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Nowghani F, Jonusaite S, Watson-Leung T, Donini A, Kelly SP. Strategies of ionoregulation in the freshwater nymph of the mayfly Hexagenia rigida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3997-4006. [PMID: 28860119 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated ionoregulatory strategies used by freshwater (FW) nymphs of the mayfly Hexagenia rigida Like other FW organisms, H. rigida nymphs maintain hemolymph ion levels (in mmol l-1: Na+ ∼102; Cl- ∼84; K+ ∼6; pH ∼7.35) far in excess of their surroundings. This appears to be accomplished by the combined actions of the alimentary canal, Malpighian tubules (MTs) and tracheal gills. The alimentary canal contributes in a region-specific manner, a view supported by: (1) spatial differences in the activity of basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) and apical V-type H+-ATPase (VA) and (2) region-specific Na+ and K+ flux rates. Both indicate a prominent role for the hindgut (rectum) in K+ reabsorption. MTs also exhibit region-specific differences in Na+ and K+ flux rates that are coupled with an organized but tortuous architecture. NKA and VA activities were highest in MTs versus all other organs examined. Tracheal gills were found to be sites of Na+ uptake, but no difference in Na+ uptake was found between gills taken from different regions of the abdomen or spatially along individual gills. This is likely because each gill exhibited a dense population of NKA and/or VA immunoreactive cells (putative ionocytes). Data provide new insight into how FW mayfly nymphs regulate salt and water balance using the alimentary canal, MTs and tracheal gills as well as the first direct evidence that tracheal gills acquire ions from FW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fargol Nowghani
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Sima Jonusaite
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Trudy Watson-Leung
- Aquatic Toxicology Unit, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, ON, Canada M9P 3V6
| | - Andrew Donini
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Scott P Kelly
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
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Jonusaite S, Kelly SP, Donini A. Tissue-specific ionomotive enzyme activity and K+ reabsorption reveal the rectum as an important ionoregulatory organ in larval Chironomus riparius exposed to varying salinity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:3637-48. [PMID: 23788699 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.089219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A role for the rectum in the ionoregulatory homeostasis of larval Chironomus riparius was revealed by rearing animals in different saline environments and examining: (1) the spatial distribution and activity of keystone ionomotive enzymes Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (NKA) and V-type H(+)-ATPase (VA) in the alimentary canal, and (2) rectal K(+) transport with the scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET). NKA and VA activity were measured in four distinct regions of the alimentary canal as follows: the combined foregut and anterior midgut, the posterior midgut, the Malpighian tubules and the hindgut. Both enzymes exhibited 10-20 times greater activity in the hindgut relative to all other areas. When larvae were reared in either ion-poor water (IPW) or freshwater (FW), no significant difference in hindgut enzyme activity was observed. However, in larvae reared in brackish water (BW), NKA and VA activity in the hindgut significantly decreased. Immunolocalization of NKA and VA in the hindgut revealed that the bulk of protein was located in the rectum. Therefore, K(+) transport across the rectum was examined using SIET. Measurement of K(+) flux along the rectum revealed a net K(+) reabsorption that was reduced fourfold in BW-reared larvae versus larvae reared in FW or IPW. Inhibition of NKA with ouabain, VA with bafilomycin and K(+) channels with charybdotoxin diminished rectal K(+) reabsorption in FW- and IPW-reared larvae, but not BW-reared larvae. Data suggest that the rectum of C. riparius plays an important role in allowing these larvae to cope with dilute as well as salinated environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Jonusaite
