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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have been confronted throughout their evolution with potentially lethal plasma membrane injuries, including those caused by osmotic stress, by infection from bacterial toxins and parasites, and by mechanical and ischemic stress. The wounded cell can survive if a rapid repair response is mounted that restores boundary integrity. Calcium has been identified as the key trigger to activate an effective membrane repair response that utilizes exocytosis and endocytosis to repair a membrane tear, or remove a membrane pore. We here review what is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of membrane repair, with particular emphasis on the relevance of repair as it relates to disease pathologies. Collective evidence reveals membrane repair employs primitive yet robust molecular machinery, such as vesicle fusion and contractile rings, processes evolutionarily honed for simplicity and success. Yet to be fully understood is whether core membrane repair machinery exists in all cells, or whether evolutionary adaptation has resulted in multiple compensatory repair pathways that specialize in different tissues and cells within our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra T Cooper
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Paul L McNeil
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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2
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Quiskamp N, Poeter M, Raabe CA, Hohenester UM, König S, Gerke V, Rescher U. The tumor suppressor annexin A10 is a novel component of nuclear paraspeckles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:311-29. [PMID: 23715859 PMCID: PMC11113197 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A10 is the latest identified member of the annexin family of Ca(2+)- and phospholipid-binding proteins. In previous studies, downregulation of annexin A10 was correlated with dedifferentiation, invasion, and tumor progression, pointing to a possible tumor suppressor role. However, the biochemical characteristics and functions of annexin A10 remain unknown. We show that annexin A10 displays biochemical characteristics atypical for an annexin, indicating a Ca(2+)- and membrane-binding-independent function. Annexin A10 co-localizes with the mRNA-binding proteins SFPQ and PSPC1 at paraspeckles, an only recently discovered nuclear body, and decreases paraspeckle numbers when overexpressed in HeLa cells. In addition, annexin A10 relocates to dark perinucleolar caps upon transcriptional inhibition of RNA polymerase II. We mapped the cap-binding function of annexin A10 to the proximal part of the core domain, which is missing in the short isoform of annexin A10, and show its independence from the remaining functional type II Ca(2+)-binding site. In contrast to this, paraspeckle recruitment required additional core regions and was negatively affected by the mutation of the last type II Ca(2+)-binding site. Additionally, we show that overexpression of annexin A10 in HeLa cells increases their sensitivity to apoptosis and reduces colony formation. The identification of unique nuclear and biochemical characteristics of annexin A10 points towards its membrane-independent role in paraspeckle-associated mRNA regulation or processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Quiskamp
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michaela Poeter
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Alexander Raabe
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulli Martin Hohenester
- Integrated Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Simone König
- Integrated Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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3
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Klement K, Melle C, Murzik U, Diekmann S, Norgauer J, Hemmerich P. Accumulation of annexin A5 at the nuclear envelope is a biomarker of cellular aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:508-22. [PMID: 22728018 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a permanent cell cycle arrest induced by short telomeres or oncogenic stress in vitro and in vivo. Because no single of the established biomarkers can reliably identify senescent cells, the application of new ones may aid the diagnosis of aged cells. Here we show that annexin A5 accumulates at the nuclear envelope during replicative and drug-induced cellular senescence in primary human fibroblasts. This new cellular aging phenotype that we have termed SA-ANX5 (senescence-associated accumulation at the nuclear envelope of annexin A5) is as efficient and quantitative as the well-established senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity assay and p21 immunoreactivity. SA-ANX5 is also observed in aged human skin where is exclusively detected in DNA damage foci-positive/Ki-67-negative cells. We also observed that depletion of annexin A5 by siRNA in human fibroblasts accelerates premature senescence through the p38MAP kinase pathway. These observations establish SA-ANX5 as a new biomarker for cellular aging and implicate a functional role for annexin A5 in cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Klement
