Kobayashi Y, Kohara K, Kiuchi Y, Onoda H, Shoji O, Yamaguchi H. Control of microenvironment around enzymes by hydrogels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6723-6726. [PMID: 32421111 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01332c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We prepared enzyme-immobilized hydrogels and investigated the effects of the cross-linking density and polymer properties on their oxidation reaction rate. The oxidation rate of enzyme-immobilized hydrogels increased as the cross-linking density in the hydrogels increased. In addition, we controlled the oxidation rate using hydrogels exhibiting an appropriate interaction with a decoy molecule in the hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kobayashi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kohara
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Kiuchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Onoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
| | - Hiroyasu Yamaguchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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7
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Watanabe Y, Aiba Y, Ariyasu S, Abe S. Molecular Design and Regulation of Metalloenzyme Activities through Two Novel Approaches: Ferritin and P450s. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Watanabe
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Aiba
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shinya Ariyasu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuda-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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8
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Greule A, Stok JE, De Voss JJ, Cryle MJ. Unrivalled diversity: the many roles and reactions of bacterial cytochromes P450 in secondary metabolism. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:757-791. [PMID: 29667657 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00063d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 up to 2018 The cytochromes P450 (P450s) are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that perform diverse catalytic roles in many species, including bacteria. The P450 superfamily is widely known for the hydroxylation of unactivated C-H bonds, but the diversity of reactions that P450s can perform vastly exceeds this undoubtedly impressive chemical transformation. Within bacteria, P450s play important roles in many biosynthetic and biodegradative processes that span a wide range of secondary metabolite pathways and present diverse chemical transformations. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the range of chemical transformations that P450 enzymes can catalyse within bacterial secondary metabolism, with the intention to provide an important resource to aid in understanding of the potential roles of P450 enzymes within newly identified bacterial biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Greule
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. and EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jeanette E Stok
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Max J Cryle
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. and EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia and Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Dubey KD, Shaik S. Cytochrome P450-The Wonderful Nanomachine Revealed through Dynamic Simulations of the Catalytic Cycle. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:389-399. [PMID: 30633519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This Account addresses the catalytic cycle of the enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP450) as a prototypical biological machine with automatic features. CYP450 is a nanomachine that uses dioxygen and two reducing and two proton equivalents to oxidize a plethora of molecules (so-called substrates) as a means of supplying bio-organisms with essential molecules (e.g., brain neurotransmitters, sex hormones, etc.) and protecting biosystems against poisoning. An enticing property of CYP450s is that entrance of an oxidizable substrate into the active site initiates a series of events that constitute the catalytic cycle, which functions "automatically" in a regulated sequence of events culminating in the production of the oxidized substrates (e.g., hydroxylated, epoxidized, etc.), oftentimes with remarkable stereo- and regioselectivities. It is timely to demonstrate how theory uses molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical (QM/MM) calculations to complement experiments and elucidate the choreography by which the protein regulates the catalytic cycle. CYP450 is a heme enzyme that contains a ferric ion (FeIII) coordinated by a porphyrin ligand, a water molecule, and a cysteinate ligand that is provided by a strategic residue of the encapsulating protein. While many of the individual steps are sufficiently well-understood, we shall provide here an overview of the factors that cause all of the steps to be sequentially coordinated. To this end, we use examples from three different CYP450 enzymes: the bacterial ones CYP450BM3 and CYP450CAM and the mammalian enzyme CYP4503A4. The treatment is limited to the catalytic cycle, as aspects of two-state reactivity were reviewed previously (e.g., Shaik , S. ; et al. Chem. Rev. 2005 , 105 , 2279 ). What are the principles that govern the seeming automatic feature? For example, how do substrate entrance and binding gate the enzyme? How does the reductase attachment to the enzyme affect the next steps? What triggers the attachment of the reductase? How does the electron transfer (ET) that converts FeIII to FeII occur? Is the ET coordinated with the entrance of O2 into the active site? What is the mechanism of the latter step? Since the entrance of the substrate expels the water molecules from the active site, how do water molecules re-enter to form a proton channel, which is necessary for creating the ultimate oxidant Compound I? How do mutations that disrupt the water channel nevertheless create a competent oxidant? By what means does the enzyme produce regio- and stereoselective oxidation products? What triggers the departure of the oxidized product, and how does the exit occur in a manner that generates the resting state ready for the next cycle? This Account shows that the entrance of the substrate triggers all of the ensuing events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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10
