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Normand A, Le Bris Y, Loussouarn D, Gournay J, Mosnier JF. Obliteration of liver sinusoids through platelet aggregates associated to extramedullary haematopoiesis in myeloid neoplasms. Virchows Arch 2024:10.1007/s00428-024-03844-2. [PMID: 38877359 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-024-03844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein is reported a series of five patients with myeloid neoplasms presenting hepatic complications in whose liver biopsy revealed obstruction of sinusoids by platelet aggregates associated to liver extramedullary haematopoiesis. Indication of liver biopsies was jaundice, unexplained hepatomegaly or portal hypertension. Haematological disorders were classified according to the World Health Organisation. Molecular profile was established in all cases as well as grade of liver extramedullary haematopoiesis and myelofibrosis. The patients were four men and one woman aged from 50 to 82 years. Two patients had myeloproliferative neoplasm (triple negative primary myelofibrosis and JAK2-mutated essential thrombocytopenia), two patients had unclassifiable myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm and one patient had chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia type 1. Liver biopsies revealed platelet aggregates occluding sinusoids in association with extramedullary haematopoiesis grade 1 in one patient, grade 2 in two patients and grade 3 in two patients. Two of these patients presented co-existing liver fibrosis due to chronic alcoholic consumption and ischemic heart failure. These five patients died from 2 to 23 months after liver biopsy due to acute myeloblastic leukaemia (three patients), portal hypertension (one patient) or other causes (acute heart failure). Intrahepatic sinusoidal microthromboses through platelet aggregates might cause portal hypertension or liver deficiency in patients with myeloid neoplasms, independently of JAK2 mutational status and grade of extramedullary haematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Normand
- Department of Pathology, Hotel Dieu, 1 Place Ricordeau, CHU de Nantes, 44093, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Yannick Le Bris
- Department of Haematology Biology, Hotel Dieu, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- Department of Pathology, Hotel Dieu, 1 Place Ricordeau, CHU de Nantes, 44093, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Gournay
- Department of Gastro-Enterology and Hepatology, IMAD, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-François Mosnier
- Department of Pathology, Hotel Dieu, 1 Place Ricordeau, CHU de Nantes, 44093, Nantes Cedex, France.
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2
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Gan X, Yu S, Zhu M, Ning B, He S, Xie X, Tu L, Yu H. Case report: Primary myelofibrosis presenting with portal hypertension mimicking cirrhosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1375571. [PMID: 38765254 PMCID: PMC11099218 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1375571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is an infrequent etiology of noncirrhotic portal hypertension (PH). In clinical settings, non-cirrhotic PH is often misdiagnosed as cirrhotic PH. This case report details a patient who exhibited recurrent esophageal variceal hemorrhage and was initially misdiagnosed with cirrhosis. Initially poised for liver transplantation, the patient's liver biopsy revealed no significant cirrhosis but showed signs of extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). Following the accurate diagnosis of PMF, the patient underwent standard treatment, leading to an absence of recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to esophageal varices for nearly three years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayu Gan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengjie Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People’s Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang, China
| | - Bo Ning
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linshuang Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huihong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Aspite S, Schepis F, Roccarina D, Gitto S, Citone M, Di Bonaventura C, Bianchini M, Arena U, Vannucchi AM, Guglielmelli P, Campani F, Fanelli F, Marra F, Vizzutti F. Portosystemic shunt is an effective treatment for complications of portal hypertension in hepatic myeloid metaplasia and improves nutritional status. Liver Int 2022; 42:419-424. [PMID: 34963020 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
In patients affected by myelofibrosis with hepatic myeloid metaplasia (HMM), portal hypertension (PHT) complications may develop. In this case series, we analysed the efficacy and safety of transjugular portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the treatment of PHT-related complications and its effects on the nutritional status. Six patients were evaluated and the average follow-up period after TIPS was 33 (IQR 5) months. None of the patients developed hepatic failure, nor any recurrence of variceal bleeding was recorded. No additional paracentesis or endoscopic prophylactic treatment for PHT-related complications were required. In all subjects, the average dose of diuretics was almost halved three months after TIPS. Three patients died during the follow-up, but none for liver-related causes. All patients showed an improvement in the global nutritional status. In conclusion, TIPS represent an effective and safe treatment option for patients affected by complications of PHT secondary to HMM and drives to an improvement of the nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Aspite
