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Fontaine R, Rahmad Royan M, Henkel C, Hodne K, Ager-Wick E, Weltzien FA. Pituitary multi-hormone cells in mammals and fish: history, origin, and roles. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 67:101018. [PMID: 35870647 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate pituitary is a dynamic organ, capable of adapting its hormone secretion to different physiological demands. In this context, endocrinologists have debated for the past 40 years if endocrine cells are mono- or multi-hormonal. Since its establishment, the dominant "one cell, one hormone" model has been continuously challenged. In mammals, the use of advanced multi-staining approaches, sensitive gene expression techniques, and the analysis of tumor tissues have helped to quickly demonstrate the existence of pituitary multi-hormone cells. In fishes however, only recent advances in imaging and transcriptomics have enabled the identification of such cells. In this review, we first describe the history of the discovery of cells producing multiple hormones in mammals and fishes. We discuss the technical limitations that have led to uncertainties and debates. Then, we present the current knowledge and hypotheses regarding their origin and biological role, which provides a comprehensive review of pituitary plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Fontaine
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Muhammad Rahmad Royan
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Christiaan Henkel
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kjetil Hodne
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Eirill Ager-Wick
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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Kah O. A 45-years journey within the reproductive brain of fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 288:113370. [PMID: 31870884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the scientific carrier of Dr. Olivier Kah, currently emeritus research director at the National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) in France. Olivier Kah partly grew up in Africa where he developed a strong interest for animals. He studied biology in Paris and Bordeaux. He next received his PhD at the University of Bordeaux en 1978 and his Doctor of Science degree in 1983. He joined the CNRS in 1979 until his retirement in 2016. Olivier Kah dedicated his carrier to the study of reproduction, in particular to the roles of brain neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in the control of the reproductive axis in vertebrates, mostly fish. More specifically, Olivier Kah was specialized in the use of morphofunctional techniques that he implemented to the study of the organization of the hypothalamo-pituitary complex. He was also interested in the steroid feedback and studied intensively the expression and regulation of estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors in the rainbow trout and the zebrafish. In the last 10 years, Olivier Kah's team focused on the expression and regulation of aromatase in the brain and established that aromatase expression is restricted to a unique brain cell type, the radial glial cells, which serve as progenitors during the entire life of fish. He is also interested in the impact of endocrine disruptors using the zebrafish as a model and recently his team has developed an exquisitely sensitive in vivo assay to screen estrogenic chemicals on zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Kah
- Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Université de Rennes 1, 9 Av. Professeur Leon Bernard, Rennes 35 000, France.
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Zohar Y, Muñoz-Cueto JA, Elizur A, Kah O. Neuroendocrinology of reproduction in teleost fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 165:438-55. [PMID: 19393655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review aims at synthesizing the most relevant information regarding the neuroendocrine circuits controlling reproduction, mainly gonadotropin release, in teleost fish. In teleosts, the pituitary receives a more or less direct innervation by neurons sending projections to the vicinity of the pituitary gonadotrophs. Among the neurotransmitters and neuropeptides released by these nerve endings are gonadotrophin-releasing hormones (GnRH) and dopamine, acting as stimulatory and inhibitory factors (in many but not all fish) on the liberation of LH and to a lesser extent that of FSH. The activity of the corresponding neurons depends on a complex interplay between external and internal factors that will ultimately influence the triggering of puberty and sexual maturation. Among these factors are sex steroids and other peripheral hormones and growth factors, but little is known regarding their targets. However, very recently a new actor has entered the field of reproductive physiology. KiSS1, first known as a tumor suppressor called metastin, and its receptor GPR54, are now central to the regulation of GnRH, and consequently LH and FSH secretion in mammals. The KiSS system is notably viewed as instrumental in integrating both environmental cues and metabolic signals and passing this information onto the reproductive axis. In fish, there are two KiSS genes, KiSS1 and KiSS2, expressed in neurons of the preoptic area and mediobasal hypothalamus. Pionneer studies indicate that KiSS and GPR54 expression seem to be activated at puberty. Although precise information as to the physiological effects of KiSS1 in fish, notably on GnRH neurons and gonadotropin release, is still limited, KiSS neurons may emerge as the "gatekeeper" of puberty and reproduction in fish as in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Zohar