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Wise CE, Hsieh CH, Poplin NL, Makris TM. Dioxygen Activation by the Biofuel-Generating Cytochrome P450 OleT. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E. Wise
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Chun H. Hsieh
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Nathan L. Poplin
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Thomas M. Makris
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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11
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Jeffreys LN, Girvan HM, McLean KJ, Munro AW. Characterization of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Their Applications in Synthetic Biology. Methods Enzymol 2018; 608:189-261. [PMID: 30173763 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase enzymes (P450s) catalyze a diverse array of chemical transformations, most originating from the insertion of an oxygen atom into a substrate that binds close to the P450 heme. The oxygen is delivered by a highly reactive heme iron-oxo species (compound I) and, according to the chemical nature of the substrate and its position in the active site, the P450 can catalyze a wide range of reactions including, e.g., hydroxylation, reduction, decarboxylation, sulfoxidation, N- and O-demethylation, epoxidation, deamination, CC bond formation and breakage, nitration, and dehalogenation. In this chapter, we describe the structural, biochemical, and catalytic properties of the P450s, along with spectroscopic and analytical methods used to characterize P450 enzymes and their redox partners. Important uses of P450 enzymes are highlighted, including how various P450s have been exploited for applications in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Jeffreys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel M Girvan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty J McLean
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Munro
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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12
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Suzuki Y, Matsuda M, Hatanaka S, Kanauchi M, Kasahara S, Shimoyamada M. Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Fatty Acid Hydroxylase Gene inLactobacillus SakeiY-20 Strain and Characteristics of Fatty Acid Hydroxylase. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2016-1227-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Suzuki
- Miyagi University, Department of Food Management, -2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mari Matsuda
- Miyagi University, Department of Food Management, -2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sakiko Hatanaka
- Industrial Technology Institute, Miyagi Prefectural Government, Japan
| | - Makoto Kanauchi
- Miyagi University, Department of Food Management, -2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shin Kasahara
- Miyagi University, Department of Food Management, -2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Makoto Shimoyamada
- University of Shizuoka, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, 52-1 Yada, Sugaru-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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13
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Gandomkar S, Dennig A, Dordic A, Hammerer L, Pickl M, Haas T, Hall M, Faber K. Biocatalytic Oxidative Cascade for the Conversion of Fatty Acids into α-Ketoacids via Internal H 2 O 2 Recycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:427-430. [PMID: 29125663 PMCID: PMC5768024 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of bio-based chemicals is essential to allow valorization of natural carbon sources. An atom-efficient biocatalytic oxidative cascade was developed for the conversion of saturated fatty acids to α-ketoacids. Employment of P450 monooxygenase in the peroxygenase mode for regioselective α-hydroxylation of fatty acids combined with enantioselective oxidation by α-hydroxyacid oxidase(s) resulted in internal recycling of the oxidant H2 O2 , thus minimizing degradation of ketoacid product and maximizing biocatalyst lifetime. The O2 -dependent cascade relies on catalytic amounts of H2 O2 and releases water as sole by-product. Octanoic acid was converted under mild conditions in aqueous buffer to 2-oxooctanoic acid in a simultaneous one-pot two-step cascade in up to >99 % conversion without accumulation of hydroxyacid intermediate. Scale-up allowed isolation of final product in 91 % yield and the cascade was applied to fatty acids of various chain lengths (C6:0 to C10:0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Gandomkar
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Andela Dordic