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Schepis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Modena Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Roccarina
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Gitto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Citone
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Radiology Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Bonaventura
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marcello Bianchini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Modena Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Umberto Arena
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro M Vannucchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Center Research Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (CRIMM), SOD Hematology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Center for Research, High Education and Transfer DENOThe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Guglielmelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Center Research Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (CRIMM), SOD Hematology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Center for Research, High Education and Transfer DENOThe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Fanelli
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Radiology Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Marra
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Center for Research, High Education and Transfer DENOThe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Vizzutti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Motomura D, Kulai T, Epstein I. Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage Secondary to Post-Polycythemic Myelofibrosis. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2018; 1:95-96. [PMID: 31294350 PMCID: PMC6507287 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwy016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Motomura
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tasha Kulai
- Division of Digestive Care and Endoscopy, Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian Epstein
- Division of Digestive Care and Endoscopy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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5
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Panda A, Chandrashekhara SH, Nambirajan A, Mishra P. Idiopathic myelofibrosis with disseminated hepatosplenic, mesenteric, renal and pulmonary extramedullary haematopoeisis, portal hypertension and tuberculosis: initial presentation and 2 years follow-up. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016:bcr-2016-217854. [PMID: 28011890 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-217854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 35-year-old man with a 12-year history of idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) presented in 2014 with fatigue and abdominal distension. CT scan revealed massive hepatosplenomegaly with focal splenic lesions, soft tissue around renal pelvis, mesenteric masses compressing bowel loops and perilymphatic nodules in lungs. There was portal hypertension, ascites, pleural effusion, bilateral psoas abscesses and necrotic retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. MRI additionally revealed hypointense periportal infiltrative lesions in liver, not seen on CT scan. None of these lesions showed diffusion restriction. Biopsy from mesenteric masses revealed extramedullary haematopoeisis. Aspiration from psoas abscess confirmed tuberculosis. Follow-up after 6 weeks of ruxolitinib (JAK2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and 9 months of antitubercular therapy revealed resolution of psoas abscesses and lymph nodes. Mild reduction was noted in mesenteric masses and ascites while perirenal soft tissue had increased. Follow-up imaging after another 1 year of ruloxitinib showed new-onset bilateral paravertebral and presacral foci of extramedullary haematopoeisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Panda
- All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Aruna Nambirajan
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pravas Mishra
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
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Portal hypertension and myeloproliferative neoplasms: a relationship revealed. ISRN HEMATOLOGY 2013; 2013:673781. [PMID: 24159391 PMCID: PMC3789477 DOI: 10.1155/2013/673781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives. Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms have a well-established increased risk of thrombosis. Many trials report identification of an underlying myeloproliferative neoplasm by investigation of the patients developing portal hypertensive esophagus and/or fundus variceal hemorrhage in the absence of any known etiology. This trial was designed to investigate the association between myeloproliferative neoplasms and portal hypertension and to detect the frequency of portal hypertension development in this subset of patients. Methodology. Twenty-nine patients previously diagnosed with polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytopenia, and primary myelofibrosis, who were under followup at the hematology outpatient clinic of our hospital, were included in the trial. Results. In our trial, we detected portal hypertension in 13.8% of the patients (n = 4), as a finding that was similar to those obtained in other studies performed to date. Conclusions. Considering the fact that diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms usually takes a long time, treatment should be started (while, on the other hand, assessing the investigational and therapeutical choices for the complications) right after the bone marrow biopsy or cytogenetic studies required for establishing the final diagnosis have been performed.
