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Ahn SJ, Marygold SJ. The UDP-Glycosyltransferase Family in Drosophila melanogaster: Nomenclature Update, Gene Expression and Phylogenetic Analysis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:648481. [PMID: 33815151 PMCID: PMC8010143 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.648481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are important conjugation enzymes found in all kingdoms of life, catalyzing a sugar conjugation with small lipophilic compounds and playing a crucial role in detoxification and homeostasis. The UGT gene family is defined by a signature motif in the C-terminal domain where the uridine diphosphate (UDP)-sugar donor binds. UGTs have been identified in a number of insect genomes over the last decade and much progress has been achieved in characterizing their expression patterns and molecular functions. Here, we present an update of the complete repertoire of UGT genes in Drosophila melanogaster and provide a brief overview of the latest research in this model insect. A total of 35 UGT genes are found in the D. melanogaster genome, localized to chromosomes 2 and 3 with a high degree of gene duplications on the chromosome arm 3R. All D. melanogaster UGT genes have now been named in FlyBase according to the unified UGT nomenclature guidelines. A phylogenetic analysis of UGT genes shows lineage-specific gene duplications. Analysis of anatomical and induced gene expression patterns demonstrate that some UGT genes are differentially expressed in various tissues or after environmental treatments. Extended searches of UGT orthologs from 18 additional Drosophila species reveal a diversity of UGT gene numbers and composition. The roles of Drosophila UGTs identified to date are briefly reviewed, and include xenobiotic metabolism, nicotine resistance, olfaction, cold tolerance, sclerotization, pigmentation, and immunity. Together, the updated genomic information and research overview provided herein will aid further research in this developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Steven J Marygold
- FlyBase, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Dembeck LM, Huang W, Magwire MM, Lawrence F, Lyman RF, Mackay TFC. Genetic Architecture of Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005163. [PMID: 25933381 PMCID: PMC4416719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation varies within and between species and is often adaptive. The amount of pigmentation on the abdomen of Drosophila melanogaster is a relatively simple morphological trait, which serves as a model for mapping the genetic basis of variation in complex phenotypes. Here, we assessed natural variation in female abdominal pigmentation in 175 sequenced inbred lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel, derived from the Raleigh, NC population. We quantified the proportion of melanization on the two most posterior abdominal segments, tergites 5 and 6 (T5, T6). We found significant genetic variation in the proportion of melanization and high broad-sense heritabilities for each tergite. Genome-wide association studies identified over 150 DNA variants associated with the proportion of melanization on T5 (84), T6 (34), and the difference between T5 and T6 (35). Several of the top variants associated with variation in pigmentation are in tan, ebony, and bric-a-brac1, genes known to affect D. melanogaster abdominal pigmentation. Mutational analyses and targeted RNAi-knockdown showed that 17 out of 28 (61%) novel candidate genes implicated by the genome-wide association study affected abdominal pigmentation. Several of these genes are involved in developmental and regulatory pathways, chitin production, cuticle structure, and vesicle formation and transport. These findings show that genetic variation may affect multiple steps in pathways involved in tergite development and melanization. Variation in these novel candidates may serve as targets for adaptive evolution and sexual selection in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Dembeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Magwire
- Syngenta Biotechnology, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Faye Lawrence
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard F. Lyman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Trudy F. C. Mackay
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jones LH, Narayanan A, Hett EC. Understanding and applying tyrosine biochemical diversity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:952-69. [PMID: 24623162 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights some of the recent advances made in our understanding of the diversity of tyrosine biochemistry and shows how this has inspired novel applications in numerous areas of molecular design and synthesis, including chemical biology and bioconjugation. The pathophysiological implications of tyrosine biochemistry will be presented from a molecular perspective and the opportunities for therapeutic intervention explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn H Jones
- Pfizer R&D, Chemical Biology Group, BioTherapeutics Chemistry, WorldWide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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4
