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Han F, Ding ZF, Shi XL, Zhu QT, Shen QH, Xu XM, Zhang JX, Gong WJ, Xiao WM, Wang D, Chen WW, Hu LH, Lu GT. Irisin inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps formation and protects against acute pancreatitis in mice. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102787. [PMID: 37392517 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irisin is a newly discovered myokine which links exercise to inflammation and inflammation-related diseases through macrophage regulation. However, the effect of irisin on the activity of inflammation related immune cells (such as neutrophils) has not been clearly described. OBJECTIVES The objective of our study was to explore the effect of irisin on the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. METHODS Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) was used to construct a classic neutrophil inflammation model that was used to observe the formation of NETs in vitro. We studied the effect of irisin on NETs formation and its regulation mechanism. Subsequently, acute pancreatitis (AP) was used to verify the protective effect of irisin in vivo, which was an acute aseptic inflammatory response disease model closely related to NETs. RESULTS Our study found that addition of irisin significantly reduced the formation of NETs via regulation of the P38/MAPK pathway through integrin αVβ5, which might be the one of key pathways in NETs formation, and which could theoretically offset the immunoregulatory effect of irisin. Systemic treatment with irisin reduced the severity of tissue damage common in the disease and inhibited the formation of NETs in pancreatic necrotic tissue of two classical AP mouse models. CONCLUSION The findings confirmed for the first time that irisin could inhibit NETs formation and protect mice from pancreatic injury, which further elucidated the protective effect of exercise on acute inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Fan Ding
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; International Sport Management, Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Xiao-Lei Shi
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing-Tian Zhu
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin-Hao Shen
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing-Meng Xu
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Xian Zhang
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Juan Gong
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Ming Xiao
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liang-Hao Hu
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guo-Tao Lu
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Qian J, Tao D, Shan X, Xiao X, Chen C. Role of angiogenesis in beta-cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition in chronic pancreatitis-induced diabetes. J Transl Med 2022; 102:290-297. [PMID: 34764436 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) are prone to development of diabetes (chronic pancreatitis-related diabetes; CPRD), whereas the underlying mechanisms are not fully determined. Recently, we showed that the gradual loss of functional beta-cells in a mouse model for CPRD, partial pancreatic duct ligation (PDL), results from a transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-triggered beta-cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), rather than from apoptotic beta-cell death. Here, the role of angiogenesis in CPRD-associated beta-cell EMT was addressed. We detected enhanced angiogenesis in the inflamed pancreas from CP patients by bioinformatic analysis and from PDL-mice. Inhibition of angiogenesis by specific antisera for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), DC101, did not alter the loss of beta-cells and the fibrotic process in PDL-pancreas. However, DC101-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis abolished pancreatitis-induced beta-cell EMT and rendered it to apoptotic beta-cell death. Thus, our data suggest that angiogenesis promotes beta-cell survival in the inflamed pancreas, while suppression of angiogenesis turns beta-cell EMT into apoptotic beta-cell death. This finding could be informative during development of intervention therapies for CPRD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Humans
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/complications
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/genetics
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/metabolism
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqi Qian
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Dongdong Tao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiaoou Shan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| | - Congde Chen
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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CaMK II Inhibition Attenuates ROS Dependent Necroptosis in Acinar Cells and Protects against Acute Pancreatitis in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4187398. [PMID: 34840668 PMCID: PMC8612788 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4187398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As a calcium-regulated protein, CaMK II is closely related to cell death, and it participates in the development of pathological processes such as reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, and oligodendrocyte death. The function of CaMK II activation in acute pancreatitis (AP) remains unclear. In our study, we confirmed that the expression of p-CaMK II was increased significantly and consistently in injured pancreatic tissues after caerulein-induced AP. Then, we found that KN93, an inhibitor of CaMK II, could mitigate the histopathological manifestations in pancreatic tissues, reduce serum levels of enzymology, and decrease oxidative stress products. Accordingly, we elucidated the effect of KN93 in vitro and found that KN93 had a protective effect on the pancreatic acinar cell necroptosis pathway by inhibiting the production of ROS and decreasing the expression of RIP3 and p-MLKL. In addition, we identified the protective effect of KN93 on AP through another mouse model induced by pancreatic duct ligation (PDL). Together, these data demonstrated that CaMK II participates in the development of AP and that inhibiting CaMK II activation could protect against AP by reducing acinar cell necroptosis, which may provide a new idea target for the prevention and treatment of AP in the clinic.