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7
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Wong KM, Atenafu EG, Kim D, Kuruvilla J, Lipton JH, Messner H, Gupta V. Incidence and risk factors for early hepatotoxicity and its impact on survival in patients with myelofibrosis undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2012; 18:1589-99. [PMID: 22531490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is commonly associated with hepatic complications. Patients with myelofibrosis (MF) often develop liver dysfunction in the early posttransplantation period; however, this has not yet been studied in a systematic fashion. We retrospectively evaluated 53 patients with MF who underwent HCT to assess the prevalence of acute liver toxicity and risk factors and the impact on survival. We compared the prevalence of acute hepatic complications in that group and a matched control group of 53 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In the MF group, during the first 6 weeks after HCT, the incidence of mild (34.2-102.6 μM), moderate (102.6-342 μM), and severe (>342 μM) hyperbilirubinemia was 34%, 40%, and 4%, respectively (normal, <22 μM). The incidence of mild/moderate transaminitis (2-10 times the upper limit of normal) was 23%, and that of severe transaminitis (>10 times the upper limit of normal) was 6%. Veno-occlusive disease as defined by the Baltimore criteria was observed in 19 patients (36%) in the MF group. Compared with MDS, MF was associated with a significantly higher incidence of moderate/severe hyperbilirubinemia (44% versus 21%; P = .02) and veno-occlusive disease (36% versus 19%; P = .05). A history of portal hypertension, biopsy-proven hepatic iron overload, or splanchnic vein thrombosis was a strong predictor of moderate/severe hyperbilirubinemia (P = .02). Acute hepatocellular injury with moderate/severe hyperbilirubinemia or transaminitis was associated with inferior survival at 12 months (P = .02) in the MF group. We conclude that patients with MF are at significant risk of early hepatotoxicity after HCT, which is associated with an adverse impact on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Man Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Zhao G, Wu ZY, Zhang B, Sun YW, Luo M. Diagnosis and treatment of portal hypertension secondary to myeloproliferative disorders: a report of three cases. J Dig Dis 2011; 12:312-6. [PMID: 21791027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Tamaki K, Otaka M, Sakamoto N, Matsumoto K, Yamashina S, Watanabe S. Acute variceal bleeding in a patient with idiopathic myelofibrosis successfully treated with endoscopic variceal band ligation and chemotherapy: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2010; 4:25. [PMID: 20181038 PMCID: PMC2830976 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-4-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Idiopathic myelofibrosis is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by leukoerythroblastosis, massive splenomegaly, and increases in the reticular and collagen fibers in the bone marrow. Portal hypertension is observed in some patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis. Gastrointestinal hemorrhages, which are due mostly to the rupture of the esophageal varices, have been sporadically reported to be an infrequent complication of idiopathic myelofibrosis. Case presentation We report a case of a Japanese 63-year-old woman with myelofibrosis and variceal hemorrhage, with a background of concomitant portal and pulmonary hypertension. She was successfully treated through a combination of endoscopic variceal ligation and chemotherapy. Conclusion This is the first known report on the successful application of endoscopic variceal ligation and chemotherapy as the therapeutic procedure for an esophageal variceal hemorrhage in a patient with myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Tamaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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10
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Abu-Hilal M, Tawaker J. Portal hypertension secondary to myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: A study of 13 cases. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:3128-33. [PMID: 19575492 PMCID: PMC2705735 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.3128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To describe the clinical presentation and complications of portal hypertension (PH) secondary to myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM).
METHODS: Medical records for 123 patients with MMM were reviewed.
RESULTS: Thirteen patients with PH secondary to MMM were identified. Median ages at time of MMM and PH diagnosis were 61 and 66 years, respectively. The interval from MMM diagnosis to presentation with one of the PH features ranged from 1 to 11 years. Variceal bleeding and ascites were the most common presentations. Of the eight patients who presented with variceal bleeding, six patients underwent endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) with no variceal recurrence or hematological worsening during a 12-mo follow up period.
CONCLUSION: Patients with MMM might develop PH. Exact mechanisms leading to PH in MMM are still controversial. As in other etiologies, variceal bleeding and ascites are the most common presentations. Anemia may correlate with, and/or predict, the severity of the PH presentation in these patients. EVL can successfully control variceal bleeding in MMM. Further clinical studies are required.