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
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Ghislat G, Aguado C, Knecht E. Annexin A5 stimulates autophagy and inhibits endocytosis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:92-107. [PMID: 22266906 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.086728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a major lysosomal catabolic process activated particularly under starvation in eukaryotic cells. A new organelle, the autophagosome, engulfs cytoplasmic substrates, which are degraded after fusion with endosomes and/or lysosomes. During a shotgun proteome analysis of purified lysosomal membranes from mouse fibroblasts, a Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid-binding protein, annexin A5, was found to increase on lysosomal membranes under starvation. This suggests a role for this protein, an abundant annexin with a still unknown intracellular function, in starvation-induced lysosomal degradation. Transient overexpression and silencing experiments showed that annexin A5 increased lysosomal protein degradation, and colocalisation experiments, based on GFP sensitivity to lysosomal acidic pH, indicated that this was mainly the result of inducing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Annexin A5 also inhibited the endocytosis of a fluid-phase marker and cholera toxin, but not receptor-mediated endocytosis. Therefore, we propose a double and opposite role of annexin A5 in regulating the endocytic and autophagic pathways and the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghita Ghislat
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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Monastyrskaya K, Babiychuk EB, Draeger A. The annexins: spatial and temporal coordination of signaling events during cellular stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2623-42. [PMID: 19381436 PMCID: PMC11115530 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Annexins are a family of structurally related, Ca2+-sensitive proteins that bind to negatively charged phospholipids and establish specific interactions with other lipids and lipid microdomains. They are present in all eukaryotic cells and share a common folding motif, the "annexin core", which incorporates Ca2+- and membrane-binding sites. Annexins participate in a variety of intracellular processes, ranging from the regulation of membrane dynamics to cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Here we focus on the role of annexins in cellular signaling during stress. A chronic stress response triggers the activation of different intracellular pathways, resulting in profound changes in Ca2+ and pH homeostasis and the production of lipid second messengers. We review the latest data on how these changes are sensed by the annexins, which have the ability to simultaneously interact with specific lipid and protein moieties at the plasma membrane, contributing to stress adaptation via regulation of various signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Monastyrskaya
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland.
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Probst-Cousin S, Bergmann M, Maihöfner C, Neundörfer B, Heuss D. Selective vulnerability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: no evidence for a contribution of annexins, a family of calcium binding proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5:180-7. [PMID: 15512907 DOI: 10.1080/14660820410019323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinically, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) usually presents as a pure motor system disorder, whereas oculomotor and sphincter muscle control of the anus and the bladder appear to be spared. Previously, a lacking expression of calcium binding proteins (CBPs) was demonstrated in vulnerable motor neurons in contrast to spared neuronal populations, e.g., the motor neurons of the cranial nerve III (NO) and the Onufrowicz nucleus (ON), suggesting a potential role of CBPs in the selective motoneuronal vulnerability in ALS. The annexins comprise a multigene family of CBPs, constituting a significant amount of total cellular protein and presumably involved in calcium-homeostasis and intracellular calcium-regulated pathways. We immunohistochemically investigated the expression patterns of annexins A1, A2, A4, A5, A6, and A7 in spinal cord and midbrain tissues from 24 ALS patients and 5 age-matched controls to test the hypothesis that annexins also contribute to the selective vulnerability in ALS. There was no difference in the expression patterns of ALS cases and normal controls. Annexin A1 was expressed in ependymal cells and motor neurons. Annexin A2 could be detected in ependymal and endothelial cells and motor neurons. Annexins A4 and A5 were found in both ependymal and glial cells, whereas annexin A6 was strongly expressed in motor neurons. Annexin A7 was totally absent from central nervous system tissue. A contribution of annexins to the selective vulnerability in ALS could not be derived from our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Probst-Cousin