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Wu Z, Lu G, Zhang L, Ke L, Yuan C, Ma N, Yu X, Guo X, Zhao W, Wang Y, Hu S, Wu D, Li W. Protectin D1 decreases pancreatitis severity in mice by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107486. [PMID: 33639566 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid-derived protectin D1 (PD1) was identified critical in the resolution of inflammation in vivo, where it modulates the innate immune response and stimulates resolution. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is characterized by local pancreatic inflammation with mild forms whereas systemic inflammation with severe forms. Herein we investigate the impact of PD1 in murine models of pancreatitis. METHODS Three independent AP models, which induced in male mice via intraperitoneal injection of caerulein, L-arginine or pancreatic duct ligation, were used to confirm the protective effect of PD1. Infiltrationsof neutrophils and macrophages in pancreas were detected by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. In vitro and in vivo neutrophil extracellular traps formation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Expression of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) in activated neutrophils was evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS Systemic treatment with PD1 reduced serum activities of amylase and lipase, blunted the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in serum and protected against pancreas histologic damage in three AP models. PD1 also prolonged the survival in the pancreatic duct ligation model. Moreover, pancreatic infiltrationofneutrophils and neutrophil CitH3 expression were reduced after PD1 administration. In vitro studies revealed PD1 decreased supernatant cell-free DNA and CitH3 levels and downregulated PAD4 expression in mouse bone-marrow derived neutrophils. However, in the caerulein mice pretreated with GSK484 hydrochloride, an inhibitor of PAD4, PD1 treatment showed no more protective effect. CONCLUSIONS PD1 ameliorates AP by decreasing early infiltration of neutrophils into the pancreas and neutrophil extracellular traps formation through PAD4. These results supply the foundation to consider PD1 as a therapy for AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266035, China
| | - Guotao Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Ke
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, PLA Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Research, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenchen Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, PLA Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Research, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, PLA Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Research, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianqiang Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, PLA Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Research, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266035, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266035, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266035, China
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266035, China.
| | - Weiqin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, PLA Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Research, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Xie X, Yuan C, Yin L, Zhu Q, Ma N, Chen W, Ding Y, Xiao W, Gong W, Lu G, Xu Z, Li W. NQDI-1 protects against acinar cell necrosis in three experimental mouse models of acute pancreatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:211-217. [PMID: 31587872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
NQDI-1, an inhibitor of ASK1, has been reported to have protective effects in several experimental human disease models. However, the role of NQDI-1 in acute pancreatitis (AP) has not been reported. In this study, we found that NQDI-1 could attenuate histological damage of pancreatic tissue as well as the levels of serum amylase and lipase in a mouse model of AP induced by caerulein. Moreover, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of necrosis-related proteins (RIP3 and p-MLKL) were also reduced after NQDI-1 administration. Correspondingly, we elucidated the effect of NQDI-1 in vitro and found that NQDI-1 protected against pancreatic acinar cells necrosis via decreasing the ROS production and RIP3 and p-MLKL expression. In addition, we identified the protective effect of NQDI-1 on AP through two other mouse models induced by l-arginine and pancreatic duct ligation. Taken together, these findings showed that NQDI-1 could reduce the acinar cells necrosis and alleviate the severity of AP, which may afford a new therapeutic target on pancreatic necrosis in AP clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, PLA Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Research, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenchen Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, PLA Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Research, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingtian Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, PLA Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Research, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanbing Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiming Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guotao Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, PLA Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Research, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, PLA Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Research, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenglei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Weiqin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, PLA Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Research, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, PLA Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Research, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Xiao X, Fischbach S, Zhang T, Chen C, Sheng Q, Zimmerman R, Patnaik S, Fusco J, Ming Y, Guo P, Shiota C, Prasadan K, Gangopadhyay N, Husain SZ, Dong H, Gittes GK. SMAD3/Stat3 Signaling Mediates β-Cell Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Pancreatitis-Related