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Weltzien FA, Andersson E, Andersen Ø, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Norberg B. The brain–pituitary–gonad axis in male teleosts, with special emphasis on flatfish (Pleuronectiformes). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 137:447-77. [PMID: 15123185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2003] [Revised: 11/05/2003] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The key component regulating vertebrate puberty and sexual maturation is the endocrine system primarily effectuated along the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis. By far most investigations on the teleost BPG axis have been performed on salmonids, carps, catfish and eels. Accordingly, earlier reviews on the BPG axis in teleosts have focused on these species, and mainly on females (e.g. 'Fish Physiology, vol. IXA. Reproduction (1983) pp. 97'; 'Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Reproductive Physiology of Fish. FishSymp91, Sheffield, UK, 1991, pp. 2'; 'Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 30 (1995) pp. 103'; 'Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 7 (1997) pp. 173'; 'Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Reproductive Physiology of Fish. John Grieg A/S, Bergen, Norway, 2000, pp. 211'). However, in recent years new data have emerged on the BPG axis in flatfish, especially at the level of the brain and pituitary. The evolutionarily advanced flatfishes are important model species both from an evolutionary point of view and also because many are candidates for aquaculture. The scope of this paper is to review the present status on the male teleost BPG axis, with an emphasis on flatfish. In doing so, we will first discuss the present understanding of the individual constituents of the axis in the best studied teleost models, and thereafter discuss available data on flatfish. Of the three constituents of the BPG axis, we will focus especially on the pituitary and gonadotropins. In addition to reviewing recent information on flatfish, we present some entirely new information on the phylogeny and molecular structure of teleost gonadotropins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station, 5392 Storebø, Norway.
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Pilar García Hernández M, García Ayala A, Zandbergen MA, Agulleiro B. Investigation into the duality of gonadotropic cells of Mediterranean yellowtail (Seriola dumerilii, Risso 1810): immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2002; 128:25-35. [PMID: 12270785 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-6480(02)00052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two antisera against the follicle-stimulating hormone-like gonadotropin (FSH) of Mediterranean (M.) yellowtail, anti-My FSHa and anti-My FSHb, were obtained. Anti-My FSHa serum specifically recognized FSH cells and did not react with any other pituitary cell type, while anti-My FSHb serum recognized the alpha-subunit of the pituitary glycoprotein hormones and immunostained FSH, luteinizing hormone-like gonadotropin (LH), and thyrotropin (TSH) cells. Anti-My FSHa serum, together with a previously obtained anti-My LHbeta serum, were used to further investigate the duality of gonadotropic cells in M. yellowtail by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry; three immunologically different gonadotropic cell populations expressing FSH, LH, or both hormones, were revealed. The three cell populations had the same regional distribution in the pituitary gland: the proximal pars distalis, including the thin ring surrounding the pars intermedia. However, while FSH cells were found isolated or forming small clusters, LH cells formed strands or compact groups, and were more numerous than FSH cells. FSH/LH cells were scarce. At the ultrastructural level, vesicular, granular, and intermediate FSH, LH, and FSH/LH cells were found; secretory granules and globules, on the one hand, or conspicuous dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (or both) predominated, respectively, in these cell types. The production of either FSH or LH, or both hormones, was not reflected in the ultrastructural features of gonadotropic cells. Thus, a single morphological cell type of varying ultrastructure depending on the functional stage seemed to encompass all gonadotropic cells in M. yellowtail. All forms of FSH, LH, and FSH/LH cells were found in involution.