- Centre of Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Neurology Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Arnoys EJ, Wang JL. Dual localization: proteins in extracellular and intracellular compartments. Acta Histochem 2007; 109:89-110. [PMID: 17257660 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 10/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive catalog of those proteins documented to exhibit dual localization, being found in both the extracellular compartment (cell surface and extracellular medium) as well as the intracellular compartment (cytosol and nucleus). A large subset of these proteins that show dual localization is found both in the nucleus and outside of cells. Proteins destined to be secreted out of the cell or to be expressed at the cell surface usually enter the endomembrane pathway on the basis of a signal sequence that targets them into the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins destined for import into the nucleus, on the other hand, usually carry a nuclear localization signal. We have organized our catalog in terms of the presence and absence of these trafficking signals: (a) proteins that contain a signal sequence but no nuclear localization signal; (b) proteins that contain both a signal sequence as well as a nuclear localization signal; (c) proteins that contain a nuclear localization signal but lack a signal sequence; and (d) proteins containing neither a signal sequence nor a nuclear localization signal. Novel insights regarding the activities of several classes of proteins exhibiting dual localization can be derived when one targeting signal is experimentally abrogated. For example, the mitogenic activity of both fibroblasts growth factor-1 and schwannoma-derived growth factor clearly requires nuclear localization, independent of the activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. In addition, there is a growing list of integral membrane receptors that undergo translocation to the nucleus, with bona fide nuclear localization signals and transcription activation activity. The information provided in this descriptive catalog will, hopefully, stimulate investigations into the pathways and mechanisms of transport between these compartments and the physiological significance of dual localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Arnoys
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
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Guzmán-Aránguez A, Olmo N, Turnay J, Lecona E, Pérez-Ramos P, López de Silanes I, Lizarbe MA. Differentiation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells alters the expression and intracellular localization of annexins A1, A2, and A5. J Cell Biochem 2005; 94:178-93. [PMID: 15526283 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate induces differentiation and alters cell proliferation in intestinal-epithelial cells by modulation of the expression of several genes. Annexins are a superfamily of ubiquitous proteins characterized by their calcium-dependent ability to bind to biological membranes; their involvement in several physiological processes, such as membrane trafficking, calcium signaling, cell motility, proliferation, and differentiation has been proposed. Thus, we have analyzed changes in annexin A1 (AnxA1), annexin A2 (AnxA2), and annexin A5 (AnxA5) levels and localization in human colon adenocarcinoma cells differentiated by butyrate treatment or by culture in glucose-free inosine-containing medium. The acquired differentiated phenotype increased dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, two well known brush border markers. Butyrate induces cell differentiation and growth arrest in BCS-TC2, BCS-TC2.2, HT-29, and Caco-2 cells, increasing the levels of AnxA1 and AnxA5, whereas AnxA2 decreases except in Caco-2 cells. Inosine-differentiated cells present increased amounts of the three studied annexins, as occurs in spontaneously differentiated Caco-2 cells. AnxA2 down-regulation is not due to proteasome activation and seems to be related to the butyrate-induced cell proliferation arrest; AnxA1 and AnxA5 expression is growth-state independent. AnxA1 and AnxA5 are mainly found in the cytoplasm while AnxA2 is localized underneath the plasma membrane in cell-to-cell contacts. Butyrate induces changes in subcellular localization towards a vesicle-associated pattern. Human colon adenocarcinoma cell differentiation is associated with an up-regulation of AnxA1, AnxA2, and AnxA5 and with a subcellular relocation of these proteins. No correlation between annexin levels and tumorigenicity was found. Up-regulation of AnxA1 could contribute to the reported anti-inflammatory effects of butyrate in colon inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guzmán-Aránguez
- Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Grewal S, Molina D, Bardwell L. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-docking sites in MAPK kinases function as tethers that are crucial for MAPK regulation in vivo. Cell Signal 2005; 18:123-34. [PMID: 15979847 PMCID: PMC3017502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2005] [Revised: 04/02/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Docking sites on targets of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) facilitate accurate and efficient substrate phosphorylation. MAPK/ERK kinases (MEKs, or MKKs), the upstream regulators of MAPKs, also contain N-terminal MAPK-docking sites, or 'D-sites'; however, the in vivo functions of MEK D-sites are incompletely understood. Here we found that the ability of constitutively-active human MEK1 and MEK2 to stimulate ERK phosphorylation and to induce the neoplastic transformation of NIH 3T3 cells required the integrity of the D-site. In addition, D-site mutants of otherwise wild-type MEK1/2 were unable to anchor unphosphorylated ERK2 in the cytoplasm. ERK activation, cytoplasmic anchoring and release were completely retained in 'swap' mutants in which MEK2's D-site was replaced with the D-site of MEK1 or yeast Ste7. Furthermore, these abilities were significantly retained when MEK2's D-site was moved to its C-terminus, or replaced by an unrelated MAPK-binding domain taken from the Ets-1 transcription factor. We conclude that the D-sites in MEKs are crucial for the activation of their cognate MAPKs in vivo, and that their primary function is to tether their cognate MAPKs near the MEK's kinase domain. This proximity effect is sufficient to explain the contribution that the D-site interaction makes to several biologically important signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L. Bardwell
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 949 824 6902; fax: +1 949 824 4709. (L. Bardwell)
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Rick M, Ramos Garrido SI, Herr C, Thal DR, Noegel AA, Clemen CS. Nuclear localization of Annexin A7 during murine brain development. BMC Neurosci 2005; 6:25. [PMID: 15819996 PMCID: PMC1087847 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-6-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annexin A7 is a member of the annexin protein family, which is characterized by its ability to interact with phospholipids in the presence of Ca2+-ions and which is thought to function in Ca2+-homeostasis. Results from mutant mice showed altered Ca2+-wave propagation in astrocytes. As the appearance and distribution of Annexin A7 during brain development has not been investigated so far, we focused on the distribution of Annexin A7 protein during mouse embryogenesis in the developing central nervous system and in the adult mouse brain. RESULTS Annexin A7 is expressed in cells of the developing brain where a change in its subcellular localization from cytoplasm to nucleus was observed. In the adult CNS, the subcellular distribution of Annexin A7 depends on the cell type. By immunohistochemistry analysis Annexin A7 was detected in the cytosol of undifferentiated cells at embryonic days E5-E8. At E11-E15 the protein is still present in the cytosol of cells predominantly located in the ventricular germinative zone surrounding the lateral ventricle. Later on, at embryonic day E16, Annexin A7 in cells of the intermediate and marginal zone of the neopallium translocates to the nucleus. Neuronal cells of all areas in the adult brain present Annexin A7 in the nucleus, whereas glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes exhibit both, a cytoplasmic and nuclear staining. The presence of nuclear Annexin A7 was confirmed by extraction of the nucleoplasm from isolated nuclei obtained from neuronal and astroglial cell lines. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated a translocation of Annexin A7 to nuclei of cells in early murine brain development and the presence of Annexin A7 in nuclei of neuronal cells in the adult animal. The role of Annexin A7 in nuclei of differentiating and mature neuronal cells remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Rick
- Center for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Soraya I Ramos Garrido
- Center for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Claudia Herr
- Center for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Angelika A Noegel
- Center for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Christoph S Clemen
- Center for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Köln, Germany
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Gedge LJE, Morrison EE, Blair GE, Walker JH. Nuclear actin is partially associated with Cajal bodies in human cells in culture and relocates to the nuclear periphery after infection of cells by adenovirus 5. Exp Cell Res 2005; 303:229-39. [PMID: 15652338 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Revised: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cajal bodies are intra-nuclear structures enriched in proteins involved in transcription and mRNA processing. In this study, immunofluorescence microscopy experiments using a highly specific antibody to actin revealed nuclear actin spots that colocalized in part with p80 coilin-positive Cajal bodies. Actin remained associated with Cajal bodies in cells extracted to reveal the nuclear matrix. Adenovirus infection, which is known to disassemble Cajal bodies, resulted in loss of actin from these structures late in infection. In infected cells, nuclear actin was observed to relocate to structures at the periphery of the nucleus, inside the nuclear envelope. Based on these findings, it is suggested that actin may play an important role in the organization or function of the Cajal body.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J E Gedge