Diabetes. Diabetes 2017; 66:2646-2658. [PMID: 28775125 PMCID: PMC5606322 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with chronic pancreatitis develop diabetes (chronic pancreatitis-related diabetes [CPRD]) through an undetermined mechanism. Here we used long-term partial pancreatic duct ligation (PDL) as a model to study CPRD. We found that long-term PDL induced significant β-cell dedifferentiation, followed by a time-dependent decrease in functional β-cell mass-all specifically in the ligated tail portion of the pancreas (PDL-tail). High levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) were detected in the PDL-tail and were mainly produced by M2 macrophages at the early stage and by activated myofibroblasts at the later stage. Loss of β-cell mass was then found to result from TGFβ1-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by β-cells, rather than resulting directly from β-cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, TGFβ1-treated β-cells activated expression of the EMT regulator gene Snail in a SMAD3/Stat3-dependent manner. Moreover, forced expression of forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), an antagonist for activated Stat3, specifically in β-cells ameliorated β-cell EMT and β-cell loss and prevented the onset of diabetes in mice undergoing PDL. Together, our data suggest that chronic pancreatitis may trigger TGFβ1-mediated β-cell EMT to lead to CPRD, which could substantially be prevented by sustained expression of FoxO1 in β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Shane Fischbach
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tina Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Congde Chen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Qingfeng Sheng
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ray Zimmerman
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sneha Patnaik
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joseph Fusco
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yungching Ming
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ping Guo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nupur Gangopadhyay
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sohail Z Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Henry Dong
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - George K Gittes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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7
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Yu K, Fischbach S, Xiao X. Beta Cell Regeneration in Adult Mice: Controversy Over the Involvement of Stem Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 11:542-6. [PMID: 25429702 PMCID: PMC5078597 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x10666141126113110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is an effective therapy for severe diabetes. Nevertheless, the short supply of donor pancreases constitutes a formidable obstacle to its extensive clinical application. This shortage heightens the need for alternative sources of insulin-producing beta cells. Since mature beta cells have a very slow proliferation rate, which further declines with age, great efforts have been made to identify beta cell progenitors in the adult pancreas. However, the question whether facultative beta cell progenitors indeed exist in the adult pancreas remains largely unresolved. In the current review, we discuss the problems in past studies and review the milestone studies and recent publications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Yu E, Goto M, Ueta H, Kitazawa Y, Sawanobori Y, Kariya T, Sasaki M, Matsuno K. Expression of area-specific M2-macrophage phenotype by recruited rat monocytes in duct-ligation pancreatitis. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:659-73. [PMID: 26860866 PMCID: PMC4848343 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis remains a disease of uncertain pathogenesis and no established specific therapy. Previously, we found a predominant increase and active proliferation of macrophages in the inflamed tissues of a rat duct-ligation pancreatitis model. To analyze the origin and possible role of these macrophages, we investigated their in situ cellular kinetics in a rat model of duct-ligation pancreatitis using a recently established method of multicolor immunostaining for macrophage markers and for proliferating cells with ethynyl deoxyuridine. To detect monocyte-derived macrophages, green fluorescent protein-transgenic (GFP+) leukocytes were transferred to monocyte-depleted recipients. In the inflamed pancreas, infiltrating macrophages were mainly two phenotypes, CD68+CD163− round cells and CD68+CD163+ large polygonal cells, both of which showed active proliferation. In the interlobular area, the proportions of CD68+CD163low and CD68+CD163high cells increased over time. Most expressed the M2-macrophage markers CD206 and arginase 1. In contrast, in the interacinar area, CD68+ cells did not upregulate CD163 and CD206, but ~30 % of them expressed the M1 marker nitric oxide synthase 2 on day 4. GFP+-recruited cells were primarily CD68+CD163− monocytes on day 1 and showed phenotypic changes similar to those of the monocyte non-depleted groups. In conclusion, infiltrating macrophages mostly formed two distinct subpopulations in different areas: monocyte-derived macrophages with the M2 phenotype in the interlobular area or non-M2 phenotype in the interacinar area. Involvement of resident macrophages might be minor in this model. These results are the first demonstration of an upregulated M2 phenotype in rat inflammatory monocytes, which may promote tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enqiao Yu
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan.,Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Wujiang Hospital of Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mataro Goto
- NHO Miyakonojo Medical Center, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ueta
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kitazawa
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sawanobori
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Taro Kariya
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Masaru Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Matsuno
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan.