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García-Ayala A, García-Hernández MP, Quesada JA, Agulleiro B. Gonadotropic and thyrotropic cells from the Mediterranean yellowtail (Seriola dumerilii; Risso, 1810): immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characterization. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1998; 250:448-58. [PMID: 9566535 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199804)250:4<448::aid-ar8>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadotropins GTH I and GTH II from the pituitary of Mediterranean (M.) yellowtail (Seriola dumerilii) were isolated and characterized, and antisera to the whole GTH II molecule (anti-My alpha,betaGTH II) and to its beta-subunit (anti-My betaGTH II) were obtained. At the light microscopic level, anti-My alpha,betaGTH II reacted with My betaGTH II-immunoreactive cells (GTH II cells), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) cells, and a third cell population, which could have been GTH I cells. The aim of this study was the ultrastructural characterization of GTH and TSH cells in M. yellowtail using the immunogold method in order to provide a basis for future research into reproduction of this species. METHODS Pituitaries from mature male and female specimens reared in captivity were dissected out and processed for electron microscopy. The immunogold method was carried out by using anti-My alpha,betaGTH II, anti-My alpha,betaGTH II preabsorbed with the alpha subunit of the M. yellowtail GTH (My alphaGTH-subunit), anti-My betaGTH II, anti-human (h) alpha,betaTSH, and anti-h betaTSH sera to reveal gonadotropic and thyrotropic cells. RESULTS M. yellowtail gonadotropic cells were very heterogeneous with regard to their size, shape, and ultrastructural features. Cells were found with numerous, round, variably electron-dense, secretory granules and globules; others were found with their cytoplasm occupied mostly by dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and scarce secretory granules; and other intermediate cell forms were found that showed varying proportions of secretory granules and dilated RER. The secretory granules and globules were immunogold labeled with anti-My alpha,betaGTH II, and the reaction was weaker in the latter. A similar immunogold-labeling pattern was found with anti-My betaGTH II and with anti-My alpha,betaGTH II preabsorbed with the My alphaGTH-subunit, although some cells that showed the same ultrastructural features described above were not immunogold labeled and could have been GTH I cells. Thyrotropic cells had small, round, secretory granules of medium or high electron density that were immunogold labeled with anti-My alpha,betaGTH II, anti-h alpha,betaTSH, and anti-h betaTSH sera, but not with anti-My betaGTH II or anti-My alpha,betaGTH II serum preabsorbed with the My alphaGTH-subunit. All of the cell forms described for gonadotropes and thyrotropes were also found in a state of involution. CONCLUSIONS Gonadotropes that are of a single morphological type but that vary in ultrastructure are present in the pituitary of captive M. yellowtail. GTH II- and putative GTH I-producing cells were distinguishable from one another and from TSH cells by their different reactions to anti-My alpha,betaGTH II, anti-My betaGTH II, and anti-My alpha,betaGTH II preabsorbed with the My alphaGTH-subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García-Ayala
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain
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4 Control of Teleost Gonadotropin Gene Expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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Naito N, Suzuki K, Nozaki M, Swanson P, Kawauchi H, Nakai Y. Ultrastructural characteristics of two distinct gonadotropes (GTH I- and GTH II-cells) in the pituitary of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 11:241-246. [PMID: 24202481 DOI: 10.1007/bf00004571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The salmonid pituitary produces two chemically distinct gonadotropins (GTHI and GTHII). Ultrastructural characteristics of GTHI- and GTHII-producing cells were studied in the trout pituitary with electronmicroscopic immunocytochemistry using antisera against salmon GTHIβ- and IIβ-subunits. In pituitaries from vitellogenic fish, GTHI-cells were characterized by numerous dilated cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) and a small number of Iβ-positive granules (diameter, 100-300 nm), whereas GTHIIβ-immunoreactivity was found on granules (diameter, 200-400 nm) and large globules (diameter, 500-4000 nm) in apparently different cells (GTHII-cells). Distinct cellular distributions of GTHI and GTHII were maintained during gametogenesis, although morphological characteristics of GTHI- and GTHII-cells overlapped each other due to changes in number and size of the granules, globules and cisternae of the GER. Interestingly, the globules in the GTHI-cells were immunonegative for GTHIβ, although in the GTHII-cells they were always stained with GTHIIβ-antiserum. These results confirm that GTHIβ and GTHIIβ are synthesized in distinctly different cell-types in the salmonid pituitary and indicate that morphological characteristics cannot be used to distinguish these two cell-types.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Naito
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142, Japan