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology c/oDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Lucas Hammerer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology c/oDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Mathias Pickl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Thomas Haas
- CreavisEvonik Industries, Bau 1420Paul Baumann Strasse 145772MarlGermany
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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14
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Onoda H, Shoji O, Suzuki K, Sugimoto H, Shiro Y, Watanabe Y. α-Oxidative decarboxylation of fatty acids catalysed by cytochrome P450 peroxygenases yielding shorter-alkyl-chain fatty acids. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy02263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Shorter-alkyl-chain fatty acids such as tridecanoic acid or lauric acid were produced from myristic acid by CYP152 peroxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Onoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST)
| | - Kazuto Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST)
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Tokyo
- Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center
| | | | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Research Center for Materials Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
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15
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Gandomkar S, Dennig A, Dordic A, Hammerer L, Pickl M, Haas T, Hall M, Faber K. Eine biokatalytische oxidative Kaskade für die Umsetzung von Fettsäuren zu α-Ketosäuren mit interner H2
O2
-Regeneration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Gandomkar
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Andela Dordic
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology c/o; Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Lucas Hammerer
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology c/o; Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Mathias Pickl
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Thomas Haas
- Creavis; Evonik Industries, Bau 1420; Paul Baumann Straße 1 45772 Marl Deutschland
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
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16
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Monooxygenation of Nonnative Substrates Catalyzed by Bacterial Cytochrome P450s Facilitated by Decoy Molecules. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Ramanan R, Dubey KD, Wang B, Mandal D, Shaik S. Emergence of Function in P450-Proteins: A Combined Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical and Molecular Dynamics Study of the Reactive Species in the H2O2-Dependent Cytochrome P450SPα and Its Regio- and Enantioselective Hydroxylation of Fatty Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6786-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Ramanan
- Institute of Chemistry and
the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Institute of Chemistry and
the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Binju Wang
- Institute of Chemistry and
the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Debasish Mandal
- Institute of Chemistry and
the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and
the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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18
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The production of ω-hydroxy palmitic acid using fatty acid metabolism and cofactor optimization in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6667-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Paul CE, Churakova E, Maurits E, Girhard M, Urlacher VB, Hollmann F. In situ formation of H2O2 for P450 peroxygenases. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5692-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Bringing out the Potential of Wild-type Cytochrome P450s using Decoy Molecules: Oxygenation of Nonnative Substrates by Bacterial Cytochrome P450s. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Peroxygenase reactions catalyzed by cytochromes P450. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:529-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Hayakawa S, Matsumura H, Nakamura N, Yohda M, Ohno H. Identification of the rate-limiting step of the peroxygenase reactions catalyzed by the thermophilic cytochrome P450 fromSulfolobus tokodaiistrain 7. FEBS J 2014; 281:1409-1416. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Hayakawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Japan
- Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems; Institute of Environmental Health; Oregon Health and Science University; Beaverton OR USA
| | - Nobuhumi Nakamura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Japan
| | - Masafumi Yohda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohno
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Japan
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23
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Kim KR, Oh DK. Production of hydroxy fatty acids by microbial fatty acid-hydroxylation enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1473-85. [PMID: 23860413 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids are widely used in chemical, food, and cosmetic industries as starting materials for the synthesis of polymers and as additives for the manufacture of lubricants, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. They have antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities and therefore can be applied for medicinal uses. Microbial fatty acid-hydroxylation enzymes, including P450, lipoxygenase, hydratase, 12-hydroxylase, and diol synthase, synthesize regio-specific hydroxy fatty acids. In this article, microbial fatty acid-hydroxylation enzymes, with a focus on region-specificity and diversity, are summarized and the production of mono-, di-, and tri-hydroxy fatty acids is introduced. Finally, the production methods of regio-specific and diverse hydroxy fatty acids, such as gene screening, protein engineering, metabolic engineering, and combinatory biosynthesis, are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Rok Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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24