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Mulla A, Christian HC, Solito E, Mendoza N, Morris JF, Buckingham JC. Expression, subcellular localization and phosphorylation status of annexins 1 and 5 in human pituitary adenomas and a growth hormone-secreting carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004; 60:107-19. [PMID: 14678296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.01936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Annexin 1 (ANXA1), a 37-kDa protein, plays an important role as a mediator of glucocorticoid action in the anterior pituitary gland and has been implicated in the processes of tumorigenesis in a number of other tissues. As a prelude to examining the potential role of ANXA1 in the pathophysiology of pituitary tumours, this study examined the expression, phosphorylation status and distribution of ANXA1 and the closely related protein, annexin 5 (ANXA5), in a series of pituitary adenomas and in two carcinomas. PATIENTS AND DESIGN Forty-two human pituitary adenomas were examined. Parallel studies were performed on normal pituitary tissue, obtained postmortem, a GH-secreting carcinoma and a grade 4 astrocytoma. MEASUREMENTS The tissue was processed for analysis of ANXA1 mRNA and protein expression by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot analysis and immunogold electron-microscopic histochemistry. Parallel measures of ANXA5 mRNA and protein were also made. RESULTS ANXA1 mRNA and protein were detected in all but three adenomas studied; the protein was localized mainly, but not exclusively, to nonendocrine cells. ANXA5 expression was more variable and was contained within both endocrine and nonendocrine cells of these tumours. In comparison with the adenomas, the GH-secreting carcinoma showed abundant expression of both ANXA1 and ANXA5, with intense ANXA1 staining in some but not all tumour/endocrine cells. A serine-phosphorylated species of ANXA1 was detected in all pituitary tumours studied; by contrast, tyrosine-phosphorylated ANXA1 was detected in only four adenomas and in the GH carcinoma. ANXA1 and ANXA5 were also expressed in abundance in the astrocytoma. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate expression of both ANXA1 and ANXA5 in human pituitary tumours and thus raise the possibility that these proteins influence the growth and/or functional activity of the tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeda Mulla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK
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Eberhard DA, Karns LR, VandenBerg SR, Creutz CE. Control of the nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning of annexin II by a nuclear export signal and by p11 binding. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:3155-66. [PMID: 11590242 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114.17.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated mechanisms controlling the nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning of annexin II (AnxII). AnxII and its ligand, p11, were localized by immunofluorescence to the cytoplasmic compartment of U1242MG cells, with minimal AnxII or p11 detected within nuclei. Similarly, GFP-AnxII and GFP-p11 chimeras localized to the endogenous proteins. Likewise, GFP-AnxII(1-22) was excluded from nuclei, whereas GFP-AnxII(23-338) and GFP alone were distributed throughout the cells. Immunoprecipitation and biochemical studies showed that GFP-AnxII did not form heteromeric complexes with endogenous p11 and AnxII. Thus, the AnxII N-tail is necessary and sufficient to cause nuclear exclusion of the GFP fusion protein but this does not involve p11 binding. A nuclear export signal consensus sequence was found in the AnxII 3-12 region. The consensus mutant GFP-AnxII(L10A/L12A) confirmed that these residues are necessary for nuclear exclusion. The nuclear exclusion of GFP-AnxII(1-22) was temperature-dependent and reversible, and the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B (LmB) caused GFP-AnxII or overexpressed AnxII monomer to accumulate in nuclei. Therefore, AnxII monomer can enter the nucleus and is actively exported. However, LmB had little effect on the localization of AnxII/p11 complex in U1242MG cells, indicating that the complex is sequestered in the cytoplasm. By contrast, LmB treatment of v-src-transformed fibroblasts caused endogenous AnxII to accumulate in nuclei. The LmB-induced nuclear accumulation of AnxII was accelerated by pervanadate and inhibited by genistein, suggesting that phosphorylation promotes nuclear entry of AnxII. Thus, nuclear exclusion of AnxII results from nuclear export of the monomer and sequestration of AnxII/p11 complex, and may be modulated by phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Eberhard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Abstract