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11
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[Pathology along the liver sinusoids: endothelial and perisinusoidal findings]. DER PATHOLOGE 2008; 29:37-46. [PMID: 18210108 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-007-0962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sinusoidal alterations unrelated to primary hepatocellular damage present without characteristic clinical findings and in these cases the liver biopsy is particularly important. Capillarization of sinusoids is characterized by closing of fenestration, formation of a basal membrane and by the expression of CD34 and is typical for active cirrhosis. In nodular regeneratory hyperplasia, capillarization indicates a local or general disturbance of perfusion. In large regenerative nodules, focal nodular hyperplasia and liver cell adenoma CD34-positive capillaries reflect afferent parts and CD34-negative sinusoids the efferent parts of the parenchymal vascular bed. HCC generally have a completely capillarized CD34-positive vascular bed. Hepatic angiosarcomas and epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas can be easily overseen in liver biopsies, if they spread along the sinusoids without detoriation of the acinar architecture and without significant alteration of the surrounding liver cell plates. Toxic damage of endothelial cells, post-sinusoidal stasis and sinusoidal hyperperfusion are the underlying pathogenetic principles of sinusoidal injury. Rupture and loss of the perisinusoidal reticulin fibres lead to peliosis hepatis. In these cases liver biopsy might disclose occlusion of the terminal liver veins (VOD). Perisinusoidal fibrosis can be caused by intrasinusoidal accumulation of pathologic cells, advanced intrasinusoidal macrophagocytic storage diseases and by activation of the vitamin A-storing hepatic stellate cells. Perisinusoidal amyloidosis can be the first sign of an underlying B-cell neoplasia.
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12
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Flucke U, Fischer HP. [Pathology along the liver sinusoids: intrasinusoidal findings]. DER PATHOLOGE 2008; 29:27-36. [PMID: 18210115 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-007-0961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pathological findings in the liver sinusoids are mostly caused by extrahepatic or systemic diseases. Unclear fever, hepatosplenomegaly, portal hypertension or a mild elevation of liver enzymes are reasons for a liver biopsy leading to path-breaking diagnoses. Reactive intrasinusoidal lymphocytosis, especially with Epstein-Barr virus infections, has to be differentiated from predominantly intrasinusoidal lymphoproliferative malignancies. Intrasinusoidal megakaryocytes can be the first sign of a myeloproliferative or myelodestructive disease. Intrasinusoidal carcinosis and melanomatosis might present radiologically without tumor lesions and are easily overlooked histologically, in particular, if the critical cells have a similar size to hepatocytes. This also applies for intrasinusoidal storing macrophages. Gaucher's disease type I, and some other subtypes of inborn storage diseases might present for the first time in adulthood by hepatomegaly and Kupffer cell hypertrophy. Accompanying perisinusoidal fibrosis and immunohistochemical staining (CD68) can help to detect the large pale intrasinusoidal macrophages. In immunocompromized patients with fever, particular attention must be paid to intracellular agents, especially atypical mycobacteria and yeasts in non-granulomatous nested or dispersed Kupffer cells. Leishmaniasis with amastigotes in macrophages is accompanied by reactive sinusoidal plasmocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Flucke
- Institut für Pathologie, Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn
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13
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Goh BKP, Chen JJC, Tan HK, Yong WS, Chan WH. Acute variceal bleed in a patient with idiopathic myelofibrosis successfully treated with endoscopic variceal band ligation. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:173-5. [PMID: 17195922 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian K P Goh
- Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608 Singapore.
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14
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Doki N, Irisawa H, Takada S, Sakura T, Miyawaki S. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the treatment of portal hypertension due to idiopathic myelofibrosis. Intern Med 2007; 46:187-90. [PMID: 17301514 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.46.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 59-year-old man was diagnosed to have idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) in November 2001. In April 2004, massive ascites and esophageal varices were found. IMF was considered to be the cause of portal hypertension (ascites and esophageal varices). Since ascites tend to be intractable with diuretic drugs, a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was inserted in May 2004. Before TIPS, his waist measured 98 cm. On day 74 after TIPS, his waist measured 68 cm as a result of the administration of diuretic drugs alone. He eventually died due to hepatic failure on day 168 after TIPS. The autopsy findings suggest that sinusoidal fibrosis caused portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Doki
- The Division of Hematology, Saiseikai Maebashi Hospital, Maebashi
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15
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Alvarez-Larrán A, Abraldes JG, Cervantes F, Hernández-Guerra M, Vizzutti F, Miquel R, Gilabert R, Giusti M, Garcia-Pagan JC, Bosch J. Portal hypertension secondary to myelofibrosis: a study of three cases. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100:2355-8. [PMID: 16181389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.50374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis (IM), portal hypertension (PHT) without thrombosis of the hepatic or splenoportal veins is infrequent. OBJECTIVE To ascertain the mechanisms responsible for the development of PHT in IM and their therapeutic implications. PATIENTS AND METHODS Color Doppler ultrasound with portal flow quantification, hepatic hemodynamic studies, and histological examinations of the liver biopsies were performed in three IM patients with PHT in whom hepatic and splenoportal thrombosis were ruled out. RESULTS Two patients showed sinusoidal PHT (increased hepatic venous pressure gradient), normal portal flow, and massive myeloid metaplasia of the liver. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was indicated for variceal bleeding and ascites unresponsive to medical therapy, and resulted in an adequate control of these PHT complications. At the time of TIPS placement, direct portal pressure measurement showed a marked presinusoidal component in the PHT. A third patient died as a consequence of the IM before treatment of PHT could be instituted. This patient showed an extremely increased portal flow and lesser hepatic infiltration. CONCLUSIONS IM patients with PHT might have a marked presinusoidal component contributing to PHT that is underestimated by hepatic vein catheterization. Treatment of the complications of PHT might not differ from that of patients with cirrhosis.