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9
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Chen B, Wang L, Hu S, Zhou L, Wang R, Wachtel MS, Frezza EE. Would pancreas duct-epithelium-derived stem/progenitor cells enhance islet allograft survival by means of islets recruitment and tolerance induction in Edmonton protocol era? Med Hypotheses 2008; 70:661-4. [PMID: 17703891 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rates of insulin independence at 1 year with current Edmonton protocol are impressive. However, obstacles such as the restricted availability of donor pancreas, coupled with recipient's pharmacologic immunosuppression, have lent strong impetus to the search for new sources of insulin-producing cells. But work with stem cells has not yet produced cells with the phenotype of true beta cells. Recently the data have shown that the presence of duct-epithelium in clinical islet transplantation may improve the long-term metabolic outcome. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The pancreatic duct-epithelium has been considering as a pool of pancreatic stem/progenitor cells, cytokeratin-19 positive stem cells, which have been proved to be capable of differentiating into endocrine cells and inducing immune tolerance. Based on these findings, we speculate that pancreatic stem/progenitor cells derived from ductal epithelium may enhance islet allograft survival through two aspects: islet recruitment and tolerance induction. The proposition may have clues on the further improvement in clinical islet transplantation long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, PR China
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10
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Baumann B, Wagner M, Aleksic T, von Wichert G, Weber CK, Adler G, Wirth T. Constitutive IKK2 activation in acinar cells is sufficient to induce pancreatitis in vivo. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1502-13. [PMID: 17525799 PMCID: PMC1868787 DOI: 10.1172/jci30876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB (IKK/NF-kappaB) system and expression of proinflammatory mediators are major events in acute pancreatitis. However, the in vivo consequences of IKK activation on the onset and progression of acute pancreatitis remain unclear. Therefore, we modulated IKK activity conditionally in pancreatic acinar cells. Transgenic mice expressing the reverse tetracycline-responsive transactivator (rtTA) gene under the control of the rat elastase promoter were generated to mediate acinar cell-specific expression of IKK2 alleles. Expression of dominant-negative IKK2 ameliorated cerulein-induced pancreatitis but did not affect activation of trypsin, an initial event in experimental pancreatitis. Notably, expression of constitutively active IKK2 was sufficient to induce acute pancreatitis. This acinar cell-specific phenotype included edema, cellular infiltrates, necrosis, and elevation of serum lipase levels as well as pancreatic fibrosis. IKK2 activation caused increased expression of known NF-kappaB target genes, including mediators of the inflammatory response such as TNF-alpha and ICAM-1. Indeed, inhibition of TNF-alpha activity identified this cytokine as an important effector of IKK2-induced pancreatitis. Our data identify the IKK/NF-kappaB pathway in acinar cells as being key to the development of experimental pancreatitis and the major factor in the inflammatory response typical of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Baumann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamara Aleksic
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Götz von Wichert
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph K. Weber
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Guido Adler
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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11
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Andersson E, Andersson R. Pancreatic dysfunction in acute pancreatitis. JOURNAL OF ORGAN DYSFUNCTION 2006; 2:135-141. [DOI: 10.1080/17471060600776775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
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12
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Jensen JN, Cameron E, Garay MVR, Starkey TW, Gianani R, Jensen J. Recapitulation of elements of embryonic development in adult mouse pancreatic regeneration. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:728-41. [PMID: 15765408 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The mammalian pancreas has a strong regenerative potential, but the origin of organ restoration is not clear, and it is not known to what degree such a process reflects pancreatic development. To define cell differentiation changes associated with pancreatic regeneration in adult mice, we compared regeneration following caerulein-induced pancreatitis to that of normal pancreatic development. METHODS By performing comparative histology for adult and embryonic pancreatic markers in caerulein-treated and control pancreas, we addressed cellular proliferation and differentiation (amylase, DBA-agglutinin, insulin, glucagon, beta-catenin, E-cadherin, Pdx1, Nkx6.1, Notch1, Notch2, Jagged1, Jagged2, Hes1), hereby describing the kinetics of tissue restoration. RESULTS We demonstrate that surviving pancreatic exocrine cells repress the terminal exocrine gene program and induce genes normally associated with undifferentiated pancreatic progenitor cells such as Pdx1, E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and Notch components, including Notch1 , Notch2 , and Jagged2 . Expression of the Notch target gene Hes1 provides evidence that Notch signaling is reactivated in dedifferentiated pancreatic cells. Although previous studies have suggested a process of acino-to-ductal transdifferentiation in pancreatic regeneration, we find no evidence to suggest that dedifferentiated cells acquire a ductal fate during this process. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic regeneration following chemically induced pancreatitis in the mouse occurs predominantly through acinar cell dedifferentiation, whereby a genetic program resembling embryonic pancreatic precursors is reinstated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nygaard Jensen