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Moreno-García M, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Condé R, Lanz-Mendoza H. Current immunity markers in insect ecological immunology: assumed trade-offs and methodological issues. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 103:127-139. [PMID: 22929006 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531200048x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The field of ecological immunology currently relies on using a number of immune effectors or markers. These markers are usually used to infer ecological trade-offs (via conflicts in resource allocation), though physiological nature of these markers remains elusive. Here, we review markers frequently used in insect evolutionary ecology research: cuticle darkening, haemocyte density, nodule/capsule formation, phagocytosis and encapsulation/melanization via use of nylon filaments and beads, phenoloxidase activity, nitric oxide production, lysozyme and antimicrobial peptide production. We also provide physiologically based information that may shed light on the probable trade-offs inferred when these markers are used. In addition, we provide a number of methodological suggestions to improve immune marker assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moreno-García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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Abstract
Glycosylation represents the most complex co- and post-translational modification of proteins. In addition to N- and O-glycans, almost all combinations, including the nature of the carbohydrate moiety and the amino-acid involved, but also the type of the chemical linkage, can be isolated from natural glycoconjugates. This diversity correlates with the importance and the variety of the biological processes (and consequently the diseases) glycosides are involved in. This review focuses on rare and unusual glycosylation of peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lafite
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique-ICOA, Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Zarschler K, Janesch B, Pabst M, Altmann F, Messner P, Schäffer C. Protein tyrosine O-glycosylation--a rather unexplored prokaryotic glycosylation system. Glycobiology 2010; 20:787-98. [PMID: 20200052 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a frequent and heterogeneous posttranslational protein modification occurring in all domains of life. While protein N-glycosylation at asparagine and O-glycosylation at serine, threonine or hydroxyproline residues have been studied in great detail, only few data are available on O-glycosidic attachment of glycans to the amino acid tyrosine. In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of a bacterial protein tyrosine O-glycosylation system. In the Gram-positive, mesophilic bacterium Paenibacillus alvei CCM 2051(T), a polysaccharide consisting of [-->3)-beta-d-Galp-(1[alpha-d-Glcp-(1-->6)] -->4)-beta-d-ManpNAc-(1-->] repeating units is O-glycosidically linked via an adaptor with the structure -[GroA-2-->OPO(2)-->4-beta-d-ManpNAc-(1-->4)] -->3)-alpha-l-Rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-Rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-Rhap-(1-->3)-beta-d-Galp-(1--> to specific tyrosine residues of the S-layer protein SpaA. A +AH4-24.3-kb S-layer glycosylation (slg) gene cluster encodes the information necessary for the biosynthesis of this glycan chain within 18 open reading frames (ORF). The corresponding translation products are involved in the biosynthesis of nucleotide-activated monosaccharides, assembly and export as well as in the transfer of the completed polysaccharide chain to the S-layer target protein. All ORFs of the cluster, except those encoding the nucleotide sugar biosynthesis enzymes and the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter integral transmembrane proteins, were disrupted by the insertion of the mobile group II intron Ll.LtrB, and S-layer glycoproteins produced in mutant backgrounds were analyzed by mass spectrometry. There is evidence that the glycan chain is synthesized in a process comparable to the ABC-transporter-dependent pathway of the lipopolysaccharide O-polysaccharide biosynthesis. Furthermore, with the protein WsfB, we have identified an O-oligosaccharyl:protein transferase required for the formation of the covalent beta-d-Gal-->Tyr linkage between the glycan chain and the S-layer protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Zarschler
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, ViennaInstitute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1190 Vienna,Austria
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Fahmi NE, Dedkova L, Wang B, Golovine S, Hecht SM. Site-Specific Incorporation of Glycosylated Serine and Tyrosine Derivatives into Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:3586-97. [PMID: 17338522 DOI: 10.1021/ja067466n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins can have a dramatic effect on their physical, chemical, and biological properties. Analogues of dihydrofolate reductase and firefly luciferase containing glycosylated amino acids at single, predetermined sites have been elaborated. Misacylated suppressor tRNAs activated with glycosylated serine and tyrosine derivatives were used for suppression of the nonsense codons in a cell-free protein biosynthesizing system, thereby permitting the preparation of the desired glycosylated proteins. In this fashion, it was possible to obtain proteins containing both mono- and diglycosylated amino acids, including glycosylated serine and tyrosine moieties. For the modified firefly luciferases, the effect of these substitutions on the wavelength of the light emitted by firefly luciferase was investigated. The maximum wavelength for mutants containing peracetylated glycosylated serine derivatives at position 284 showed a red shift in the emission spectra. For mutants containing glycosylated tyrosines, the red shift was observed only when the carbohydrate moiety was fully deacetylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Eddine Fahmi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