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Petschenka G, Pick C, Wagschal V, Dobler S. Functional evidence for physiological mechanisms to circumvent neurotoxicity of cardenolides in an adapted and a non-adapted hawk-moth species. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20123089. [PMID: 23516239 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Because cardenolides specifically inhibit the Na(+)K(+)-ATPase, insects feeding on cardenolide-containing plants need to circumvent this toxic effect. Some insects such as the monarch butterfly rely on target site insensitivity, yet other cardenolide-adapted lepidopterans such as the oleander hawk-moth, Daphnis nerii, possess highly sensitive Na(+)K(+)-ATPases. Nevertheless, larvae of this species and the related Manduca sexta are insensitive to injected cardenolides. By radioactive-binding assays with nerve cords of both species, we demonstrate that the perineurium surrounding the nervous tissue functions as a diffusion barrier for a polar cardenolide (ouabain). By contrast, for non-polar cardenolides such as digoxin an active efflux carrier limits the access to the nerve cord. This barrier can be abolished by metabolic inhibitors and by verapamil, a specific inhibitor of P-glycoproteins (PGPs). This supports that a PGP-like transporter is involved in the active cardenolide-barrier of the perineurium. Tissue specific RT-PCR demonstrated expression of three PGP-like genes in hornworm nerve cords, and immunohistochemistry further corroborated PGP expression in the perineurium. Our results thus suggest that the lepidopteran perineurium serves as a diffusion barrier for polar cardenolides and provides an active barrier for non-polar cardenolides. This may explain the high in vivo resistance to cardenolides observed in some lepidopteran larvae, despite their highly sensitive Na(+)K(+)-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Petschenka
- Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Biozentrum Grindel, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Weihrauch D, Donini A, O'Donnell MJ. Ammonia transport by terrestrial and aquatic insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:473-87. [PMID: 22100291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia, an end product from amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism, is highly toxic for most animals. This review will provide an update on nitrogen metabolism in terrestrial and aquatic insects with emphasis on ammonia generation and transport. Aspects that will be discussed include metabolic pathways of nitrogenous compounds, the origin of ammonia and other nitrogenous waste products, ammonia toxicity, putative ammonia transporters as well as ammonia transport processes known in insects. Ammonia transport mechanisms in the mosquito Aedes aegypti, the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta and the locust Schistocerca gregaria will be discussed in detail while providing additional, novel data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Weihrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T2N2.
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Folk DG, Bradley TJ. The evolution of recovery from desiccation stress in laboratory-selected populations of Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 207:2671-8. [PMID: 15201299 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the capacity for physiological recovery from the effects of desiccation in five replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster that have been selected for enhanced desiccation resistance (D populations) and in five replicate control populations (C populations). The capacity to recover was signified by the ability to restore three somatic components, namely whole-body water, dry mass and sodium content, all of which are reduced during desiccation. Throughout a period of recovery following a bout of desiccation, the flies were offered one of three fluids: distilled water, saline solution, or saline+sucrose solution. Our findings indicate that, when allowed to recover on saline+sucrose solution, D populations have the capacity to restore water at a greater rate than C populations and are able to fully restore dry mass and sodium content to the levels observed in non-desiccated, hydrated D flies. When provided with this same solution during recovery, C flies are unable to restore dry mass and are faced with an elevated sodium load. Desiccation resistance of the flies subsequent to recovery was also examined. We provide evidence that the greatest desiccation resistance in the D populations is associated with the restoration of all three somatic components, suggesting that not only water content, but also dry mass and sodium, may contribute to the enhanced desiccation resistance that has evolved in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna G Folk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA.