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16
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Sato T, Yamazaki K, Toyota J, Karino Y, Ohmura T, Akaike J, Kuwata Y, Suga T. ENDOSCOPIC INJECTION SCLEROTHERAPY FOR ESOPHAGEAL VARICES IN TWO PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC MYELOFIBROSIS. Dig Endosc 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2004.00404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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17
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Roskams T, Baptista A, Bianchi L, Burt A, Callea F, Denk H, De Groote J, Desmet V, Hubscher S, Ishak K, MacSween R, Portmann B, Poulson H, Scheuer P, Terracciano L, Thaler H. Histopathology of portal hypertension: a practical guideline. Histopathology 2003; 42:2-13. [PMID: 12493019 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2003.01464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Roskams
- Department of Pathology, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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18
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Angermayr B, Cejna M, Schoder M, Wrba F, Valent P, Gangl A, Peck-Radosavljevic M. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for treatment of portal hypertension due to extramedullary hematopoiesis in idiopathic myelofibrosis. Blood 2002; 99:4246-7. [PMID: 12043694 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Shibata K, Nakano S, Watanabe M, Yano H, Matsuzaki M, Sano M. Acute megakaryocytic leukaemia (AML-M7) with myelofibrosis terminating in AML-MO with concurrent liver fibrosis. Eur J Haematol Suppl 1998; 60:310-2. [PMID: 9654161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1998.tb01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Takasaki M, Takahashi I, Takamatsu M, Yorimitsu S, Yorimitsu Y, Takeda I, Horimi T. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for esophageal variceal hemorrhage in a patient with idiopathic myelofibrosis. J Gastroenterol 1996; 31:260-2. [PMID: 8680548 DOI: 10.1007/bf02389527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A 74-year-old female with idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) was admitted to our hospital because of massive hematemesis and melena. Immediate upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed an intermittent spurting hemorrhage from extensive esophageal varices. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) was carried out and the bleeding ceased. After five courses of EIS, all the esophageal varices were eradicated. About 15 months later, the patient died, due to a cerebral hemorrhage, without further variceal bleeding. A postmortem examination was carried out and the portal hypertension was considered to be due not only to extramedullary hematopoiesis in the sinusoids, but also to increased splenic blood flow. We are confident that EIS is an effective therapeutic procedure for patients with IMF showing esophageal variceal hemorrhage. EIS should be the preferred choice of treatment for esophageal varices in patients with IMF, since it is less invasive than splenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kochi Municipal Central Hospital, Japan
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21
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Cetingül N, Yener E, Oztop S, Nisli G, Soydan S. Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia in childhood: a report of two cases and efficiency of intravenous high dose methylprednisolone treatment. ACTA PAEDIATRICA JAPONICA : OVERSEAS EDITION 1994; 36:697-700. [PMID: 7871986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1994.tb03273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, or agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by fibrosis of the bone marrow accompanied by aniso- and poikilocytosis, leukoerythroblastosis and hepatosplenomegaly with extramedullary hematopoiesis. Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia is very rare in children. In this report, two cases of AMM in whom the onset of the illness were at 3 and 12 months of age, are presented. Both had severe anemia, hepatosplenomegaly and bone marrow fibrosis. Lymph node biopsy of the first patient and liver biopsy of the second revealed extramedullary hematopoiesis. They were treated with an intravenous high dose of methylprednisolone (daily 30 mg/kg for 3 days, 20 mg/kg for 4 days, 10 mg/kg for 1 week, 5 mg/kg for 1 week). A complete improvement of hematological and clinical findings was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cetingül
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Izmir, Turkey
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22
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Freedman SD, Drews RE, Glotzer DJ, Kim DS, Gardner H, Galli SJ. Recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding associated with myelofibrosis and diffuse intestinal telangiectasias. Gastroenterology 1991; 101:1432-9. [PMID: 1936815 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S D Freedman