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Fujishiro T, Shoji O, Nagano S, Sugimoto H, Shiro Y, Watanabe Y. Crystal structure of H2O2-dependent cytochrome P450SPalpha with its bound fatty acid substrate: insight into the regioselective hydroxylation of fatty acids at the alpha position. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:29941-50. [PMID: 21719702 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.245225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450(SPα) (CYP152B1) isolated from Sphingomonas paucimobilis is the first P450 to be classified as a H(2)O(2)-dependent P450. P450(SPα) hydroxylates fatty acids with high α-regioselectivity. Herein we report the crystal structure of P450(SPα) with palmitic acid as a substrate at a resolution of 1.65 Å. The structure revealed that the C(α) of the bound palmitic acid in one of the alternative conformations is 4.5 Å from the heme iron. This conformation explains the highly selective α-hydroxylation of fatty acid observed in P450(SPα). Mutations at the active site and the F-G loop of P450(SPα) did not impair its regioselectivity. The crystal structures of mutants (L78F and F288G) revealed that the location of the bound palmitic acid was essentially the same as that in the WT, although amino acids at the active site were replaced with the corresponding amino acids of cytochrome P450(BSβ) (CYP152A1), which shows β-regioselectivity. This implies that the high regioselectivity of P450(SPα) is caused by the orientation of the hydrophobic channel, which is more perpendicular to the heme plane than that of P450(BSβ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujishiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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25
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Kaehne F, Buchhaupt M, Schrader J. A recombinant α-dioxygenase from rice to produce fatty aldehydes using E. coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:989-95. [PMID: 21347727 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fatty aldehydes are an important group of fragrance and flavor compounds that are found in different fruits and flowers. A biotechnological synthesis of fatty aldehydes based on Escherichia coli cells expressing an α-dioxygenase (αDOX) from Oryza sativa (rice) is presented. α-Dioxygenases are the initial enzymes of α-oxidation in plants and oxidize long and medium-chain C(n) fatty acids to 2-hydroperoxy fatty acids. The latter are converted to C(n-1) fatty aldehydes by spontaneous decarboxylation. Successful expression of αDOX in E. coli was proven by an in vitro luciferase assay. Using resting cells of this recombinant E. coli strain, conversion of different fatty acids to the respective fatty aldehydes shortened by one carbon atom was demonstrated. The usage of Triton X 100 improves the conversion rate up to 1 g aldehyde per liter per hour. Easy reuse of the cells was demonstrated by performing a second biotransformation without any loss of biocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenja Kaehne
- DECHEMA e.V. Karl-Winnacker-Institut, Biochemical Engineering, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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26
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Niraula NP, Kanth BK, Sohng JK, Oh TJ. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated dealkylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin by cytochrome P450 (CYP107AJ1) from Streptomyces peucetius ATCC27952. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 48:181-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Design of H2O2-dependent oxidation catalyzed by hemoproteins. Metallomics 2011; 3:379-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00090f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Abstract
The cytochromes P450 (P450s) are a superfamily of oxidative haemoproteins that are capable of catalysing a vast range of oxidative transformations, including the oxidation of unactivated alkanes, often with high stereo- and regio-selectivity. Fatty acid hydroxylation by P450s is widespread across both bacteria and higher organisms, with the sites of oxidation and specificity of oxidation varying from system to system. Several key examples are discussed in the present article, with the focus on P450(BioI) (CYP107H1), a biosynthetic P450 found in the biotin operon of Bacillus subtilis. The biosynthetic function of P450(BioI) is the formation of pimelic acid, a biotin precursor, via a multiple-step oxidative cleavage of long-chain fatty acids. P450(BioI) is a member of an important subgroup of P450s that accept their substrates not free in solution, but rather presented by a separate carrier protein. Structural characterization of the P450(BioI)-ACP (acyl-carrier protein) complex has recently been performed, which has revealed the basis for the oxidation of the centre of the fatty acid chain. The P450(BioI)-ACP structure is the first such P450-carrier protein complex to be characterized structurally, with important implications for other biosynthetically intriguing P450-carrier protein complexes.
