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Zaitsev SY, Fedorova EY, Maximov VI. Comprehensive Analysis of the Major ATPase Activities in the Cow Milk and Their Correlations. BIONANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-019-00610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Al-Fifi ZI, Mujallid MI. Effect of circadian on the activities of ion transport ATPases and histological structure of kidneys in mice. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:963-969. [PMID: 31303826 PMCID: PMC6601028 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of unnatural every day cycles (circadian) for 60 days on the histological structure of kidneys and ATPase activities in MF1 mice were studied. The exposure times were 16 h dark, 16 h light, 24 h dark, and 24 h light, and control exposure times were 12 h dark followed by 12 h light. Our results showed an increase in the total ATPase activity of mice in all groups. Additionally, the activity of the enzyme Na+/K+-ATPase was increased after 24 h darkness, 24 h light, and 16 h light exposures compared to control. The enzyme Mg+2-ATPase activities of the groups were higher when exposed to 16 h light, 24 h light, 24 h darkness and 16 h darkness. The activities of total ATPase, Na+/K+-ATPase and Mg+2-ATPase in kidneys were increased in all groups after 24 h light, 24 h darkness, 16 h darkness and 16 h light exposures. Interestingly, the activity of V-type ATPase was reduced after 16 h darkness, 24 h darkness and 16 h light. Taking everything into account, changes in the day by day cycle prompt neurotic changes, enzymatic and histological changes in the kidneys of mice. More studies should be directed to explore the impacts of light and darkness that can prompt these progressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarraq I Al-Fifi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad I Mujallid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
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Yi SX, Lee RE. Cold-hardening during long-term acclimation in a freeze-tolerant woolly bear caterpillar, Pyrrharctia isabella. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 219:17-25. [PMID: 26643089 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.124875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The banded woolly bear caterpillar, Pyrrharctia isabella (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), overwinters in leaf litter and survives freezing under natural conditions. Following 18 weeks of cold acclimation at 5°C, all caterpillars could survive 1 week of continuous freezing at -20°C or seven cycles of freezing-thawing at -20°C, but none survived freezing at -80°C. Field-collected caterpillars had a temperature of crystallization of -7.7±0.5°C that decreased significantly to -9.5±0.6°C after 12 weeks of acclimation at 5°C. Hemolymph levels of free proline, total amino acids and proteins reached a peak during the first 4 weeks of acclimation; concomitantly, hemolymph osmolality increased markedly during this interval (from 364 to 1282 mosmol kg(-1)). In contrast, hemolymph pH decreased during the first 4 weeks of acclimation before this trend reversed and pH values gradually returned to initial values. However, pH reached its peak value following 1 week at -20°C, but decreased after longer periods of freezing. During cold acclimation, cholesterol levels decreased in the hemolymph and the membrane fraction of fat body but not in other tissues. Lethal freezing at -80°C reduced cell survival in foregut tissue and caused leakage of free proline, total amino acids and proteins from tissues into the hemolymph. The addition of glycerol to the bathing medium reduced freezing injury in fat body cells, as evidenced by reduced leakage of amino acids and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xia Yi
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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Chandrasekaran R, Revathi K, Thanigaivel A, Kirubakaran SA, Senthil-Nathan S. Bacillus subtilis chitinase identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry has insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura Fab. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 116:1-12. [PMID: 25454515 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An extracellular chitinase was identified and purified (CS1 and CS2) from Bacillus subtilis. The 16S rRNA sequencing was submitted in GenBank (accession numbers KC336487 and KC412256). The purified crude enzymes were identified through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. The peptide sequences were matched with chitinase sequences. The peak m/z with 1297. 592 and 3094.570 mascot search resulted sequence was blasted with NCBI protein sequences and confirmed that it is a chitinase enzyme. The effects of chitinase on gut enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase of the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura larvae were investigated. At all concentrations tested, chitinase decreased the activities of these gut enzymes relative to the control. When chitinase treated leaves were fed to larvae in bioassays, gut tissue and gut enzymes were affected. The histological study clearly shows the chitinase treated larval gut, peritrophic membrane and epithelial cells were affected significantly. Chitinase isolated from B. subtilis has effectively reduced the gut enzyme activity and growth of S. litura. The chitin based bioformulation may serve as an effective biocide against the polyphagous pest like S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamanickam Chandrasekaran
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences (SPKCES), Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India; Post Graduate and Research Department of Biotechnology, Selvamm Arts and Science College, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu 637 003, India
| | - Kannan Revathi
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences (SPKCES), Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India
| | - Annamalai Thanigaivel
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences (SPKCES), Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India
| | - Suyambulingam Arunachalam Kirubakaran
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences (SPKCES), Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences (SPKCES), Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India.