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Farbridge KJ, McDonald-Jones G, McLean CL, Lowry PJ, Etches RJ, Leatherland JF. The development of monoclonal antibodies against salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch and O. keta) pituitary hormones and their immunohistochemical identification. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1990; 79:361-74. [PMID: 2272459 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(90)90066-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) directed against several salmon pituitary hormones were generated by the fusion of myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice that had been immunized with either chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) growth hormone (GH) or prolactin (PRL), or one of two purified protein preparations from coho salmon (O. kisutch) pituitaries. Hybridoma were cloned by limiting dilution and screened for MCA production using immunohistochemical procedures. MCAs were generated that bound specifically to GH, PRL, or gonadotropic cells. MCAs were generated that bound to either fine granular material or large globular inclusions in the cytoplasm of the "classical" strongly PAS-positive globular gonadotropic cell type found in mature fish. This suggests that these MCAs are directed against gonadotropin II (GTH II). A MCA was also generated that bound both granular and globular material in the globular gonadotrops and granular material in the weakly PAS-positive vesicular gonadotrops in pituitaries from mature fish and to a cell type in immature rainbow trout pituitaries which is tentatively identified as the gonadotropin I (GTH I) cell type. This MCA did not bind to thyrotrops in immature rainbow trout pituitaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Farbridge
- Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Nozaki M, Naito N, Swanson P, Dickhoff WW, Nakai Y, Suzuki K, Kawauchi H. Salmonid pituitary gonadotrophs. II. Ontogeny of GTH I and GTH II cells in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri irideus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1990; 77:358-67. [PMID: 2186959 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(90)90225-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunocytochemistry of rainbow trout pituitary gonadotrophs (GTH I- and GTH II-producing cells) during gametogenesis was investigated. GTH I and GTH II were found in distinctly different cells in all stages of reproductive development that were examined. Only GTH I cells were present in trout prior to puberty. GTH II appeared in addition to GTH I coincident with the onset of vitellogenesis and spermatogenesis. Both GTH I and GTH II cells were found in trout at the time of final reproductive maturation, although the number of GTH II cells was greater than that of GTH I cells. These data indicate that GTH I and GTH II are localized in separate cells in the trout pituitary throughout gametogenesis, and that synthesis of GTH I and GTH II varies during reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nozaki
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
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Nozaki M, Naito N, Swanson P, Miyata K, Nakai Y, Oota Y, Suzuki K, Kawauchi H. Salmonid pituitary gonadotrophs. I. Distinct cellular distributions of two gonadotropins, GTH I and GTH II. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1990; 77:348-57. [PMID: 2186958 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(90)90224-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using antisera specific for the beta subunits of two distinct coho salmon gonadotropins, GTH I and GTH II, an immunocytochemical study of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon pituitaries was done. Cells which immunostained with anti-GTH I beta were distributed in the periphery of the glandular cords of the proximal pars distalis (PPD), in close association with somatotrophs. On the other hand, cells immunostained with anti-GTH II beta were located in the central parts of the glandular cords of the PPD. Neither the GTH I-producing nor the GTH II-producing cells stained with antisera against chum salmon growth hormone or the beta subunit of human thyroid-stimulating hormone. Moreover, GTH I and GTH II were localized in distinctly different cells. In no case was colocalization of these GTHs in the same cell observed. Finally, it was concluded that classification of GTH cells as globular and vesicular forms does not reflect the type of hormone produced by the cell, but may reflect differences in the physiological conditions of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nozaki
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
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Abstract
An antiserum (anti-sGTH) raised against salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100) was tested on pituitary sections of Sarotherodon mossambicus, Carassius auratus, Anguilla anguilla (intact and estradiol-treated to induce the development of the gonadotropic (GTH) cells), Salmo trutta fario, and a protandric marine teleost (Sarpa salpa, Sparidae). Using an immunoenzymologic technique, anti-sGTH stained GTH and thyrotropic (TSH) cells in the species studied. Anti-sGTH stained the granulated GTH cells in S. trutta fario and S. salpa; the vacuolated cells remained faintly stained or unlabeled in most cases. The results are discussed in the light of cytological, ultrastructural, and biochemical data which suggest that two forms of GTH cells may be present in some teleost pituitaries.