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Takahashi S, Hasumi K, Ohnishi A, Koshino H, Matsumoto S. Synthesis and biological activities of analogs of D-glucosyl-l-tyrosine, a humoral factor that stimulates transcription of the acyl-CoA binding protein in the pheromone gland of the Silkmoth, Bombyx mori. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:97-103. [PMID: 17064908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
beta-d-Glucosyl-O-l-tyrosine (1) is a humoral factor that stimulates transcription of the acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) in the pheromone gland of the Silkmoth, Bombyx mori. This paper describes stereoselective synthesis of five analogs that changed the sugar and/or amino acid part in 1 and their stimulatory activities on the ACBP transcription in the pheromone gland of B. mori. Among the analogs tested, beta-d-galactosyl-O-l-tyrosine showed a 1/5 potency compared to the activity of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Takahashi
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Ohnishi A, Koshino H, Takahashi S, Esumi Y, Matsumoto S. Isolation and characterization of a humoral factor that stimulates transcription of the acyl-CoA-binding protein in the pheromone gland of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:4111-6. [PMID: 15590686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413429200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) is a highly conserved 10-kDa intracellular lipid-binding protein that binds straight-chain (C14-C22) acyl-CoA esters with high affinity and is expressed in a wide variety of species ranging from yeast to mammals. Functionally, ACBP can act as an acyl-CoA carrier or as an acyl-CoA pool maker within the cell. Much work on the biochemical properties regarding the ACBP has been performed using various vertebrate and plant tissues, as well as different types of cells in culture, the regulatory mechanisms underlying ACBP gene expression have remained poorly understood. By exploiting the unique sex pheromone production system in the moth pheromone gland (PG), we report that transcription of a specific ACBP termed pheromone gland ACBP is triggered by a hemolymph-based humoral factor. Following purification and structure elucidation by means of high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and NMR analyses, in conjunction with stereochemical analyses using acid hydrolysates, the humoral factor was identified to be beta-D-glucosyl-O-L-tyrosine. Examination of the hemolymph titers during development revealed that the amount of beta-D-glucosyl-O-L-tyrosine dramatically rose prior to eclosion and reached a maximum of 5 mg/ml (about 1 mg/pupa) on the day preceding eclosion, which was consistent with the effective dose of beta-D-glucosyl-O-L-tyrosine in stimulating pheromone gland ACBP transcription in vivo. Furthermore, in vitro assays using trimmed PG indicated that beta-D-glucosyl-O-L-tyrosine acts directly on the PG. These results provide the first evidence that transcription of some ACBPs can be triggered by specific humoral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ohnishi
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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10
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Burger K, Kluge M, Koksch B, Fehn S, Böttcher C, Hennig L, Müller G. Hexafluoroacetone as Protecting and Activating Reagent: A New Approach to O-Glycosides. HETEROCYCLES 2004. [DOI: 10.3987/com-04-s(p)6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Burger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie der Universität, Talstraße 35, D‐04103 Leipzig, Fax: (+ 49) 341‐9736529
| | - Michael Kluge
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie der Universität, Talstraße 35, D‐04103 Leipzig, Fax: (+ 49) 341‐9736529
| | - Susanna Fehn
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie der Universität, Talstraße 35, D‐04103 Leipzig, Fax: (+ 49) 341‐9736529
| | - Beate Koksch
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie der Universität, Talstraße 35, D‐04103 Leipzig, Fax: (+ 49) 341‐9736529
| | - Lothar Hennig
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie der Universität, Talstraße 35, D‐04103 Leipzig, Fax: (+ 49) 341‐9736529
| | - Gerhard Müller
- Bayer AG, Zentrale Forschung, ZF‐WFM, Gebäude Q 18, D‐51368 Leverkusen
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13
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Munkirs DD, Christensen BM, Tracy JW. High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of hemolymph plasma catecholamines in immune-reactive Aedes aegypti. J Invertebr Pathol 1990; 56:267-79. [PMID: 2273291 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(90)90110-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine and catecholamines have been implicated as substrates for the encapsulation reactions involved in the immune response of mosquitoes to microfilariae (mff). Identification and quantitation of tyrosine and catecholamines present in Aedes aegypti hemolymph plasma were accomplished by ion-pair high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection at either +650 or +850 mV vs Ag/AgCl. Tyrosine, dopamine, and N-beta-alanyldopamine were detected in the hemolymph plasma of naive A. aegypti. Although no differences in these compounds were observed in hemolymph plasma from A. aegypti inoculated with Dirofilaria immitis mff, the chromatogram showed a single major peak (PI) (65 microM, expressed as dopamine equivalents) that was not present in naive hemolymph plasma. Saline-inoculated controls contained only 5% of the PI in immune reactive hemolymph plasma. A high concentration of PI (127 +/- 39 microM) was also detected after treatment of hemolymph plasma with mild alkaline conditions (pH 9.0), indicating that it is normally present as an electrochemically inert form in naive mosquitoes. High concentrations of PI were also detected in the naive hemolymph plasma from three other mosquito species, but no PI was found in A. trivittatus under any conditions. PI did not cochromatograph with any of the catecholamines commonly thought to be involved in immune responses of dipterans against metazoan parasites, suggesting that it may be a unique substrate for these reactions. The biological relevance of PI was evidenced by its appearance in the hemolymph plasma of two strains of D. immitis-inoculated A. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Munkirs