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, U. Colorado, HSC, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, B140, Denver, Colorado 80262 USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Andersson
- Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Homo-Delarche F, Drexhage HA. Immune cells, pancreas development, regeneration and type 1 diabetes. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:222-9. [PMID: 15099561 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Homo-Delarche
- CNRS UMR 7059, Université Paris 7/Denis Diderot, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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15
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Hisatomi Y, Okumura K, Nakamura K, Matsumoto S, Satoh A, Nagano K, Yamamoto T, Endo F. Flow cytometric isolation of endodermal progenitors from mouse salivary gland differentiate into hepatic and pancreatic lineages. Hepatology 2004; 39:667-75. [PMID: 14999685 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Experimental injury is useful to induce tissue stem cells, which may exist in small numbers under normal conditions. The salivary glands originate from the endoderm and consist of acinar and ductal epithelial cells, which have exocrine function. After salivary gland duct ligation, acinar cells disappear as a result of apoptosis, and duct epithelium subsequently proliferates. In this study, we analyzed the tissue stem cells induced by salivary gland duct ligation in mice using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. We sorted the Sca-1(+)/c-Kit(+) fraction from adult mice salivary glands by way of fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The sorted cells were apparently homogeneous and were designated mouse salivary gland-derived progenitors (mSGPs). mSGP cells differentiated into a hepatic lineage when cultured in matrigel. In spherical culture in the presence of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), these cells differentiated into a pancreatic endocrine lineage. When spheroidal bodies of mSGP, 20 to 30 microm in diameter, were transplanted into liver via the portal vein, the cells integrated into hepatic cords and expressed albumin and alpha1-antitrypsin, suggesting that they had differentiated into hepatic-type cells. Moreover, ductlike structures formed by mSGP cells also appeared, epithelial cells of which were positive for cytokeratin 19. In conclusion, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) based on histologic evidence is efficient in isolating adult tissue stem cells of the salivary gland. Tissue stem cells of endodermal origin (e.g., hepatic oval cells, pancreatic epithelial progenitor cells, and salivary gland progenitor cells) have similarities in their molecular markers and tissue location. Our findings suggest the existence of common tissue stem cells in endoderm-derived organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hisatomi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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16
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Kishi S, Takeyama Y, Ueda T, Yasuda T, Shinzeki M, Kuroda Y, Yokozaki H. Pancreatic duct obstruction itself induces expression of alpha smooth muscle actin in pancreatic stellate cells. J Surg Res 2003; 114:6-14. [PMID: 13678692 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4804(03)00153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are thought to be responsible for pancreatic fibrosis. Although fibrosis is a major characteristic of chronic pancreatitis (CP) induced by pancreatic duct obstruction, it is unclear whether pancreatic duct obstruction itself activates PSCs. METHODS To test the hypothesis that pancreatic duct obstruction activates PSCs, clinical and experimental analyses were performed using alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) as a marker of their activation. In clinical analysis, surgical specimens from the patients with pancreatic cancer or cancer of the papilla Vater were classified into two groups with or without duct obstruction. alpha-SMA expression was examined on these specimens, and the difference between two groups was evaluated. In animal experiment, duct ligation-induced pancreatitis was developed in rats by ligating the secondary pancreatic duct in duodenal segment, and the expression of alpha-SMA was examined. RESULTS In clinical analysis, the specimens from the pancreas with duct obstruction (14 cases) expressed alpha-SMA significantly stronger than those from the pancreas without duct obstruction (7 cases). All specimens in the former expressed alpha-SMA, but 4 specimens from the latter did not at all (P < 0.05). In animal experiment, alpha-SMA expression was detected 7 days after the ligation and was increased on the 10th day. CONCLUSIONS We can assume that pancreatic duct obstruction itself activates PSCs. This mechanism may play roles in the development of CP from multiple origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kishi
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kobe, Japan
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17
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Molero X, Vaquero E, Gómez JA, Alonso A, Guarner L. [New horizons in the mechanisms of acute and chronic pancreatic damage]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2003; 26:437-46. [PMID: 12887859 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5705(03)70387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Molero
- Servei d'Aparell Digestiu. Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Barcelona. España.