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Yi SX, Lee RE. Changes in gut and Malpighian tubule transport during seasonal acclimatization and freezing in the gall flyEurosta solidaginis. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:1895-904. [PMID: 15879070 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYSince few studies have examined cold tolerance at the organ level in insects, our primary objective was to characterize the functional responses of the gut and Malpighian tubules (MT) to seasonal acclimatization, chilling and freezing in larvae of the goldenrod gall fly Eurosta solidaginisFitch (Diptera, Tephritidae). From September to December, hemolymph osmolality(455-926 mOsmol kg l-1) and freezing tolerance increased markedly in field-collected larvae. Chlorophenol Red was readily transported into the lumen of the foregut, the posterior portion of the midgut, the ureter, the proximal region of the anterior pair of MT, and entire posterior pair of MT. Ouabain and KCN inhibited transport of Chlorophenol Red in the gut and MT. Transport was readily detected at 0°C and the rate of transport was directly related to temperature. The rate of fluid transport by the MT decreased steadily from a monthly high in September (10.7±0.8 nl min-1 for the anterior pair; 12.7±1.0 nl min-1for the posterior pair) until secretion was no longer detectable in December;this decrease parallels entry into diapause for this species. Even in larvae that died following freezing for 40 days at -20°C, individual organ function was retained to a limited extent. Through the autumn, cholesterol concentrations in the hemolymph increased nearly fourfold. In contrast, the ratio of cholesterol to protein content (nmol mg l-1) in the MT membrane remained relatively constant (22∼24 nmol mg l-1protein) during this period. Freezing of larvae for 20 days at -20°C caused a significant decrease in cholesterol levels in the hemolymph and the MT membranes compared to unfrozen controls. These results suggest that cholesterol plays a role in seasonal cold hardening and freeze tolerance in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xia Yi
- Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA
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Al-Fifi ZIA, Al-Robai A, Khoja SM. Properties of the V-type ATPase from the excretory system of the usherhopper, Poekilocerus bufonius. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 32:1143-1150. [PMID: 12213249 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The bafilomycin A(1) and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-sensitive (V-type) ATPase was partially purified from the apical membrane-rich fractions of excretory system (Malpighian tubules and hind gut) of P. bufonius. Enzymatic activity was inhibited by bafilomycin A(1) (IC(50) = 1.3 nM) and NEM (IC(50) = 10.1 microM). The V-type ATPase activity is confined to the apical membrane fraction, while the activity of Na(+)/K(+) -ATPase forms the major part of the basal membrane fraction. The optimal pH required for maximal activity of V-type ATPase was pH 7.5. The effect of 30 mM of various salts on ATPase activity was investigated. NaCl and KCl caused increases of 175% and 184%, respectively. Other chloride salts also caused an increase in activity in the following ascending order: RbCl, LiCI, choline Cl, NaCI, KCl and tris-HCl. The activity of V-type ATPase was stimulated by a variety of different anions and cations, and HCO(3)(-) was found to be the most potent cationic activator of ATPase activity. The present results show that the properties of V-type ATPase of P. bufonius are similar to those reported for other insect tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z I A Al-Fifi
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Xu W, Marshall AT. X-ray microanalysis of the Malpighian tubules of the black field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus: the roles of Na K ATPase and the Na K 2Cl cotransporter. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 45:885-893. [PMID: 12770281 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Both main and distal segments of the Malpighian tubules were sensitive to ouabain and furosemide but in different ways. Oubain had no effect on secretion rate by the main segment but in the secreted fluid Na(+) concentration increased substantially whereas K(+) decreased. Similarly intracellular elemental Na concentration increased and K decreased. Furosemide decreased the secretion rate of the main segment by 80%. The Na(+) concentration in the secreted fluid increased markedly but K(+) was not affected. Intracellular elemental Na concentration also increased but K was unchanged. In the distal segments both ouabain and furosemide decreased secretion rate by 40% but although ouabain had no effect on the composition of the secreted fluid, furosemide caused a substantial reduction in the concentrations of Mg(2+) and Cl(-) and a substantial increase in Na(+) and K(+) concentrations. The evidence suggests that the main segment contains a Na K ATPase and possibly a Na K 2Cl cotransporter whereas the distal segment may contain a Na K ATPase and a furosemide sensitive Mg(2+) transporter. K(+) entry into the cells of the main segment may be partially effected by a Na K 2Cl cotransporter but may be primarily via Na K ATPase in the distal segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xu
- Analytical Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