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29
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Shoji O, Fujishiro T, Nagano S, Tanaka S, Hirose T, Shiro Y, Watanabe Y. Understanding substrate misrecognition of hydrogen peroxide dependent cytochrome P450 from Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:1331-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Schleheck D, Cook AM. Omega-oxygenation of the alkyl sidechain of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) surfactant in Parvibaculum lavamentivorans(T). Arch Microbiol 2005; 183:369-77. [PMID: 16075201 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-005-0002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parvibaculum lavamentivorans (T) DS-1, an aerobic, heterotrophic bacterium, requires a biofilm on a solid surface (e.g. glass particles) when utilizing commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate surfactant (LAS; 20 congeners) for growth. Catabolism involves the undefined 'omega-oxygenation' and beta-oxidation of the LAS side chain, and the organism excretes sulfophenyl carboxylates (SPC) quantitatively. A 3.5-l fermenter was developed which allowed gram-quantities of LAS-grown cells to be grown and harvested from medium with glass particles as the solid support. The catabolism of LAS was dominant: in diauxie experiments with acetate as second carbon source, LAS was utilized first. The biofilm-encoated LAS-grown cells were unsuitable for metabolic work in vitro because cell suspensions clumped and were not disrupted effectively, but the degradative enzymes were found to be expressed constitutively in acetate-grown cells, which formed no biofilm. LAS-dependent oxygen uptake was measured in acetate-grown cells at about 0.6 mkat (kg protein)(-1), but not in extracts of cells. Whole cells converted LAS to SPC in the presence of molecular oxygen only, and the reaction could be saturably inhibited by metyrapone, which acts on e.g. cytochromes P450 (CYP). However, despite the presence of CYP153-like sequences in the genome of strain DS-1(T), the difference spectra did not support the presence of a CYP in crude extracts, and the nature of the LAS-oxygenase remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schleheck
- Department of Biology, The University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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31
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Denisov IG, Makris TM, Sligar SG, Schlichting I. Structure and Chemistry of Cytochrome P450. Chem Rev 2005; 105:2253-77. [PMID: 15941214 DOI: 10.1021/cr0307143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1510] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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32
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Lee DS, Yamada A, Sugimoto H, Matsunaga I, Ogura H, Ichihara K, Adachi SI, Park SY, Shiro Y. Substrate recognition and molecular mechanism of fatty acid hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 from Bacillus subtilis. Crystallographic, spectroscopic, and mutational studies. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9761-7. [PMID: 12519760 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211575200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 isolated from Bacillus subtilis (P450(BSbeta); molecular mass, 48 kDa) catalyzes the hydroxylation of a long-chain fatty acid (e.g. myristic acid) at the alpha- and beta-positions using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. We report here on the crystal structure of ferric P450(BSbeta) in the substrate-bound form, determined at a resolution of 2.1 A. P450(BSbeta) exhibits a typical P450 fold. The substrate binds to a specific channel in the enzyme and is stabilized through hydrophobic interactions of its alkyl side chain with some hydrophobic residues on the enzyme as well as by electrostatic interaction of its terminal carboxylate with the Arg(242) guanidium group. These interactions are responsible for the site specificity of the hydroxylation site in which the alpha- and beta-positions of the fatty acid come into close proximity to the heme iron sixth site. The fatty acid carboxylate group interacts with Arg(242) in the same fashion as has been reported for the active site of chloroperoxidase, His(105)-Glu(183), which is an acid-base catalyst in the peroxidation reactions. On the basis of these observations, a possible mechanism for the hydroxylation reaction catalyzed by P450(BSbeta) is proposed in which the carboxylate of the bound-substrate fatty acid assists in the cleavage of the peroxide O-O bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sun Lee
- RIKEN Harima Institute/SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikazuki-cho, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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33
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Koeduka T, Matsui K, Akakabe Y, Kajiwara T. Catalytic properties of rice alpha-oxygenase. A comparison with mammalian prostaglandin H synthases. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:22648-55. [PMID: 11909851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110420200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids can be metabolized to C(n)(-1) aldehydes by alpha-oxidation in plants. The reaction mechanism of the enzyme has not been elucidated. In this study, a complete nucleotide sequence of fatty acid alpha-oxygenase gene in rice plants (Oryza sativa) was isolated. The deduced amino acid sequence showed some similarity with those of mammalian prostaglandin H synthases (PGHSs). The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to apparently homogeneous state. It showed the highest activity with linoleic acid and predominantly formed 2-hydroperoxide of the fatty acid (C(n)), which is then spontaneously decarboxylated to form corresponding C(n)(-1) aldehyde. With linoleic or linoleic acids as a substrate, rice alpha-oxygenase formed no product having a lambda(max) at approximately 234 nm, which indicated that the enzyme could not oxygenize the pentadiene system in the substrate. The spectroscopic feature of the purified enzyme in its ferrous state is similar to that of mammalian PGHS, whereas that of dithionite-reduced state showed significant difference. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that His-158, Tyr-380, and Ser-558 were essential for the alpha-oxygenase activity. These residues are conserved in PGHS and known as a heme ligand, a source of a radical species to initiate oxygenation reaction and a residue involved in substrate binding, respectively. This finding suggested that the initial step of the oxygenation reaction in alpha-oxygenase has a high similarity with that of PGHS. The rice alpha-oxygenase activity was inhibited by imidazole but hardly inhibited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and flurbiprofen, which are known as typical PGHS inhibitors. In addition, peroxidase activity could not be detected with alpha-oxygenase when palmitic acid 2-hydroperoxide was used as a substrate. From these findings, the catalytic resemblance between alpha-oxygenase and PGHS seems to be evident, although there still are differences in their substrate recognitions and peroxidation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Koeduka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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34
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Matsunaga I, Yamada A, Lee DS, Obayashi E, Fujiwara N, Kobayashi K, Ogura H, Shiro Y. Enzymatic reaction of hydrogen peroxide-dependent peroxygenase cytochrome P450s: kinetic deuterium isotope effects and analyses by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2002; 41:1886-92. [PMID: 11827534 DOI: 10.1021/bi011883p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450SP(alpha) (CYP152B1) and P450BS(beta) (CYP152A1), which are isolated from Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, belong to the P450 superfamily, but catalyze hydroxylation reactions, in which an oxygen atom from H2O2 is efficiently introduced into fatty acids (e.g., myristic acid). P450SP(alpha) produces the alpha-hydroxylated (alpha-OH) products at 100%, while P450BS(beta) produces alpha- and beta-hydroxylated (beta-OH) products at 33 and 67%, respectively. Using deuterium-substituted fatty acids ([2,2-d2]-myristic acid and d27-myristic acid) as a substrate, the peroxygenase reactions of the two bacterial P450s were investigated. In the P450SP(alpha) reaction, we observed an intermolecular noncompetitive kinetic isotope effect on Vmax (DV = 4.1) when [2,2-d2]-myristic acid was used, suggesting that an isotopically sensitive step involving the alpha-hydrogen of the fatty acid is present in the catalytic cycle. On the other hand, D(V/K) was masked, in sharp contrast to the features of usual monooxygenases P450. The characteristic kinetic features can be interpreted in terms of the faster product formation than the substrate dissociation. A similar kinetic isotope effect was observed [DV = 4.9, D(V/K) approximately 1] for the P450BS(beta) reaction, when d27-myristic acid was used as a substrate, indicating that the reaction mechanism is the same for both peroxygenases. The resonance Raman spectral data of P450BS(beta) in the ferric and ferrous-CO forms in the presence and absence of myristic acid demonstrated that the catalytic pocket of the enzyme is polar, so that the location of the carboxylate of the substrate close to the sixth ligand of the heme could be allowed. On the basis of these results on the kinetic isotope effects and spectroscopy, we discuss the possible mechanisms of the alpha- and beta-hydroxylation of fatty acids catalyzed by peroxygenases P450SP(alpha) and P450BS(beta).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Matsunaga
- Department of Virology and Department of Host Defense, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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35
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Matsunaga I, Sumimoto T, Ueda A, Kusunose E, Ichihara K. Fatty acid-specific, regiospecific, and stereospecific hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 (CYP152B1) from Sphingomonas paucimobilis: substrate structure required for alpha-hydroxylation. Lipids 2000; 35:365-71. [PMID: 10858020 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-000-533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid alpha-hydroxylase from Sphingomonas paucimobilis is an unusual cytochrome P450 enzyme that hydroxylates the alpha-carbon of fatty acids in the presence of H2O2. Herein, we describe our investigation concerning the utilization of various substrates and the optical configuration of the alpha-hydroxyl product using a recombinant form of this enzyme. This enzyme can metabolize saturated fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of more than 10. The Km value for pentadecanoic acid (C15) was the smallest among the saturated fatty acids tested (C10-C18) and that for myristic acid (C14) showed similar enzyme kinetics to those seen for C15. As shorter or longer carbon chain lengths were used, Km values increased. The turnover numbers for fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of more than 11 were of the same order of magnitude (10(3) min(-1)), but the turnover number for undecanoic acid (C11) was less. Dicarboxylic fatty acids and methyl myristate were not metabolized, but monomethyl hexadecanedioate and omega-hydroxypalmitic acid were metabolized, though with lower turnover values. Arachidonic acid was a good substrate, comparable to C14 or C15. The metabolite of arachidonic acid was only alpha-hydroxyarachidonic acid. Alkanes, fatty alcohols, and fatty aldehydes were not utilized as substrates. Analysis of the optical configurations of the alpha-hydroxylated products demonstrated that the products were S-enantiomers (more than 98% enantiomerically pure). These results suggested that this P450 enzyme is strictly responsible for fatty acids and catalyzes highly stereo- and regioselective hydroxylation, where structure of omega-carbon and carboxyl carbon as well as carbon chain length of fatty acids are important for substrate-enzyme interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Matsunaga
- Department of Molecular Regulation, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.