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18
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Wegiel J, Wisniewski HM, Muzylak M, Tarnawski M, Badmajew E, Nowakowski J, Wang KC, Shoji M, Mondadori C, Giovanni A. Fibrillar amyloid-beta production, accumulation, and recycling in transgenic mice pancreatic acinar cells and macrophages. Amyloid 2000; 7:95-104. [PMID: 10842711 DOI: 10.3109/13506120009146245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (A beta) production, accumulation, and recycling were examined by light and electron microscopy in the pancreas of transgenic mice (from 45 days to 22 months of age) that express the gene for the carboxy-terminal fragment of the human amyloid-beta protein precursor. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry revealed four types of cells accumulating fibrillar A beta 1-40 in cytoplasmic vacuoles: acinar pancreatic cells, macrophages infiltrating stroma, epithelial cells of pancreatic ducts, and blood monocytes/macrophages in the lumen of pancreatic vessels. The ultrastructure of amyloid deposits suggests that each of these four types of cells produces fibrillar A beta. Three basic types of amyloid deposits were distinguished: primary vacuoles in different stages of amyloid aggregation and fibrillization, secondary vacuoles that are the product of fusion of primary vacuoles, and phagosome-like vacuoles with morphologically intact fibrillar amyloid and residues of ingested cells. Amyloid production in acinar pancreatic cells starts in mice younger than 45 days, progresses in 2- to 7-month-old mice, and plateaus in the second year of life. In macrophages, amyloid appears in 60-day-old mice, and the increase in the number of macrophages and the amount of amyloid in their cytoplasm correlates with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wegiel
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island 10314, USA.
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19
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Pinto RM, de Dios I, Uruñuela A, Orfao A, Manso MA. Alterations in the glycoconjugates of pancreatic cell membrane induced by acute pancreatitis. Eur J Cell Biol 2000; 79:62-9. [PMID: 10711427 DOI: 10.1078/s0171-9335(04)70008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The alterations that progressively appear in plasma membrane glycoconjugates of rat pancreatic cells at different stages of acute pancreatitis induced by duct obstruction have been analyzed on individual cells by flow cytometry using the fluoresceinated lectins, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Tetragonolobus purpureus agglutinin (TP) and Concanavalin A (Con A), which specifically bind to N-acetyl D-glucosamine, L-fucose and D-mannose, respectively. Two populations of pancreatic cells were differentiated according to the forward scatter (size), which showed different density of saccharidic terminals located at external positions in the glycoconjugates of the plasma membrane. A significant increase in WGA and TP binding was found 1.5 h after pancreatic obstruction, which could be due to the fusion of zymogen granules with the plasma membrane as suggested by the basolateral exocytosis observed by electron microscopy at this stage. The most external sugar residues of membrane glycoconjugates are removed 12 h after pancreatic duct obstruction as a consequence of an advanced state of pancreatitis. The hydrolytic process reaches greater depths in the membrane 48 h after obstruction. At this stage a significant decrease in WGA, TP and ConA binding was found in all pancreatic cells, indicating the loss of N-acetyl D-glucosamine and/or sialic acid, L-fucose and even D-mannose which is located in the core of the glycan. The results provide information about the progressive degradation induced by acute pancreatitis in pancreatic cell membrane glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Pinto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Spain
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Abstract
Plants from all over the world such as Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng, Raponticum carthamoides, Rhodiola rosea, Withania somnifera and Ocimum sanctum have been extensively evaluated for their adaptogenic potential. However, none of them has been successfully introduced as an adaptogen in the clinic. This paper discusses some of the problems in evaluation of adaptogens which have precluded their inclusion as clinically useful drugs. We further discuss our results with six rasayana plants from Ayurveda, which were studied for their adaptogenic potential. The whole, aqueous, standardized extracts of selected plants (Tinospora cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus, Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Piper longum and Terminalia chebula) were administered orally to experimental animals, in a dose extrapolated from the human dose, following which they were exposed to a variety of biological, physical and chemical stressors. These plants were found to offer protection against these stressors, as judged by using markers of stress responses and objective parameters for stress manifestations. Using a model of cisplatin induced alterations in gastrointestinal motility, the ability of these plants to exert a normalizing effect, irrespective of direction of pathological change was tested. All the plants reversed the effects of cisplatin on gastric emptying, while Tinospora cordifolia and Asparagus racemosus also normalized cisplatin induced intestinal hypermotility. Tinospora cordifolia was also tested for its ability to modulate the changes occurring in the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages after exposure of rats to either carbon tetrachloride or horse serum. It was found to normalize the phagocytic function irrespective to the direction of change, complying to the definition of an adaptogen. All the plant drugs were found to be safe in both acute and subacute toxicity studies. Studies on the mechanisms of action of the plants revealed that they all produced immunostimulation. The protection offered by Tinospora cordifolia against stress induced gastric mucosal damage was lost if macrophage activity was blocked. Emblica officinalis strengthened the defence mechanisms against free radical damage induced during stress. The effect of Emblica officinalis appeared to depend on the ability of target tissues to synthesize prostaglandins. Recent data obtained with Tinospora cordifolia suggest that it may induce genotypic adaptation, further opening the arena for more research and experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Rege
- Ayurveda Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seth GS Medical College, Parel, Mumbai, India.
