1
|
Qian L, Yang X, Xu X, Yang D, Zhu C, Yi M, Bi H, Wang Y, Huang Y. SPSL1 is essential for spermatophore formation and sperm activation in Spodoptera frugiperda. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011073. [PMID: 38048348 PMCID: PMC10721193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The reproductive process in various species has undergone evolutionary adaptations at both the physiological and molecular levels, playing a significant role in maintaining their populations. In lepidopteran insects, the spermatophore is a unique structure formed in the female reproductive system, in which sperm storage and activation take place. It is known that the formation of the spermatophore is regulated by seminal fluid proteins derived from males. However, studies investigating the genetic mechanisms behind spermatophore formation in lepidopterans have been limited. In this study, our focus was on SPSL1, a gene that encodes a trypsin-type seminal fluid protein in Spodoptera frugiperda, a pest species with global invasive tendencies. Our findings revealed that SPSL1 expression was predominantly observed in the male reproductive tracts, and the disruption of this gene resulted in male sterility. Surprisingly, fluorescence analysis indicated that the absence of SPSL1 did not affect spermatogenesis or sperm migration within the male reproductive system. However, when females mated with SPSL1-mutant males, several defects were observed. These included disruptions in spermatophore formation, sperm activation in the copulatory bursae, and sperm migration into the spermathecae. Additionally, mass spectrometry analysis highlighted reduced levels of energy-related metabolites, suggesting that SPSL1 plays an essential role in promoting hydrolysis reactions during copulation. Consequently, our study demonstrates that SPSL1 is crucial for male fertility due to its functions in spermatophore formation and sperm activation. This research provides valuable insights into the genetic factors underlying reproductive processes in lepidopteran insects and sheds light on potential strategies for controlling invasive pest populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lansa Qian
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaomiao Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dehong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism/School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism/School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fujii T, Kakino K, Tanaka M, Lee JM, Kusakabe T, Banno Y. A defect in purine nucleotide metabolism in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, causes a translucent larval integument and male infertility. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 126:103458. [PMID: 32861775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
p-oily (op) is a novel mutant of Bombyx mori exhibiting translucent larval integument and male infertility. Elucidation of the causative gene of the op mutant will help understand the genetic mechanism underlying larval integument coloration and male fertility. Using polymorphisms between B. mori and B. mandarina, the op locus was narrowed down to a 375-kb region. Using RNA-seq analysis, we found that op mutants have a frameshift mutation in the KWMTBOMO13770 gene located in the 375-kb region. A database search indicated that this gene is the human cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II gene (cN-II) homolog in Bombyx, which mediates the conversion of inosine monophosphate (IMP) to inosine, a precursor of uric acid. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout mutants of the Bm-cN-II gene showed translucent integuments, and there appeared translucent larvae in the crosses between knockout moths and +/op moths. Moreover, the translucent phenotype of, and decreased uric acid content in the larval integument caused by the mutations in the Bm-cN-II gene were rescued by oral administration of inosine. These results indicated that the Bm-cN-II gene is responsible for the op phenotype and that the molecular function of the Bm-cN-II gene is the conversion of IMP to inosine. We also discuss the genetic relationship between the Bm-cN-II gene and male fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuguru Fujii
- Laboratory of Creative Science for Insect Industries, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Kohei Kakino
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Miyu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Laboratory of Creative Science for Insect Industries, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yutaka Banno
- Laboratory of Silkworm Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Graduate School of BioResources and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nagaoka S, Kawasaki S, Kawasaki H, Kamei K. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, captopril disrupts the motility activation of sperm from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 103:18-28. [PMID: 28964767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (also known as peptidyl dicarboxypeptidase A, ACE, and EC 3.4.15.1), which is found in a wide range of organisms, cleaves C-terminal dipeptides from relatively short oligopeptides. Mammalian ACE plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. However, the precise physiological functions of insect ACE homologs have not been understood. As part of our effort to elucidate new physiological roles of insect ACE, we herein report a soluble ACE protein in male reproductive secretions from the silkmoth, Bombyx mori. Seminal vesicle sperm are quiescent in vitro, but vigorous motility is activated by treatment with either a glandula (g.) prostatica homogenate or trypsin in vitro. When seminal vesicle sperm were pre-incubated with captopril, a strong and specific inhibitor of mammalian ACE, and then stimulated to initiate motility by the addition of the g. prostatica homogenate or trypsin, the overall level of acquired motility was reduced in an inhibitor-concentration-dependent manner. In the course of this project, we detected ACE-related carboxypeptidase activity that was inhibited by captopril in both the vesicular (v.) seminalis of the noncopulative male reproductive tract and in the spermatophore that