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36
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Matsunaga I, Ueda A, Fujiwara N, Sumimoto T, Ichihara K. Characterization of the ybdT gene product of Bacillus subtilis: novel fatty acid beta-hydroxylating cytochrome P450. Lipids 1999; 34:841-6. [PMID: 10529095 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the gene encoding fatty acid alpha-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme, from Sphingomonas paucimobilis. A database homology search indicated that the deduced amino acid sequence of this gene product was 44% identical to that of the ybdT gene product that is a 48 kDa protein of unknown function from Bacillus subtilis. In this study, we cloned the ybdT gene and characterized this gene product using a recombinant enzyme to clarify function of the ybdT gene product. The carbon monoxide difference spectrum of the recombinant enzyme showed the characteristic one of P450. In the presence of H2O2, the recombinant ybdT gene product hydroxylated myristic acid to produce beta-hydroxymyristic acid and alpha-hydroxymyristic acid which were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The amount of these products increased with increasing reaction period and amount of H2O2 in the reaction mixture. The amount of beta-hydroxyl product was slightly higher than that of alpha-hydroxyl product at all times during the reaction. However, no reaction products were detected at any time or at any concentration of H2O2 when heat-inactivated enzyme was used. HPLC analysis with a chiral column showed that the beta-hydroxyl product was nearly enantiomerically pure R-form. These results suggest that this P450 enzyme is involved in a novel biosynthesis of beta-hydroxy fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Matsunaga
- Department of Molecular Regulation, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.
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37
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Borge GI, Vogt G, Nilsson A. Intermediates and products formed during fatty acid alpha-oxidation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Lipids 1999; 34:661-73. [PMID: 10478923 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid alpha-oxidation is an essential metabolic pathway both in plants and in mammals which is still not completely understood. We previously described and purified an alpha-oxidation enzyme in cucumber which has been used in the present investigation of the alpha-oxidation reaction mechanism. Free fatty acids, and not the CoA thioesters, were found to undergo alpha-oxidation in cucumber. 2-Hydroxy- and 2-oxopalmitic acids were identified as palmitic acid alpha-oxidation intermediates by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis in cucumber subcellular 150,000 x g(max) pellets obtained by differential centrifugation. Incubation of purified alpha-oxidation enzyme with [1-14C]palmitic acid resulted in the formation of both the above-described intermediates and the Cn-1 product, pentadecanal, and 14CO2. Besides 14CO2, 14C-formate was identified as an alpha-oxidation product from [1-14C]palmitic acid in cucumber subcellular fractions. Fe2+ stimulated the 14CO2 and 14C-formate production, and the addition of ascorbate and 2-oxoglutarate together with Fe2+ resulted in optimal alpha-oxidation activities, suggesting a dioxygenase reaction mechanism, as previously shown in mammals. NADPH and, to a lesser extent, NADH stimulated the total 14C-formate plus 14CO2 production but had only slight or no effects on 14CO2 production. H2O2 showed concentration-dependent inhibitory effects, while FAD had neither effect on 14CO2 nor 14CO2 plus 14C-formate production. The results in the present study demonstrate that an alpha-oxidation enzyme in cucumber is capable of oxidizing palmitic acid via 2-hydroxy- and 2-oxo-palmitic acid to produce pentadecanal and CO2. In contrast to the subcellular 150,000 x g(max) fraction, the purified alpha-oxidation enzyme could neither produce formate nor convert 14C-formate into 14C02, indicating two possible alpha-oxidation routes in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Borge
- MATFORSK, Norwegian Food Research Institute, As.