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Sakagami J, Kataoka K, Ohta A, Nakajima T. Relationship of plasma CCK to acinar cell regeneration in acute pancreatitis as studied by proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41:1828-37. [PMID: 8794803 DOI: 10.1007/bf02088754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the relationship of cholecystokinin to acinar cell regeneration, the current study examined the changes in plasma cholecystokinin and immunostaining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the pancreas of rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry has been used to examine the proliferation of cells in several types of tissues. We compared the usefulness of proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining and the incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine to demonstrate acinar cell proliferation in the pancreas of rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. We also examined the relationship between these labeling indices and plasma cholecystokinin concentrations. The labeling index of paraformaldehyde-fixed specimens stained with proliferating cell nuclear antigen showed biphasic peaks at 12 hr and day 7. On the other hand, the methanol-fixed specimens stained with proliferating cell nuclear antigen and specimens stained with bromodeoxyuridine showed monophasic peaks in their labeling indices on day 5. There was a linear correlation (r = 0.808, P < 0.001) between the labeling index of bromodeoxyuridine and that of methanol-fixed proliferating cell nuclear antigen during the entire experimental period. During the regenerating phase, plasma cholecystokinin bioactivity showed positive correlations with the labeling index of bromodeoxyuridine and that of methanol-fixed proliferating cell nuclear antigen, r = 0.555 and 0.566, respectively (P < 0.001). Immunostaining of methanol-fixed proliferating cell nuclear antigen may be a useful tool for analyzing proliferating acinar cells. Acinar cell proliferation correlates with the bioactivity of plasma cholecystokinin during the regenerating phase of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sakagami
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
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22
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Wang RN, Klöppel G, Bouwens L. Duct- to islet-cell differentiation and islet growth in the pancreas of duct-ligated adult rats. Diabetologia 1995; 38:1405-11. [PMID: 8786013 DOI: 10.1007/bf00400600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the growth of islet beta and alpha cells in adult rats which had undergone partial pancreatic duct ligation. Whereas the non-ligated head portion of the pancreas remained unaffected in terms of histology and cell population dynamics, the ligated tail part of the pancreas showed pronounced changes in histology and cell growth. These changes included replacement of exocrine acini by ductal complexes and significant growth of islet cells. Using immunocytochemistry and morphometry, we found that the beta-cell population had nearly doubled within 1 week and that a smaller, but also significant growth of the alpha-cell population had occurred. In addition, small islets and islet-cell clusters were more numerous in the pancreatic tail, indicating islet neogenesis. The bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse labelling index of beta and alpha cells increased five fold and threefold, respectively, in the tail. However, the observed beta-cell labelling index remained below 1% which was largely insufficient to explain the increased number of beta cells. This indicates that recruitment from a proliferating stem-cell compartment was the main source for the beta-cell hyperplasia. A tenfold-elevated BrdU labelling index (18%) was observed in the duct-cell compartment which was identified by specific immunostaining for cytokeratin 20. Transitional cytodifferentiation forms between duct cells expressing cytokeratin 20 and beta cells expressing insulin, or alpha cells expressing glucagon, were demonstrated by double immunostaining. Pancreatic duct ligation also induced the expression of the beta-cell-specific glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT-2) in duct cells, indicating their metaplastic state. We concluded that in this adult rat model, the proliferation and differentiation of exocrine duct cells represents the major mechanism of endocrine beta-cell neogenesis. Our study thus demonstrates that in normal adult rats islet-cell neogenesis can be reactivated by stimulation of pancreatic duct cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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