The field of epigenetics has recently moved to the forefront of studies relating to diverse processes such as transcriptional regulation, chromatin structure, genome integrity, and tumorigenesis. Recent work has revealed how DNA methylation and chromatin structure are linked at the molecular level and how methylation anomalies play a direct causal role in tumorigenesis and genetic disease. Much new information has also come to light regarding the cellular methylation machinery, known as the DNA methyltransferases, in terms of their roles in mammalian development and the types of proteins they are known to interact with. This information has forced a new view for the role of DNA methyltransferases. Rather than enzymes that act in isolation to copy methylation patterns after replication, the types of interactions discovered thus far indicate that DNA methyltransferases may be components of larger complexes actively involved in transcriptional control and chromatin structure modulation. These new findings will likely enhance our understanding of the myriad roles of DNA methylation in disease as well as point the way to novel therapies to prevent or repair these defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Robertson
- Epigenetic Gene Regulation and Cancer Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg. 41, 41 Library Dr., Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Howell CY, Bestor TH, Ding F, Latham KE, Mertineit C, Trasler JM, Chaillet JR. Genomic imprinting disrupted by a maternal effect mutation in the Dnmt1 gene. Cell 2001; 104:829-38. [PMID: 11290321 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of genomic methylation patterns in mammalian somatic cells depends on DNA methyltransferase-1 (Dnmt1). Mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos lack Dnmt1 but express a variant of this protein called Dnmt1o. We eliminated Dnmt1o by deletion of the oocyte-specific promoter and first exon from the Dnmt1 locus. Homozygous animals were normal, but most heterozygous fetuses of homozygous females died during the last third of gestation. Although genomic methylation patterns were established normally in Dnmt1o-deficient oocytes, embryos derived from such oocytes showed a loss of allele-specific expression and methylation at certain imprinted loci. Transient nuclear localization of Dnmt1o in 8-cell embryos suggests that this variant of Dnmt1 provides maintenance methyltransferase activity specifically at imprinted loci during the fourth embryonic S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Howell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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Buckland AG, Wilton DC. Anionic phospholipids, interfacial binding and the regulation of cell functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1483:199-216. [PMID: 10634937 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A G Buckland
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, UK
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17
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Babiychuk EB, Palstra RJ, Schaller J, Kämpfer U, Draeger A. Annexin VI participates in the formation of a reversible, membrane-cytoskeleton complex in smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:35191-5. [PMID: 10575003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.49.35191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasmalemma of smooth muscle cells is periodically banded. This arrangement ensures efficient transmission of contractile activity, via the firm, actin-anchoring regions, while the more elastic caveolae-containing "hinge" regions facilitate rapid cellular adaptation to changes in cell length. Since cellular mechanics are undoubtedly regulated by components of the membrane and cytoskeleton, we have investigated the potential role played by annexins (a family of phospholipid- and actin-binding, Ca(2+)-regulated proteins) in regulating sarcolemmal organization. Stimulation of smooth muscle cells elicited a relocation of annexin VI from the cytoplasm to the plasmalemma. In smooth, but not in striated muscle extracts, annexins II and VI coprecipitated with actomyosin and the caveolar fraction of the sarcolemma at elevated Ca(2+) concentrations. Recombination of actomyosin, annexins, and caveolar lipids in the presence of Ca(2+) led to formation of a structured precipitate. Participation of all 3 components was required, indicating that a Ca(2+)-dependent, cytoskeleton-membrane complex had been generated. This association, which occurred at physiological Ca(2+) concentrations, corroborates our biochemical fractionation and immunohistochemical findings and suggests that annexins play a role in regulating sarcolemmal organization during smooth muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Babiychuk