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4 The Cellular Origin of Pituitary Gonadotropins in Teleosts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Crim LW, Billard R, Genge PD, Idler DR. The influence of immature gonads on onset of gonadotropic hormone accumulation in the juvenile rainbow trout pituitary gland. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1982; 48:161-6. [PMID: 7141203 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(82)90013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Young G, Ball JN. Ultrastructural changes in the adenohypophysis during the ovarian cycle of the viviparous teleost Poecilia latipinna. I. The gonadotrophic cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1982; 48:39-59. [PMID: 7129085 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(82)90036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Leunissen JL, de Leeuw AM, Peute J, Goos HJ. Immunocytochemistry of gonadotropic cells and identification of cell types in ultrathin cryosections of the pituitary of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Cell Tissue Res 1982; 226:177-94. [PMID: 6751548 DOI: 10.1007/bf00217092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The most frequently occurring cell types in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland of the rainbow trout, (i) the lactotropic, (ii) the gonadotropic, and (iii) the somatotropic cells, were identified in cryosections. Their morphological characteristics were compared with those of Epon-embedded material. Cell location, cell form, position of the nucleus, arrangement of rough endoplasmic reticulum and sizes of secretory granules proved to be useful parameters for identification. The size distribution of secretory granules of corresponding cells in cryosections and Epon sections proved to be similar. Additionally, both the immunoferritin and the unlabeled antibody enzyme method were applied for the immunocytochemical labeling of gonadotropic hormone-producing cells in cryosections. Anti-salmon-GTH as well as anti-carp-GTH serum showed the presence of GTH in both the smaller and the larger granules of the classical GTH cells, but also produced a reaction in TSH cells. Labelling of TSH cells was absent when using anti-beta-carp-GTH. Specificity of the reaction depended upon the degree of dilution of the anti-GTH serum. Results with dilutions of 1:4,000 and 1:8,000 in the unlabeled antibody enzyme method, and of 1:8,000 up to 1:32,000 in the immunoferritin technique were optimal. Acid phosphatase activity in the smaller granules was demonstrated by enzyme cytochemistry in Epon sections. The relationship of the presence of hormone in these granules is discussed. The high sensitivity of the immunocytochemical labeling procedure is discussed with respect to cryo-ultramicrotomy.
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Schreibman MP, Margolis-Kazan H, Halpern-Sebold L. Immunoreactive gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the pituitary gland of neonatal platyfish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1982; 47:385-91. [PMID: 7049829 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(82)90248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Gielen JT, Goos HJ, Peute J, van den Bosch RA, van Oordt PG. The brain-pituitary-gonadal axis in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri: gonadal hormones and the maturation of gonadotropic cells. Cell Tissue Res 1982; 225:45-56. [PMID: 7116428 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Intact and castrated juvenile male rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were treated with testosterone and gonadotropic hormone (GTH) to determine the maturational effects of these hormones on the GTH-cells. Electron-microscopic studies of the GTH-cells revealed that GTH and testosterone in intact animals, and testosterone in castrated fish, caused GTH-cell maturation: These cells now displayed the same appearance as GTH-cells in adult trout, including the presence of globules, a well-developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum, all of which were absent in GTH-cells of control animals. Animals with stimulated GTH-cells also had an increased GTH content of the pituitary; release of GTH could not be demonstrated. Animals treated with GTH exhibited an accelerated development of the testes, resulting in complete gametogenesis and elevated plasma testosterone levels. These results indicate that exogenous steroids as well as endogenous gonadal steroids can stimulate the full development of GTH-cells and accelerate GTH synthesis. The significance of this stimulating effect of the gonadal hormones with respect to the development of the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis and the onset of puberty is discussed.