forms in the female bursa copulatrix at the time of mating, just as in an earlier report on the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea, which belongs to a different lepidopteran species (Ekbote et al., 2003a). Two distinct genes encoding ACE-like proteins were identified by analysis of B. mori cDNA, and were named BmAcer and BmAcer2, respectively [the former was previously reported by Quan et al. (2001) and the latter was first isolated in this paper]. RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses indicated that the BmAcer2 was predominantly produced in v. seminalis and transferred to the spermatophore during copulation, while the BmAcer was not detected in the adult male reproductive organs. A recombinant protein of BmAcer2 (devoid of a signal peptide) that was expressed in Escherichia coli cells exhibited captopril-sensitive carboxypeptidase activities. Our findings show that the BmAcre2 gene encodes a secreted ACE protein included in the Bombyx seminal plasma. In particular, the silkworm ACE protein in the seminal fluid might be involved in the signaling pathway that leads to the activation and regulation of sperm motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumiharu Nagaoka
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion (CAIRP), Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Saori Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hideki Kawasaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Kaeko Kamei
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nagaoka S, Asagoshi M, Kato K, Takata Y. Success in the acquisition of Bombyx mori sperm motility is influenced by the extracellular production of nitric oxide (NO) in the presence of seminal fluid nitric oxide synthase (NOS). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 84:40-47. [PMID: 28414175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A trypsin-like protease called initiatorin is known to initiate sperm motility in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, but little is known about the signaling events leading to sperm flagellar beating. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this mechanism of sperm motility activation involves the signaling transmitter nitric oxide (NO). NO is produced from the amino acid L-arginine by the enzyme action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS; EC 1.14.13.39). Simple treatment of quiescent sperm with an NO donor (SNAP or NOC7) in vitro did not lead to activation of motility. Nevertheless, initiatorin- or trypsin-induced motility was blocked by pretreatment of sperm with either the NOS inhibitor L-NAME or NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO. These observations suggested that NO may play important physiological roles in the acquisition of sperm motility under the in vitro condition used here. Then, we investigated whether NO synthesis would occur in the spermatophore, a capsule containing spermatozoa that is created by the contents of various male reproductive glands and is the site of sperm maturation. The amounts of NO2- and NO3-, stable metabolites of NO, reached maximum values after enclosure in the spermatophore, a time when apyrene spermatozoa acquire vigorous motility. Moreover, RT-PCR and Western blotting analyses of NOS indicated that it is abundantly expressed in glandula (g.) lacteola of the virgin male ejaculatory duct, from which it is secreted to the seminal fluid and transferred to the female during mating. Previous studies demonstrated that free L-arginine is supplied de novo by a specific proteolytic reaction in which initiatorin participates during spermatophore formation (Osanai et al., 1987c). Based on these results, it can be presumed that the mixing of seminal fluid contents from each male reproductive organ during ejaculation induced NO production outside of the spermatid, and exogenous NO stimulated a signaling pathway involved in the activation of silkworm apyrene sperm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumiharu Nagaoka
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion (CAIRP), Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Maiko Asagoshi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Keita Kato
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Takata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miyata H, Thaler CD, Haimo LT, Cardullo RA. Protease activation and the signal transduction pathway regulating motility in sperm from the water strider Aquarius remigis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:207-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
6
|
Ekbote UV, Weaver RJ, Isaac RE. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity of the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea: changes in levels of activity during development and after copulation suggest roles during metamorphosis and reproduction. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:989-998. [PMID: 14505692 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(03)00105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that removes C-terminal dipeptides from relatively short oligopeptides, usually smaller than 15 amino acids. In mammals, the enzyme has several important roles in the metabolism of vasoactive peptides, but its physiological role in insects is not fully understood. We now report the properties of an ACE in a lepidopteran species (the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea) and suggest new physiological roles for the enzyme in this insect. ACE activity increases four-fold during the last stadium and in early pupae, a rise which, in its timing, is similar to what has been observed previously in the transition of larva to pupa in Drosophila melanogaster. This suggests that the increase in ACE activity might be of general importance for peptide metabolism during metamorphosis in holometabolous insects. High levels of ACE activity were found in the haemolymph of sixth stadium larvae and adult insects, and in the reproductive tissues of both male and female adults. Almost all of the ACE activity in the reproductive tissues was found in the accessory glands of the male and the spermatheca and bursa copulatrix of the female. The decline in accessory gland ACE in mated males and the concomitant rise in ACE activity in the spermatheca and bursa copulatrix of the female suggested the transfer of ACE from the male to the female during copulation. Using several convenient peptides as substrates, we have shown that the spermatophore/bursa copulatrix taken from mated female insects possess an aminopeptidase, a carboxypeptidase and a dipeptidase, in addition to high levels of ACE. These peptidases might be involved in the breakdown of proteins to peptides and eventually to amino acids in the spermatophore. Evidence for such a proteolytic pathway and its role in providing substrates for the TCA cycle has been obtained previously in a study of reproduction in Bombyx mori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U V Ekbote
- Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LC Miall Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karube F, Kobayashi M. Presence of eupyrene spermatozoa in vestibulum accelerates oviposition in the silkworm moth, Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 45:947-957. [PMID: 12770288 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the silkmoth, Bombyx mori, mating accelerates egg laying. Sterilized males did not induce females to oviposit, whereas artificial insemination was enough to accelerate oviposition. These findings showed that mechanical stimulation of the outer reproductive organs and the bursa copulatrix (BC) had no effect on oviposition. Factors included in seminal fluids also did not stimulate oviposition because neither implantation of female internal reproductive organs nor injection of the spermatophore extract into virgin females activated oviposition. Preventing sperm precedence by experimental removal of the BC or spermatheca inhibited activation of egg laying. More precise surgeries on the spermatheca showed that the main factor for eliciting oviposition was the presence of matured and fertile eupyrene spermatozoa in the vestibulum. Sperm were not effective unless they reached the vestibulum. Nerve transection and electrophysiological studies revealed that nerve 4 of the terminal abdominal ganglion was the pathway by which the mating signal was transmitted toward the higher central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Karube
- Laboratory for Sericulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Takemura Y, Kanda T, Horie Y. Artificial insemination using trypsin-treated sperm in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 45:471-477. [PMID: 12770330 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(98)00148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new method was developed for artificial insemination of the silkworm. Virgin females artificially inseminated by this method oviposited fertilized eggs at a rate almost similar to that of females mated with males. Using inactive sperm collected from the seminal vesicles, we confirmed the previous finding by Omura, S., 1936a, Artificial insemination of Bombyx mori, Journal of Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University 38, 135-150, and Omura, S., 1938, Studies of the reproductive system of the male of Bombyx mori II, Post-testicular organs and post-testicular behaviour of the spermatozoa, Journal of Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University 40, 129-170, that the sperm of B. mori requires the secretion of the glandula prostatica for activation. Sperm also could be activated by trypsin. At an optimal concentration, 0.3 &mgr;g trypsin/ml in 50% semen solution, the fertilization rate as well as the number of eggs oviposited was almost equivalent to that obtained in normally mated moths. These results may contribute not only to basic studies on fertilization and reproduction in Lepidoptera but also to the development of long-term preservation of genetic resources by using cryopreserved sperm of B. mori and other Lepidoptera insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Takemura
- Institute of Silkworm Genetics and Breeding, 1053 Iikura Amimachi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Osanai M, Kasuga H. Role of endopeptidase in motility induction in apyrene silkworm spermatozoa; micropore formation in the flagellar membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01951759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
10
|
Amaldoss G. Fine structure of the regional differentiation of the ductus ejaculatorius simplex (EJ1, EJ2, EJ3) along with the role of their secretions in sperm activation and motility in two Noctuid species,Heliothis armigera (Hübner) andSpodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera). II. Fine structure and function of simplex 2 (EJ2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03186370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
11
|
OSANAI MINORU, KASUGA HIROKO, AIGAKI TOSHIRO. Induction of motility of apyrene spermatozoa and dissociation of Eupyrene sperm bundles of the silkmoth,Bombyx mori, by initiatorin and trypsin. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1989.9672029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Osanai M, Kasuga H, Aigaki T. Functional morphology of the glandula prostatica, ejaculatory valve, and ductus ejaculatorius of the silkwormBombyx mori. J Morphol 1988; 198:231-241. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051980209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
13
|
13C and 31P NMR studies on sugar metabolism in Bombyx mori and Philosamia cynthia ricini larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(88)90004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
14
|
Aigaki T, Osanai M, Kasuga H. Arginine carboxypeptidase activity in the male reproductive glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(88)90094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
15
|
Osanai M, Kasuga H, Aigaki T. The spermatophore and its structural changes with time in the bursa copulatrix of the silkworm,Bombyx mori. J Morphol 1987; 193:1-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051930102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
Aigaki T, Kasuga H, Osanai M. A specific endopeptidase, BAEE esterase, in the glandula prostatica of the male reproductive system of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(87)90075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|