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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15
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Wright TR. The Genetics Of Biogenic Amine Metabolism, Sclerotization, And Melanization In Drosophila Melanogaster. MOLECULAR GENETICS OF DEVELOPMENT 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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16
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Psarianos CG, Lampropoulou M, Marmaras VJ. Alkaline phosphatase in the integument of Ceratitis capitata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(87)90062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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BROWN CAROLYNS, NESTLER CATHY. Catecholamines and Indolalkylamines. Pharmacology 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030812-8.50016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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18
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Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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19
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Comparative composition of free, peptide and protein amino acids in symbiotic and aposymbiotic Sitophilus oryzae (coleoptera, curculionidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(85)90067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Carbohydrate Metabolism. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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Psarianos CG, Marmaras VJ, Vournakis JN. Tyrosine-4-O-β-glucoside in the mediterranean fruit-fly Ceratitis capitata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(85)90053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tyrosine glucoside hydrolase activity in tissues of Manduca sexta (L.): Effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(83)90038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
The watery vacuoles first described from larval insect fat body (Chironomus, Voinov, 1927; Aedes, Wigglesworth, 1942; Rhodnius, Wigglesworth, 1967) have been studied in 4th and 5th stage Calpodes larvae. The vacuoles arise at the beginning (E + 6-24 hr) of the 4th stadium from plasma membrane infolds that separate from the cell surface as provacuoles less than 1 micron in diameter. These provacuoles grow and fuse with one another through the intermolt until about half the volume of each fat body cell is occupied by a single, large vacuole. The vacuoles begin to disappear at molting. Their membrane is either incorporated into the plasma membrane by exocytosis or fragmented into vesicles that fuse to become lamellar bodies where the membranes are presumably digested. All the vacuoles have gone by a few hours after ecdysis. The tyrosine content of the fat body increases and decreases in proportion to the size of the vacuoles. As the vacuoles decrease at molting the titre of tyrosine in the hemolymph is transiently elevated at the time when there is most demand for phenolics for cuticle stabilization. Crystals having the form of tyrosine crystallize out from vacuoles separated from the fat body. In fat body extracts separated by thin layer chromatography, similar crystals occur only in the eluates from spots corresponding to tyrosine. The vacuoles are therefore presumed to be tyrosine stores used in cuticle stabilization at molting. They correspond to a type of aqueous storage compartment that is well known in plants but hitherto little recognized in animal cells.
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Ahmed R, Hopkins T, Kramer K. Tyrosine and tyrosine glucoside titres in whole animals and tissues during development of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(83)90019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lu PW, Kramer KJ, Seib PA, Mueller DD, Ahmed R, Hopkins TL. : Synthesis, properties and titre during insect development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(82)90034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kramer KJ, Hopkins TL, Ahmed RF, Mueller D, Lookhart G. Tyrosine metabolism for cuticle tanning in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.) and other Lepidoptera: identification of beta-D-glucopyranosyl-O-L-tyrosine and other metabolites. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 205:146-55. [PMID: 6778395 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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27
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The metabolism of the aromatic amino acids concerned in the cross-linking of insect cuticle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(80)90082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Maxwell GD, Moore MM, Hildebrand JG. Metabolism of tyramine in the central nervous system of the moth Manduca sexta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(80)90055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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