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38
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Matsunaga I, Sumimoto T, Kusunose E, Ichihara K. Phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylation by bacterial cytochrome P450. Lipids 1998; 33:1213-6. [PMID: 9930407 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid alpha-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 enzyme, from Sphingomonas paucimobilis, utilizes various straight-chain fatty acids as substrates. We investigated whether a recombinant fatty acid alpha-hydroxylase is able to metabolize phytanic acid, a methyl-branched fatty acid. When phytanic acid was incubated with the recombinant enzyme in the presence of H2O2, a reaction product was detected by gas chromatography, whereas a reaction product was not detected in the absence of H2O2. When a heat-inactivated enzyme was used, a reaction product was not detected with any concentration of H2O2. Analysis of the methylated product by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed a fragmentation pattern of 2-hydroxyphytanic acid methyl ester. By single-ion monitoring, the mass ion and the characteristic fragmentation ions of 2-hydroxyphytanic acid methyl ester were detected at the retention time corresponding to the time of the product observed on the gas chromatogram. The Km value for phytanic acid was approximately 50 microM, which was similar to that for myristic acid, although the calculated Vmax for phytanic acid was about 15-fold lower than that for myristic acid. These results indicate that a bacterial cytochrome P450 is able to oxidize phytanic acid to form 2-hydroxyphytanic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Matsunaga
- Department of Molecular Regulation, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan.
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39
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Taylor CJ, Anderson AJ, Wilkinson SG. Phenotypic variation of lipid composition in Burkholderia cepacia: a response to increased growth temperature is a greater content of 2-hydroxy acids in phosphatidylethanolamine and ornithine amide lipid. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144 ( Pt 7):1737-1745. [PMID: 9695908 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-7-1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia produces an unusual range of polar lipids, which includes two forms each of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and ornithine amide lipid (OL), differing in the presence or absence of 2-hydroxy fatty acids. By using chemostat cultures in chemically defined media, variations in the lipid content and the proportions of individual lipids have been studied as a function of (a) growth temperature, (b) growth rate and (c) growth-limiting nutrient (carbon, magnesium, phosphorus or oxygen). Total cellular lipid in carbon-limited cultures was lowest at high growth temperatures and low growth rates. Increases in growth temperature over the range 25-40 degrees C led to increases in the proportions of molecular species of PE and OL containing 2-hydroxy acids, without changing the PE:OL ratio. Growth temperature did not alter the balance between neutral and acidic lipids, but the contribution of phosphatidylglycerol to the latter increased with rising growth temperature and growth rate. Pigmentation of cells and the presence of flagella were also temperature-dependent. Change in growth rate also affected the PE:OL ratio and the extent to which monoenoic acids were replaced by their cyclopropane derivatives. Whereas similar lipid profiles were found for carbon-, magnesium- and oxygen-limited cultures, ornithine amides were the only polar lipids detected in phosphorus-limited cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Taylor
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of HullHull HU6 7RXUK
| | | | - Stephen G Wilkinson
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of HullHull HU6 7RXUK
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40
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Matsunaga I, Yokotani N, Gotoh O, Kusunose E, Yamada M, Ichihara K. Molecular cloning and expression of fatty acid alpha-hydroxylase from Sphingomonas paucimobilis. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:23592-6. [PMID: 9295298 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.38.23592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid alpha-hydroxylase (FAAH) catalyzes the initial reaction in alpha-oxidation of fatty acid to produce 2-hydroxy fatty acid. FAAH activity has been detected in a wide range of organisms from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Here, we describe cloning of the FAAH gene from Sphingomonas paucimobilis, a sphingolipid- and 2-hydroxymyristic acid-rich bacterium. The isolated gene encoded 415 amino acids. A homology search revealed that amino acid sequences highly conserved in cytochrome P450 (P450) were present in FAAH. Although the heme-binding cysteine was recognizable at position 361, the consensus in the heme-binding region was modified by an insertion. Overall, FAAH has no significant identity to the known P450s. CO difference spectrum of recombinant FAAH showed the characteristic one of P450, except this peak was at 445 nm. These results suggest bacterial FAAH is a novel member of the P450 superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Matsunaga
- Section of Molecular Regulation, Toneyama Institute for Tuberculosis Research, Osaka City University Medical School, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560, Japan
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