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Clark GB, Dauwalder M, Roux SJ. Immunological and biochemical evidence for nuclear localization of annexin in peas. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 1998; 36:621-7. [PMID: 11542469 DOI: 10.1016/s0981-9428(98)80010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Immunofluorescent localization of annexins using an anti-pea annexin polyclonal antibody (anti-p35) in pea (Pisum sativum) leaf and stem epidermal peels showed staining of the nuclei and the cell periphery. Nuclear staining was also seen in cell teases prepared from pea plumules. The amount of nuclear stain was reduced both by fixation time and by dehydration and organic solvent treatment. Observation with confocal microscopy demonstrated that the anti-p35 stain was diffusely distributed throughout the nuclear structure. Immunoblots of purified nuclei, nuclear envelope matrix, nucleolar, and chromatin fractions showed a cross-reactive protein band of 35 kDa. These data are the first to show annexins localized in plant cell nuclei where they may play a role in nuclear function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Clark
- Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin 78713, USA
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19
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Kawaminami M, Yamaguchi K, Miyagawa S, Numazawa S, Ioka H, Kurusu S, Hashimoto I. Ovariectomy enhances the expression and nuclear translocation of annexin 5 in rat anterior pituitary gonadotrophs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1998; 141:73-8. [PMID: 9723888 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An observation of abundant annexin 5, a novel calcium and phospholipid binding protein, in gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland of ovariectomized rats (Kawaminami et al., 1997 (in press)) led us to investigate the effect of ovariectomy on the subcellular distribution and synthesis of annexin 5. Gonadotrophs, which were identified by immunocytochemistry with anti LHbeta antiserum, dramatically increased their size three weeks after ovariectomy. These 'castration cells' were shown to contain abundant annexin 5 associated with the plasma membrane, nuclear envelope and nucleoplasm. True localization within the nucleus was shown by optical sectioning with a confocal microscope. Northern blot analysis showed that annexin 5 mRNA in the anterior pituitary gland was increased 24 h after ovariectomy. It further increased in parallel with LHbeta mRNA at three weeks and it decreased in parallel with LHbeta mRNA when estradiol (250 microg/animal per day) was given for 3 days. These results show that the expression of pituitary annexin 5 is controlled by ovarian estradiol and imply that annexin 5 plays a physiological role in the nucleus of activated gonadotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawaminami
- Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan.
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20
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Miyoshi R, Tokuda M, Ohnishi M, Uemura N, Hosokawa YA, Hosokawa H, Kawanishi K, Osamu Hatase, Ishida T, Takahara J. Distribution and developmental changes of annexin V in rat pancreatic islets. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4680(97)10006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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21
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Mohiti J, Caswell AM, Walker JH. The nuclear location of annexin V in the human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 depends on serum factors and tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. Exp Cell Res 1997; 234:98-104. [PMID: 9223374 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Serum starvation of MG-63 cells increases their doubling time from 24 h to 4 days. Cells grown in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum contain high levels of annexin V in the cell nucleus, whereas growth for 4 days in the absence of serum results in loss of nuclear annexin V from 72 +/- 4% of cells. Many of the cells which still have nuclear annexin V under these conditions seem to have recently finished dividing. Refeeding cells with medium containing serum restores annexin V to nuclei within 5 h. Charcoal treatment removes factors from serum that are required to allow annexin V to return to the nucleus. Protein synthesis is not required for annexin V to return to nuclei since inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide does not prevent the serum-induced return of annexin V to nuclei. This, and other evidence, indicates that the presence of annexin V in nuclei reflects translocation rather than catabolism and resynthesis. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase activities with genistein attenuates the relocation of annexin V from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Thus, the nuclear location of annexin V is controlled by signaling pathways involving serum factors and tyrosine kinases. The results argue for an important role for annexin V in the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mohiti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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