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Nardi JB, Mackie RI, Dawson JO. Could microbial symbionts of arthropod guts contribute significantly to nitrogen fixation in terrestrial ecosystems? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 48:751-763. [PMID: 12770053 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(02)00105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fixed nitrogen is a limiting nutrient in most terrestrial ecosystems and has been assumed to be supplied almost entirely by free-living bacteria as well as by bacteria living in association with plants. The survival and growth of many arthropods on diets with extremely high carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios suggest that these arthropods are not obtaining sufficient nitrogen from their diets but must be obtaining additional nitrogen from some other source(s). Estimates of N(2) fixation have suggested that symbiotic microbes of some arthropod hindguts could be obtaining this additional nitrogen as a result of nitrogen fixation. With the recent availability of antibody and nucleic acid probes, the presence of the enzyme that reduces dinitrogen gas to ammonia (nitrogenase) as well as the presence of its transcripts can be detected and localized with great sensitivity. A preliminary survey of a few detritivores indicates that nitrogen-fixing microbes of diverse forms are widespread in arthropod hindguts. In calculating nitrogen budgets, the possible contributions of nitrogen fixation by symbionts in arthropod guts, however, has been largely ignored. N(2) fixation in arthropod guts, with rates as high as 10-40 kg/ha/year being possible, may represent a significant contribution both to the growth of arthropods and to their ecosystem functions of processing carbon and nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B. Nardi
- Department of Entomology and Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
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A comparative study on the system of active transport of organic acids in Malpighian tubules of insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-1910(90)90110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Peacock AJ. Distribution of (Na++K+)-ATPase in the hindgut ofGlossina morsitans morsitans Westwood. Cell Mol Life Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01950023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vitellaro-Zuccarello L, Sacchi VF, Monticelli G, Giordana B. The colon of Leucophaea maderae: fine structure and physiological features. Tissue Cell 1985; 17:395-404. [PMID: 4012769 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(85)90057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The colon of L. maderae consists of a single columnar epithelium covered with a cuticle and of a musculo-connective sheath. The apical plasma membranes form a system of leaflets with numerous mitochondria inserted in association with microfilaments. Lateral plasma membranes are linked together by junctional complexes consisting of a zonula adherens and a long convoluted septate junction of the pleated type. In the basal region of the cell, numerous membrane infolds and scattered scalariform junctions with associated mitochondria are present. These cell specializations are typical of arthropod transporting organs, being distinctive features of ion and fluid transporting epithelia. The isolated colon exhibited a transepithelial electrical potential difference (PD) of about 100 mV, lumen side positive with respect to the haemolymph side. The PD was almost abolished by metabolic inhibitors, it was reduced by acetazolamide and SITS, and it was unaffected by ouabain. These effects suggest that HCO3- and Cl- are involved in the genesis of the PD, whereas Na+ is not directly responsible of the PD. Measurements of Na+ and Cl- fluxes across the colon wall confirm that Na+ moves following the PD across the tissue, while Cl- movement occurs against an electrochemical potential difference. The electrical profile of the epithelial cells is of the well type and it suggests that the primary or secondary active step for Cl- transport across the epithelium should be located at the mucosal border of the cell.
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Norris DM, Cary LR. Properties and subcellular distribution of Na+,K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase in the antennae of Periplaneta americana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(81)90067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Distribution of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in the mid- and hind-guts of adult Glossina morsitans and Sarcophaga nodosa and the hind-gut of Bombyx mori larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(81)90648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Regulation of water transport in the cockroach rectum by the corpora cardiaca-corpora allata system: The requirement for Na+. J Comp Physiol B 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00691570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sullivan DS, Bisalputra T. The morphology of a harpacticoid copepod gut: A review and synthesis. J Morphol 1980; 164:89-105. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051640108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bignell DE. An ultrastructural study and stereological analysis of the colon wall in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Tissue Cell 1980; 12:153-64. [PMID: 7361297 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(80)90058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The colonic epithelium has been examined for ultrastructural evidence of physiological activity. The cells show extensive folding of the apical plasma membrane, associated with mitochondria and an internal coating of particles about 120 A diameter. Anteriorly many apical infoldings are dilated at the tip to form substantial extracellular spaces up to 0.8 micron wide. Narrow intercellular channels are present, opening to the haemolymph side of the epithelium. Pinocytosis is seen frequently at the basal surface. The surface densities of apical plasma membranes were not significantly different in the posterior mid-gut and colon. Similarly the volume densities of mitochondria were equal in the colonic epithelium and rectal pads, but the surface density of outer mitochondrial membranes was greater in the colon. It is suggested that the colon may absorb organic solutes from the gut lumen.
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The effect of the corpora cardiaca-corpora allata system on oxygen consumption in the cockroach rectum: The role of Na+ and K+. J Comp Physiol B 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00691569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abu-Hakima R, Davey K. A possible relationship between ouabain-sensitive (Na+-K+) dependent ATPase and the effect of juvenile hormone on the follicle cells of Rhodnius prolixus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(79)90050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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A comparison of two methods for the preparation of Mg2+-dependent, ATPase from the locust rectum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(79)90066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Peacock AJ. Age dependent changes in Na+−K+, activated ATPase activity of locust rectum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02034663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rivera ME, Langer H. Effect of light on ATPases in eyes and brain of the blowfly,Calliphora. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00656877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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