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Marshall AT, Xu W. Use of Rb(+) and Br(-) as tracers for investigating ion transport by X-ray microanalysis in the Malpighian tubules of the black field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 45:265-273. [PMID: 12770374 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(98)00122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of Rb(+) for K(+) in the incubation saline for in vitro preparations of Malpighian tubules had little effect on tubule function. Secretion rates increased by 10% for whole tubules, 9% for distal segments and 10% for main segments. In the secreted fluids Rb(+) almost completely replaced K(+). Within the cells of the main segment of the tubules Rb replaced the majority of the intracellular K. Treatment by ouabain in Rb saline resulted in a considerable increase in intracellular Na and Cl concentrations but no change in Rb concentration. This suggests that Rb(+) did not enter the cell via Na K ATPase and that the latter was not directly involved in Rb(+) secretion and by inference K(+) secretion. Substitution of Br(-) for Cl(-) in the incubation saline resulted in a 30% reduction in secretion rate from the distal segments but only a 10% reduction for the main segment. Cl(-) was almost completely replaced by Br(-) in fluid from both main and distal segments. In cells of the main segment the intracellular concentration of Br(-) did not exceed 30mmol kg(-1) dry weight and the Cl(-) concentration was unchanged in the apical region of the cell and increased in the basal region. These data suggest that Br(-) was transported across the tubule epithelium by a paracellular route and that the basal cell membrane is relatively impermeable to Cl(-). By inference Cl(-) may also be transported by a paracellular route.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T. Marshall
- Analytical Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, (Melbourne), Australia
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al-Fifi ZI, Marshall SL, Hyde D, Anstee JH, Bowler K. Characterization of ATPases of apical membrane fractions from Locusta migratoria Malpighian tubules. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 28:201-211. [PMID: 9684329 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(98)00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Apical and basal membrane fractions from Locusta Malpighian tubules were prepared and were characterized by marker enzyme analysis. The apical membranes contained an azide- and orthovanadate-insensitive ATPase activity that was inhibited by bafilomycin A1 (IC50 = 0.44 nM) and NEM (IC50 = 2.15 microM), and thus was characterized as putative V-type ATPase. The enzyme was stimulated by a variety of monovalent cations (Tris > K = Na > choline > Li = Rb) maximal stimulation occurring at 30-40 mM. It was also stimulated by a variety of monovalent anions (maximal activation 30-40 mM), but was strongly inhibited by nitrate and thiocyanate. SDS-PAGE separation of proteins present in the various membrane fractions was carried out. The apical membrane fraction alone contained a 28 kDa protein band that bound a monoclonal antibody specific for a 28 kDa peptide which was a component of the V-type ATPase from midgut of Manduca sexta and, in native gels, possessed ATPase activity which was also sensitive to both bafilomycin and NEM but not to azide or orthovanadate. Binding of the fluorescent monoclonal antibody was located at the apical boundary of the tubule cells. It was concluded that a V-type ATPase is present at the apical surface of Locusta Malpighian tubule cells and that it is involved in their secretory functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z I al-Fifi
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Wessing A, Zierold K. Heterogeneous distribution of elemental contents in the larval Malpighian tubules of Drosophila hydei: X-ray microanalysis of freeze-dried cryosections. Cell Tissue Res 1993; 272:491-7. [PMID: 8339320 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The elements Na, Cl and K are distributed heterogeneously in the larval cells of the four Malpighian tubules of Drosophila hydei. Elemental gradients are steeper when they are related to the dry weight in comparison to the weight of water. The high contents of Na, Cl and K in the cytoplasm close to the basal plasma membrane differ significantly from the low values found in the neighboring basal "labyrinth" and in the intermediate cytoplasm. Elemental contents (K, Cl) increase from the intermediate cytoplasm to the apical microvilli and further to the lumen. The K/Na-ratio changes across the cells from 0.9 in the hemolymph to 2 in the basal cytoplasm close to the plasma membrane, to 27 in the microvilli, and 89 in the fluid phase of the lumen. In the lumen, K is accumulated in proteoglycan containing type-II concretions. The water content increases from the distal to the proximal segments of anterior and posterior tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wessing
- Institut für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Giessen, Germany
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Effects of corpora cardiaca extract, furosemide and ion substitution on sodium and chloride flux in perfused Malpighian tubules ofLocusta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01923405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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