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Leinweber C, Order SE, Calkins AR. Whole-abdominal irradiation for the management of gastrointestinal and abdominal manifestations of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Cancer 1991; 68:1251-4. [PMID: 1873777 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19910915)68:6<1251::aid-cncr2820680612>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A patient with a long-standing history of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia developed weight loss and ascites secondary to gastric/small bowel infiltration and peritoneal implants of myeloid tissue. Moderate doses of radiation were very effective in controlling her gastrointestinal symptoms. In contrast to previous reports, clinical improvement after irradiation was a slow, gradual process, requiring 5 months for complete resolution of the patient's ascites. Hematologic suppression may be profound and careful attention to the rate of change in leukocyte and platelet counts is necessary to avoid severe toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leinweber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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24
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Lioté F, Yeni P, Teillet-Thiebaud F, Barge J, Devars Du Mayne JF, Flamant Y, Molas G, Carbon C. Ascites revealing peritoneal and hepatic extramedullary hematopoiesis with peliosis in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: case report and review of the literature. Am J Med 1991; 90:111-7. [PMID: 1986577 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(91)90513-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A 61-year-old man presented with ascites in the course of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM). Ascitic fluid was exudative and contained mature and immature leukocytes, erythroid cells, and megakaryocytes as observed on a bone marrow smear. Peritoneal biopsy showed myeloid metaplasia, and liver biopsy revealed intrasinusoidal myeloid metaplasia and peliosis. Ascites cleared after abdominal radiotherapy but treatment resulted in transient aplasia. Subsequently, portal hypertension was demonstrated by hepatic transjugular catheterization. Complications of splenomegaly led to splenectomy and splenorenal shunt followed by fatal acute hepatitis and septic shock. A review of the literature and an analysis of mechanisms of ascites occurring in AMM, especially peritoneal implants of myeloid tissue and occurrence of peliosis in myeloproliferative disorders, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lioté
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
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25
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Wanless IR, Peterson P, Das A, Boitnott JK, Moore GW, Bernier V. Hepatic vascular disease and portal hypertension in polycythemia vera and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: a clinicopathological study of 145 patients examined at autopsy. Hepatology 1990; 12:1166-74. [PMID: 2227815 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840120515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of portal hypertension arising in patients with myeloproliferative disorders has been difficult to understand because liver biopsy findings often show minimal changes. It has been suggested that increased splenic blood flow, hepatic infiltration with hematopoietic cells or sinusoidal fibrosis may be important. We have reviewed the autopsy findings and clinical histories of 97 patients with polycythemia vera and 48 patients with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia collected from three institutions and from the Polycythemia Vera Study Group. Cirrhosis was present in seven patients, one of whom had bleeding varices. Esophageal varices were present clinically in 10 patients without cirrhosis (seven polycythemia and three agnogenic myeloid metaplasia). All of these patients had lesions in small or medium-sized portal veins and four had stenosis of the extrahepatic portal vein with histology compatible with organized thrombi. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia occurred in 14.6% and correlated closely with the presence of portal vein lesions. Thirty patients had greater than 500 ml of ascites, seven of these patients also had varices and six of them had hepatic vein thrombosis. Ascites also correlated with hepatic vein disease confined to small intrahepatic branches. No correlation was seen between hepatic hematopoietic infiltration and signs of portal hypertension. We conclude that esophageal varices are common and are almost always associated with portal vein lesions visible by light microscopy. These portal vein lesions, and the secondary effects of nodular regenerative hyperplasia and portal hypertension, are most likely a result of portal vein thrombosis in patients with myeloproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Wanless
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Canada
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