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Crim LW, Peter RE, Billard R. Onset of gonadotropic hormone accumulation in the immature trout pituitary gland in response to estrogen or aromatizable androgen steroid hormones. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1981; 44:374-81. [PMID: 7286620 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(81)90015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Burton MP, Idler DR, Ng TB. The immunofluorescent location of teleost gonadotropins and thyrotropins in flounder pituitary. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1981; 43:135-47. [PMID: 7014355 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(81)90306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Chambolle P, Kah O, Olivereau M, Dubourg P, Olivereau J. [Ultrastructure of the hypophysis in Gambusia sp. (teleostfish) in situ and grafted for a long time. II. Proximal pars distalis]. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1981; 43:85-95. [PMID: 6894287 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(81)90035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Val-Sella MV, Sesso A. Thin section and freeze fracture studies of the hypophyseal proximal pars distalis in a teleost (Rhamdia hilarii Val.) during different stages of the reproductive cycle. Cell Tissue Res 1980; 208:433-44. [PMID: 7397762 DOI: 10.1007/bf00233875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chromophilic cells in the proximal pars distalis of the adenohypophysis of Rhamdia hilarii were studied in thin section and freeze fracture preparations. The gonadotropic cells (GTH-cells) exhibit a diversity of form, the frequency of which can be related to stages (maturation, mature and spent) in the sexual cycle. GTH-cells showing a cytoplasm filled with electron dense polymorphic secretory granules and small rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) vesicles, have been termed non-vacuolated. During the mature gonadal stage, such cells become increasingly vacuolated. The small RER vesicles become dilated and/or fuse, forming a single enormous cisternum (4--11 micrometer diameter), the contents of which show direct contact with the inner nuclear membrane. These morphological aspects support the idea that Rhamdia hilarii possesses only one GTH-cell type. Evidence from freeze fracture replicas suggests that membrane-associated events precursory to exocytosis take place in regions where the cell and secretory granule membranes are in close apposition. Thin section analysis of secretory granule formation revealed their derivation from the dilated extremities of the inner Golgi saccule which appears to resemble the rigid lamella described in other cells. After detachment of the inner saccule, the immature secretory granules appear to enlarge by microvesicular transport. Freeze fracture and ultrastructural data on the morphology of the cells that presumably synthetise growth hormone are also presented.
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Ueda H, Takahashi H. Responses of two different types of pituitary gonadotrophs of the loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, to gonadectomy and to exogenous sex steroids. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1980; 40:463-72. [PMID: 7372094 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(80)90010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Slijkhuis H. Ultrastructural evidence for two types of gonadotropic cells in the pituitary gland of the male three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1978; 36:639-41. [PMID: 750290 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(78)90106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Follénius E, Doerr-Schott J, Dubois MP. Immunocytology of pituitary cells from teleost fishes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1978; 54:193-223. [PMID: 230163 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Farmer SW, Papkoff H. A teleost (Tilapia mossambica) gonadotropin that resembles luteinizing hormone. Life Sci 1977; 20:1227-32. [PMID: 300454 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(77)90496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Licht P, Papkoff H, Farmer SW, Muller CH, Tsui HW, Crews D. Evolution of gonadotropin structure and function. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1977; 33:169-248. [PMID: 801191 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571133-3.50012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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